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War of the Galician Succession

Daniel Romanovich on the monument Millennium of Russia, Novgorod
Date19 June 1205 – 17 August 1245
Location
Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia
(Present-day Poland, Ukraine and Belarus)
Result Romanovichi-led victory
Belligerents
Árpád dynasty
Olgovichi
Piast dynasty
Galician opposition
...and others
See list of states
 Romanovichi dynasty [ru; pl]
Mstislavichi dynasty [ru]
Commanders and leaders
Coloman of Galicia
Andrew
Leszek I the White
Vladimir Igorevich
Michael of Chernigov
Rostislav Mikhailovich		 Daniel of Galicia
Vasylko Romanovych
Mstislav Mstislavich "the Daring"

The War of the Galician Succession or War for the unification of the Principality of Galician-Volhynia sometimes also known as the Second War of the Galician Succession was a struggle for power over the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia. It took place from 19 June 1205 to 17 August 1245. The war is one of the longest wars of succession in Europe and ended with the Romanovichi dynasty coming to power.

The war began because of the death of Roman the Great in 1205. His sons were too young to rule, and because of this other rulers began to divide the Principality up immediately. They consisted of other princes of Rus, along with the Polish and Hungarian kings. However, the Romanovichi were eventually able to regain most of their lands and ended the war by defeating the troops of their opponents in the Battle of Yaroslavl. The Principality lasted until 1392, when it was eventually divided between Lithuania and Poland.

Background

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Main articles: Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, Roman the Great, and Battle of Zawichost

The Principality of Galician-Volhynia was the westernmost frontier of Kievan Rus', and actively communicated with its neighbors. After Yaroslav Osmomysl death, Vladimir Yaroslavich ascended the throne, but due to his inefficiency and dissolute lifestyle, the veche overthrew him, Roman Mstislavich was supposed to take his place, however, Vladimir turned to the Hungarian king Béla III for help, the latter temporarily captured Halych, but due to popular discontent left him, Vladimir finally He took over the region only after the intervention of Casimir "the Just", King of Poland (1190).[1] After Vladimir's death, Roman also enlisted the support of the Poles, and in 1198 captured Halych.[2][3] In the end, the capture of Halych ended the First Succession War.[4]

Seal of Roman II the Great

Roman led an active foreign and domestic policy, subjected local nobility to repression (in Galicia), and strengthened the princely throne. Roman also established his power in Kiev, overthrew Rurik Rostislavich and put his supporter Ingvar Yaroslavich to rule.[5] Having established his rule in the entire Southwest, including the capital (Kiev), Roman began to liquidate the threat of nomads-kumans, conducting a series of successful campaigns against them (1202).[2] For this, he was nicknamed "The Great". [6] The course of his foreign policy was then directed to the West, seeking to colonize Lithuania and possibly take away part of the Holy Roman Empire, he invaded of the Duchy of Kraków, heading to Saxony.[6] His grandiose campaign ended before it even started. On Vistula he was defeated by the poles in Battle of Zawichost (1205) and died.[2] Roman's death destroyed the unity of the entire south of Rus', restored it to the form of feudal fragmentation, Rurik Rostislavich regained his position in Kiev, turned to the nomads for help, successfully defeated the Galicians on the Seret river, but failed when siege of Halych and retreated.[7]

Interventions by Leszek the White and the Hungarians: 1205—1214

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Boyars swear allegiance to Daniel of Galicia after the death of his father, miniature from Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible
Seal of Leszek I the White

Roman left two minor sons, Daniel of Galicia and Vasylko Romanovych, who were too young to take power. As a result, disputes broke out over the succession.[8] The Halych boyars could not agree on who should take the throne, which opened the way for claims by various dynasties. In addition, many of Roman's political opponents, who had previously been exiled, returned to the country, reinforcing the chaos. Roman's widow, Euphrosinia Anna, faced with this situation, turned to the Hungarians for support. In response, the Hungarian king organised an expedition that ended in the Battle of Mikulin, where the Hungarian army defeated the Olgovichs, who claimed the throne of Halych.[9] The Hungarian intervention secured the principality against further claims, but at the same time tightened Hungarian influence in the region.[10] At the same time, Leszek the White, a Polish prince, concluded an agreement with Hungary concerning the division of spheres of influence in the Duchy of Galicia-Volhynia.[11] The Halych boyars, in an attempt to stabilise the situation, elected Vladimir Igorevich as prince.[12] However, his rule was popular, forcing the Romanovichs to flee to Poland. Leszek the White, wishing to strengthen his influence in the region and help the widow and her sons, organised an expedition to Volodymyr in 1206.[13] The Polish forces were successful, eliminating the Igorovichs' rule.[14] Meanwhile, the Hungarian king intervened in his sphere of influence, giving power to Benedict. Despite these actions, the Igorevichs regained power by inviting the boyars, who sought to counterbalance Hungarian influence. Vladimir Igorevich attempted to consolidate his position, but in an act of desperation massacred the boyars.[15] His actions provoked the wrath of the surviving nobles, who organised an alliance with Poland and Hungary to overthrow the Igorevichs.[16]

Seal of Andrew II, 1224

In 1211, Vladislav Kormilčíc, one of the surviving boyars, undertook an expedition against the Igorovichs together with Polish-Hungarian forces.[17] Vladimir Igorevich gathered his forces and formed an alliance with the Polovtsians. After initial successes, including a victory over the Hungarians at the River Luta, the Igorevichs were eventually defeated at Zvenigorod by a combined Polish-Hungarian force. After the battle, Daniel Romanovich was installed on the throne and Vladimir Igorevich's sons, Rostislav and Sviatoslav, fell into captivity. After they were ransomed by boyars, they were hanged, ending the reign of the Igorevichs. Daniel's triumph marked the beginning of stability in the principality, although the region remained under the influence of Poland and Hungary.[18][19]

From 1211 Princess Anna-Euphrosyne rule of Halych. King Andrew of Hungary realized that it intended to implement its own policy, decided to overthrow her and in 1213 organized campaign against Halych together with the local boyars, which Vladislav was in charge of. Along the way, the Hungarian learned about the rebellion inside their country, and the boyars continued their campaign independently and occupied the city. For the first time in the history of Russia, a Boyar became the ruler, which indicates a significant power of the local aristocracy.[20] Leszek at this time was dissatisfied with the course of events, he overthrow Vladislav and Halych was left without a ruler.[21] However, in 1214, the Hungarian and poles again found themselves in the Union, Leszek offered Andrew a marriage between the children, after the son of the Hungarian king Coloman became the ruler of Halych. The campaign was successful and the Hungarian Garrison was left in the city. Anna at this time got Leszek to transfer her to the rule of the city of Vladimir.[22]

Appearance of Mstislav: 1214—1227

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Mstislav expels the Hungarian prince from Halych

The conflict over Halych was joined by Prince Mstislav Mstislavich of Novgorod, who agreed with Daniel Romanovich to form a strong anti-Hungarian coalition. Such developments forced Leszek the White to conclude a new settlement with Andrew II, King of Hungary. As a result, the Polish-Hungarian-Ruthenian war began, which started unsuccessfully for Leszek the White.[23] The first clashes ended in the defeat of the Polish prince, which initiated the collapse of his policy towards the Ruthenian lands.[24] In 1219, the Poles and Hungarians undertook a joint offensive, which brought them victory in a clash with the Rusthenian-Novgorodian army.[25] Despite this success, a year later the Polish forces suffered a major defeat and the situation further escalated.[26] In January 1221, Mstislav launched a new offensive, but suffered defeat in the first battle of Halych.[27] In the following months, a second battle ensued in which the Ruthenians, despite difficulties, managed to defeat the allied armies of Leszek the White and Andrew II. The worst blow to the allies was the loss of Andrew II's son, Koloman, who was taken captive.[28][26] Eventually, a peace was concluded in 1221, which proved favourable to the Hungarians. Thanks to diplomacy, they managed to get Koloman back, which was a political success for Andrew II. For Leszek the White, the war ended in defeat, which undermined his influence and weakened his position on the international stage.[29]

Seal of Mstislav Mstislavich

The key event in Rus during this period was the Battle of the Kalka (1223), in which the Rus troops, together with allied troops of the Polovtsians, were completely crushed by the Mongols.[30] This defeat severely weakened the military capabilities of the Rus' princes, which influenced further political changes in the region. As a result of changing interests, alliances were also reshuffled. Daniel Romanovich and Leszek the White came to an agreement, reversing earlier setbacks that had been severe for both of them.[31] At the same time, Mstislav Udaly tied up with Hungary, sharpening the rivalry in the region. It did not take long for a new conflict to arise - Mstislav attacked the combined forces of Leszek and Daniel at Łysa Góra, where he suffered an unexpected defeat.[32] A year later, Mstislav organised another expedition, which failed. in 1227 there was also a new Hungarian intervention, in which a small Polish force led by Voivode Pakosław took part. These forces were crushed by Mstislav in the battle of Zvenigorod, which undermined Polish-Hungarian influence in Rus.[33] The death of Leszek the White at Gąsawa in 1227 was a huge blow to Rus' politics for both Poland and Hungary. The Hungarians lost a key ally in the region, greatly weakening their position and ability to interfere in the affairs of the Ruthenian principalities.[34]

Daniel's fights against Hungary: 1227—1243

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Konrad I of Masovia seal
Konrad I of Masovia

After the death of Leszek the White in 1227, Polish interventions in Ruthenia visibly weakened. Meanwhile, Daniel Romanovich concentrated his efforts on fighting with other Rus' princes for control of Kyiv.[35] In the late 1220s, Danil began to show activity towards Volhynia and other territories of western Rus, he captured Chertoryisk and Lutsk. By 1228, when Mstislav died, Daniel had captured almost all of Volhynia, and now the main threat came only from the Hungarians.[36] The strengthening of Danilo's position was counterbalanced by the Kiev and Chernigov princes, and in 1229 they launched a campaign against Volhynia. However, the Metropolis of Kiev was against this and called for peace, which allowed Danilo to gain time and use the Cumans and Poles to move directly to Kiev, which led to the conclusion of peace.[37] In 1230 he made an alliance with Konrad I of Masovia, supporting him in his dispute with Władysław III Spindleshanks. At the same time, Daniel was able to claim victory over the Hungarians at the Battle of Halych in 1229, temporarily securing his positions. Taking advantage of the calming of relations with Hungary, Daniel supported Konrad in his actions, including by participating in the siege of Kalisz in 1230. Artur Foryt claim this ended in failure,[38] but Vladimir Pashuto writes about successful campaign.[39] In the same year, Daniel was forced to fight again for power in Halych. This time the Hungarians supported his opponent, Prince Sudislav.[40] Failure in this campaign weakened Daniel's position and prompted him to change his strategy. In 1231, he decided that the key to unifying the Ruthenian lands was to fight decisively against the Hungarians. This campaign led to further tensions and in 1233 the Battle of Shumsk was fought. According to historian Artur Foryt, the clash did not bring a decisive victory to either side.[41] The Hungarians, unable to destroy Daniel's forces, formed a coalition with other Ruthenian princes. During this time, Daniel took advantage of the waning Hungarian influence in Halych by organising a siege of the city. The operation was successful — the Halych garrison surrendered, which strengthened Romanovich's position in the region.[42]

Michael of Chernigov

In 1234, a new war began with the Chernigov princes, this time Kiev supported Galicia, but the joint campaign ended in complete collapse. This greatly shaken his position in Halich, where the local nobles overthrew him again and invited Prince Michael of Chernihiv.[43] Between 1234 and 1238, the political situation in Rus and the neighbouring lands changed considerably. The Romanovichs were drawn into a coalition of Polish princes, in which the Silesian Piasts, in conflict with Konrad of Mazovia, played a key role.[44] At this time, the death of King Andrew II of Hungary created additional tensions in the region, and Conrad of Mazovia, perceiving the weakening of his position, began to cooperate with Michael against the Romanovichs. In 1236, a joint expedition of Konrad and Michael took place against Daniel and his brother Vasylko.[45] The following year, Conrad enlisted the support of the German knights, who captured Dorogchin, but the Galicians were able to defeat them and capture their Magister Bruno.[46] The conflict ended with the signing of a peace treaty that maintained the status quo. For Konrad, the treaty was a political failure, as he had to concentrate on internal affairs in Poland. In 1238, Michael left his son Rostislav in Halych as governor. This action gave Daniel the opportunity to quickly recapture Halych. Thanks to a smooth operation, he captured the city without resistance.[47]

In the first half of the 13th century, the Mongols became increasingly important on Europe's eastern frontier, carrying out numerous raids into the Rus lands.[48] Their actions culminated in the attack of Batu Khan's army on Kyiv in 1240. The siege and capture of the city led to the decline of Kievan Rus' as an independent political force.[48] Under the onslaught of the Mongol invasion, many Rus' princes, including Daniel Romanovich and his brother Vasylko, fled to the lands of Konrad of Mazovia, seeking refuge.[49] A year later, the Mongols launched an invasion of Poland and Hungary. In 1241, the Polish forces under Henry II the Pious were crushed at the Battle of Legnica, opening the way to the west. An even heavier defeat was suffered by the Hungarians, who not only lost their entire army, but also about a third of their population, significantly weakening the country.[50] After the situation in the region had calmed down, Daniel and Vasylko returned to Ruthenia. They began the process of rebuilding the destroyed cities and infrastructure, consolidating their power. Soon, the Romanovites recaptured Halich, re-establishing control over an area. [51]

The end of the war and the battle of Yaroslavl: 1243—1245

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Main article: Battle of Yaroslavl (1245)
Rostislav Mikhailovich goes to his father in Chernigov

After the capture of halych by Daniel Romanovych, Rostislav, seeking support, turned to King Bela IV of Hungary for help, becoming engaged to his daughter Anna.[52] In the meantime, Daniel had improved relations with Konrad of Masovia and together they supported him in his actions against Bolesław the Chaste. Daniel's expedition to Lublin ended in defeat, however — his forces were smashed by Rostislav and his allies at the Siena River. This clash proved to be only a prelude to a larger campaign in 1245.[53] Both sides prepared for the decisive clash by gathering troops and seeking allies. The army of Rostislav, supported by the Hungarian troops of Bela IV and the forces of Boleslav the Chaste, set out in the summer of 1245. Daniel and his brother Vasylko, knowing of the impending threat, tried to secure support from Mindaugas, a Lithuanian prince, and Conrad of Mazovia, but according to the Galicia-Volyn Chronicle, neither side took part in the battle. However, to the aid of the Romanovichs came the Polovtsians, who played an important role in the clash.[54]

The battle began on 17 August 1245 near Yaroslavl. The attack was initiated by the army of Rościsław, which was supported by the Polish commander Florian Wojciechowicz and the Hungarian general File.[55] However, in the course of the fighting, the Hungarian forces were shattered, which tipped the balance of victory to the side of Daniel and Vasylko.[56] The defeat of the Rotislav's coalition was a watershed event, ending the 40-year struggle for succession in Halich and sealing the victory of the Romanovichs. The conflict was officially ended in 1247 with a peace that consolidated Daniel Romanovych's power in the region.[57]

Reference

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  1. ^ Kostomarov 1998, p. 151.
  2. ^ a b c Kostomarov 1998, p. 152.
  3. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 90—98.
  4. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 98.
  5. ^ Pashuto 1950, p. 192.
  6. ^ a b Pashuto 1950, p. 193.
  7. ^ Pashuto 1950, pp. 193–194.
  8. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 144.
  9. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 145.
  10. ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 127.
  11. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 146—147.
  12. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 147.
  13. ^ Włodarski 1927, p. 31.
  14. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 148—149.
  15. ^ Érszegi & Solymos 1981, p. 130.
  16. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 149—151.
  17. ^ Dimnik 2003, p. 272.
  18. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 151—153.
  19. ^ Włodarski 1927, p. 42—47.
  20. ^ Pashuto 1950, p. 199.
  21. ^ Kostomarov 1998, p. 156.
  22. ^ Pashuto 1950, p. 200.
  23. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 156—158.
  24. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 159.
  25. ^ Pashuto 1950, p. 201.
  26. ^ a b Foryt 2021, p. 160.
  27. ^ Pashuto 1950, pp. 202–203.
  28. ^ Pashuto 1950, p. 204.
  29. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 161—163.
  30. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 164.
  31. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 163—165.
  32. ^ Włodarski 1927, p. 75.
  33. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 165.
  34. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 167.
  35. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 168.
  36. ^ Pashuto 1950, pp. 206–207.
  37. ^ Pashuto 1950, p. 208.
  38. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 168—170.
  39. ^ Pashuto 1968, p. 252.
  40. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 170.
  41. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 171.
  42. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 172.
  43. ^ Pashuto 1950, p. 215.
  44. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 174.
  45. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 176.
  46. ^ Pashuto 1950, p. 216.
  47. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 176—177.
  48. ^ a b Foryt 2021, p. 178.
  49. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 179.
  50. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 180.
  51. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 181—183.
  52. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 183.
  53. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 183—184.
  54. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 185—186.
  55. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 187.
  56. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 188.
  57. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 189—191.

Notes

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Bibliography

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  • Foryt, Artur (2021). Zawichost 1205 (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Bellona. ISBN 978-83-11-16068-2.
  • Włodarski, Bronisław (1927), Polityka ruska Leszka białego (in Polish), vol. III, Lwów: Biblioteka Uniwersytecka w Poznaniu
  • Pashuto, Vladimir (1950). Grekov, Boris (ed.). Очерки по истории Галицко-Волынской Руси [Essays on the history of Galician-Volhynian Rus'] (in Russian). Moscow: Издательство академии наук СССР. pp. 191–220.
  • Kostomarov, Nikolai (1998) [1873]. "Knyaz Danilo Romanovich of Galicia". Русская история в жизнеописаниях её главнейших деятелей [Russian history in the biographies of its most important figures] (in Russian). Vol. 1. Series: Великая Россия (Great Russia). Moscow: Рипол-классик. pp. 150–180. ISBN 5-7905-0214-8.
  • Érszegi, Géza; Solymosi, László (1981). "Az Árpádok királysága, 1000–1301 [The Monarchy of the Árpáds, 1000–1301]". In Solymosi, László (ed.). Magyarország történeti kronológiája, I: a kezdetektől 1526-ig [Historical Chronology of Hungary, Volume I: From the Beginning to 1526] (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 79–187. ISBN 963-05-2661-1.
  • Dimnik, Martin (1994-2003). The Dynasty of Chernigov.
    • Dimnik, Martin (1994). The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1054–1146. Pontificial Institute of Mediaeval Studies. ISBN 0-88844-116-9.
    • Dimnik, Martin (2003). The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1146–1246. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03981-9.
  • Pashuto, Vladimir (1968). Внешняя политика Руси [The foreign policy of Rus'] (in Russian). Moscow: Наука.

Additional notes

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