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War of the Galician Succession (1205–1245)

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This article is about the succession war that occurred in 1205—1245. Not to be confused with the War of the Galician succesion (1188—1198) and War of 1340-1392.
War of the Galician Succession

Daniel Romanovich on the monument Millennium of Russia, Novgorod
Date19 June 1205 – 17 August 1245
Location
Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia
(Present-day Poland, Ukraine and Belarus)
Result Romanovichi-led victory
Belligerents
Árpád dynasty[Note 1]
Olgovichi
Piast dynasty[Note 2]
Galician opposition
...and others
See list of states
 Romanovichi dynasty [ru; pl]
Mstislavichi dynasty [ru][Note 3]
Commanders and leaders
Coloman of Galicia
Andrew
Leszek I the White
Vladimir Igorevich
Michael of Chernigov
Rostislav Mikhailovich		 Daniel of Galicia
Vasylko Romanovych
Mstislav Mstislavich "the Daring"

The War of the Galician Succession or War for the unification of the Principality of Galician-Volhynia sometimes also known as the Second War of the Galician Succession even called Forty year's war was a struggle for power over the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia. It took place from 19 June 1205 to 17 August 1245. The war is one of the longest wars of succession in Europe and ended with the Romanovichi dynasty coming to power.

The first phase of the conflict (1205-1211) began after the death of Roman the Great at the Battle of Zawichost. He left two minor sons, Daniel and Vasylko, who were unable to take power because of age, resulting in a succession crisis. A number of contenders became involved in the struggle for power, including the Igorovichs and the Halych boyars, who invited them to Halych, hoping to stabilise the situation. The Igorovichs, supported by the Hungarians, initially gained the upper hand, but their brutal rule, including the massacre of boyars, provoked resistance and weakened their position. The Romanovichs, supported by Leszek the White, the Hungarians and some boyars, attempted to regain power in Halych. In 1211, Daniel was installed on the Halych throne, but still had to contend with resistance from the Igorevichs and tensions among his own allies. This period was characterised by dynamic changes in alliances, short-lived victories and growing rivalry between the Romanovichs and the Hungarians, who sought full control of Halich. Although Daniel managed to consolidate his position, the situation in the region remained unstable.

The second phase of the conflict (1211-1240) was dominated by the rivalry between the Hungarians and the Romanovichs. In 1214, Leszek the White made an agreement with King Andrew II of Hungary in an attempt to divide spheres of influence in the Duchy of Halych. This agreement led to a short-lived strengthening of Hungarian influence, but resistance from Daniel and his allies made it impossible to maintain permanent control over the region. Key clashes, such as the Battle of Halych in 1229, highlighted the fierceness of the fighting, but failed to produce a clear-cut settlement. The situation was further complicated by Mongol incursions, which weakened both the Ruthenians and their neighbours, forcing the Romanovichs to temporarily withdraw to Polish lands.

The final phase of the conflict (1240-1245) ended in a decisive victory for Daniel Romanovich. On his return from Poland in 1241, Daniel began to rebuild his position, reclaiming Halych and waging further campaigns against his opponents. The war culminated in the Battle of Yaroslavl in 1245, in which Daniel, supported by the Polovtsians, defeated the forces of Rostislav, Bela IV and Boleslav the Chaste. This victory ended the 40-year struggle for the succession and consolidated the power of the Romanovichs in the Duchy of Galicia-Volhynia.

Background

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Main articles: Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, Roman the Great, and Battle of Zawichost

The Principality of Galician-Volhynia was the westernmost frontier of Kievan Rus', and actively communicated with its neighbors. After Yaroslav Osmomysl death, Vladimir Yaroslavich ascended the throne, but due to his inefficiency and dissolute lifestyle, the veche overthrew him, Roman Mstislavich was supposed to take his place, however, Vladimir turned to the Hungarian king Béla III for help, the latter temporarily captured Halych, but due to popular discontent left him, Vladimir finally He took over the region only after the intervention of Casimir "the Just", King of Poland (1190).[1] After Vladimir's death, Roman also enlisted the support of the Poles, and in 1198 captured Halych.[2][3] In the end, the capture of Halych ended the First Succession War.[4]

Seal of Roman II the Great

Roman led an active foreign and domestic policy, subjected local nobility to repression (in Galicia), and strengthened the princely throne. Roman also established his power in Kiev, overthrew Rurik Rostislavich and put his supporter Ingvar Yaroslavich to rule.[5] Having established his rule in the entire Southwest, including the capital (Kiev), Roman began to liquidate the threat of nomads-kumans, conducting a series of successful campaigns against them (1202).[2] For this, he was nicknamed "The Great". [6] The course of his foreign policy was then directed to the West, seeking to colonize Lithuania and possibly take away part of the Holy Roman Empire, he invaded of the Duchy of Kraków, heading to Saxony.[6] His grandiose campaign ended before it even started. On Vistula he was defeated by the poles in Battle of Zawichost (1205) and died.[2] Roman's death destroyed the unity of the entire south of Rus', restored it to the form of feudal fragmentation, Rurik Rostislavich regained his position in Kiev, turned to the nomads for help, successfully defeated the Galicians on the Seret river, but failed when siege of Halych and retreated.[7]

Interventions by Leszek the White and the Hungarians: 1205—1214

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Main articles: Leszek the White, Andrew II of Hungary, Galician campaign (1213—1214), and ru:Междоусобная война на Руси (1206—1210)
Boyars swear allegiance to Daniel of Galicia after the death of his father, miniature from Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible
Seal of Leszek I the White

Roman left two minor sons, Daniel of Galicia and Vasylko Romanovych, who were too young to take power. As a result, disputes broke out over the succession.[8] The Halych boyars could not agree on who should take the throne, which opened the way for claims by various dynasties. In addition, many of Roman's political opponents, who had previously been exiled, returned to the country, reinforcing the chaos. Roman's widow, Euphrosinia Anna, faced with this situation, turned to the Hungarians for support. In response, the Hungarian king organised an expedition that ended in the Battle of Mikulin, Where they lost at first against the Olgovichi army but finally won by defending Halych.[9][10] The whole intervention of the Hungarian king was due to the invasion of Halych by Rurik II Rostislavovich.[9] The Hungarian intervention secured the principality against further claims, but at the same time tightened Hungarian influence in the region.[11] At the same time, Leszek the White, a Polish prince, concluded an agreement with Hungary concerning the division of spheres of influence in the Duchy of Galicia-Volhynia.[12] The Halych boyars, in an attempt to stabilise the situation, elected Vladimir Igorevich as prince.[13] However, his rule was popular, forcing the Romanovichs to flee to Poland.[14] Leszek the White, wishing to strengthen his influence in the region and help the widow and her sons, organised an expedition to Volodymyr in 1206.[15][16] The Polish forces were successful, eliminating the Igorevichs' rule.[17] Meanwhile, the Hungarian king intervened in his sphere of influence, giving power to Benedict. Despite these actions, the Igorevichs regained power by inviting the boyars, who sought to counterbalance Hungarian influence. Vladimir Igorevich attempted to consolidate his position, but in an act of desperation massacred the boyars.[18] His actions provoked the wrath of the surviving nobles, who organised an alliance with Poland and Hungary to overthrow the Igorevichs.[19]

Seal of Andrew II, 1224

In 1211, Vladislav Kormilčíc, one of the surviving boyars, undertook an expedition against the Igorovichs together with Polish-Hungarian forces.[20] Vladimir Igorevich gathered his forces and formed an alliance with the Polovtsians.[21] After initial successes, including a victory over the Hungarians at the River Luta, the Igorevichs were eventually defeated at Zvenigorod by a combined Polish-Hungarian force. After the battle, Daniel Romanovich was installed on the throne and Vladimir Igorevich's sons, Rostislav and Sviatoslav, fell into captivity.[22] After they were ransomed by boyars, they were hanged, ending the reign of the Igorevichs. Daniel's triumph marked the beginning of stability in the principality, although the region remained under the influence of Poland and Hungary.[23][24][25]

From 1211 Princess Anna-Euphrosyne rule of Halych. King Andrew of Hungary realized that it intended to implement its own policy, decided to overthrow her and in 1213 organized campaign against Halych together with the local boyars, which Vladislav was in charge of. Along the way, the Hungarian learned about the rebellion inside their country, and the boyars continued their campaign independently and occupied the city. For the first time in the history of Russia, a Boyar became the ruler, which indicates a significant power of the local aristocracy.[26] Leszek at this time was dissatisfied with the course of events, he overthrow Vladislav and Halych was left without a ruler.[27][28] However, in 1214, the Hungarian and poles again found themselves in the Union, Leszek offered Andrew a marriage between the children, after the son of the Hungarian king Coloman became the ruler of Halych.[29] The campaign was successful and the Hungarian Garrison was left in the city. Anna at this time got Leszek to transfer her to the rule of the city of Vladimir.[30][29]

Appearance of Mstislav: 1214—1227

[edit]
Main article: Mstislav Mstislavich
Mstislav expels the Hungarian prince from Halych

The conflict over Halych was joined by Prince Mstislav Mstislavich of Novgorod,[Note 4] who agreed with Daniel Romanovich to form a strong anti-Hungarian coalition. Such developments forced Leszek the White to conclude a new settlement with Andrew II, King of Hungary. As a result, the Polish-Hungarian-Ruthenian war began, which started unsuccessfully for Leszek the White.[31] The first clashes ended in the defeat of the Polish prince, which initiated the collapse of his policy towards the Ruthenian lands.[32][33] In 1219, the Poles and Hungarians undertook a joint offensive, which brought them victory in a clash with the Ruthenian-Novgorodian army.[34][35] Despite this success, a year later the Polish forces suffered a major defeat and the situation further escalated.[36] In January 1221, Mstislav launched a new offensive, but suffered defeat in the first battle of Halych.[37] In the following months, a second battle ensued in which the Ruthenians, despite difficulties, managed to defeat the allied armies of Leszek the White and Andrew II. The worst blow to the allies was the loss of Andrew II's son, Coloman, who was taken captive.[38][39][36] Eventually, a peace was concluded in 1221, which proved favourable to the Hungarians. Thanks to diplomacy, they managed to get Coloman back, which was a political success for Andrew II. For Leszek the White, the war ended in defeat, which undermined his influence and weakened his position on the international stage.[40]

Seal of Mstislav Mstislavich

The important event in Rus during this period was the Battle of the Kalka River (1223), in which the Rus troops, together with allied troops of the Polovtsians, were completely crushed by the Mongols.[41] Daniel also participated in this battle, supporting other princes in the fight against an unknown threat, as a result, he miraculously survived and was seriously injured in the chest.[27] This defeat severely weakened the military capabilities of the Rus' princes, which influenced further political changes in the region. As a result of changing interests, alliances were also reshuffled. Daniel Romanovich and Leszek the White came to an agreement, reversing earlier setbacks that had been severe for both of them.[42] At the same time, Mstislav Udaly or Mstislavich tied up with Hungary, sharpening the rivalry in the region. It did not take long for a new conflict to arise - Mstislav attacked the combined forces of Leszek and Daniel at Łysa Góra, where he suffered an unexpected defeat.[43] A year later, Mstislav organised another expedition, which failed.[44][45] in 1227 there was also a new Hungarian intervention, in which a small Polish force led by Voivode Pakosław took part. These forces were crushed by Mstislav in the battle of Zvenigorod, which undermined Polish-Hungarian influence in Rus.[45] The death of Leszek the White at Gąsawa in 1227 was a huge blow to Rus' politics for both Poland and Hungary. The Hungarians lost a key ally in the region, greatly weakening their position and ability to interfere in the affairs of the Ruthenian principalities.[46]

Daniel's fights against Hungary: 1227—1243

[edit]
Main articles: Battle of Shumsk (1233), Michael of Chernigov, and Rostislav Mikhailovich
Konrad I of Masovia seal
Konrad I of Masovia

After the death of Leszek the White in 1227, Polish interventions in Ruthenia visibly weakened. Meanwhile, Daniel Romanovich concentrated his efforts on fighting with other Rus' princes for control of Kyiv.[47] In the late 1220s, Daniel began to show activity towards Volhynia and other territories of western Rus, he captured Chertoryisk and Lutsk. By 1228, when Mstislav died, Daniel had captured almost all of Volhynia, and now the main threat came only from the Hungarians.[48] The strengthening of Daniel's position was counterbalanced by the Kiev and Chernigov princes, and in 1229 they launched a campaign against Volhynia. However, the Metropolis of Kiev was against this and called for peace, which allowed Daniel to gain time and use the Cumans and Poles to move directly to Kiev, which led to the conclusion of peace.[49][50] In 1230 he made an alliance with Konrad I of Masovia, supporting him in his dispute with Władysław III Spindleshanks. At the same time, Daniel was able to claim victory over the Hungarians at the Battle of Halych in 1229, temporarily securing his positions. Taking advantage of the calming of relations with Hungary, Daniel supported Konrad in his actions, including by participating in the siege of Kalisz in 1230.[51][52] Artur Foryt claim this ended in failure,[52] but Vladimir Pashuto writes about successful campaign.[53] In the same year, Daniel was forced to fight again for power in Halych. This time the Hungarians supported his opponent, boyar Sudislav.[54] Where he defeated them at Halych again.[55] Further failures of Daniel's policy weakened his position and prompted him to change his strategy. This had its problem in the constant attempts to maintain power which was taken from him by other princes or Hungarians. For this reason in 1231, he decided that the key to unifying the Ruthenian lands was to fight decisively against the Hungarians.[56] Then, in 1232, Daniel led the arbitration of the Ruthenian princes in Kiev.[57] Earlier campaign of Daniel against Hungary led to further conflicts and in 1233 the Battle of Shumsk was fought.[58] According to historian Artur Foryt, the clash did not bring a decisive victory to either side.[56] The Hungarians, unable to destroy Daniel's forces, formed a coalition with other Ruthenian princes. During this time, Daniel took advantage of the waning Hungarian influence in Halych by organising a siege of the city. The operation was successful — the Halych garrison surrendered, which strengthened Romanovich's position in the region.[59]

Michael of Chernigov

In 1234, a new war began with the Chernigov princes, this time Kiev supported Galicia, but the joint campaign ended in complete collapse.[60] A general battle took place near the town of Torchesk, a horse was killed near Daniel, and his allies were captured.[61] This greatly shaken his position in Halych, where the local nobles overthrew him again and invited Prince Michael of Chernihiv.[62] In 1235, Daniel fought an uninterrupted fights with Michael for the Halych throne. Daniel's main struggle for Halych was due to the continued lack of support from the Halych boyars who showed him no sympathy. The scales of bitterness were tipped by another invitation from the Boyars to another ruler and another change of rulers Michal was again elected ruler.[63] Between 1234 and 1238, the political situation in Rus and the neighbouring lands changed considerably. The Romanovichs were drawn into a coalition of Polish princes, in which the Silesian Piasts, in conflict with Konrad of Masovia, played a key role.[64] At this time, the death of King Andrew II of Hungary created additional tensions in the region, and Konrad of Masovia, perceiving the weakening of his position, began to cooperate with Michael against the Romanovichs. In 1236, a joint expedition of Konrad and Michael took place against Daniel and his brother Vasylko.[65] The following year, Conrad enlisted the support of the German knights, who captured Dorogchin, but the Galicians were able to defeat them and capture their Magister Bruno.[66] The conflict ended with the signing of a peace treaty that maintained the status quo. For Konrad, the treaty was a political failure, as he had to concentrate on internal affairs in Poland. After dealing with an unfaithful ally in 1237 Daniel, after talks with King Bela IV of Hungary, struck at Michael defeating him and gaining new territories.[67] In 1238, Michael left his son Rostislav in Halych as governor. This action gave Daniel the opportunity to quickly recapture Halych. Thanks to a smooth operation, he captured the city without resistance.[68]

In the first half of the 13th century, the Mongols became increasingly important on Europe's eastern frontier, carrying out numerous raids into the Rus lands.[69] Their actions culminated in the attack of Batu Khan's army on Kyiv in 1240. The siege and capture of the city led to the decline of Kievan Rus' as an independent political force.[69] Under the onslaught of the Mongol invasion, many Rus' princes, including Daniel Romanovich and his brother Vasylko, fled to the lands of Konrad of Mazovia, seeking refuge.[70] A year later, the Mongols launched an invasion of Poland and Hungary. In 1241, the Polish forces under Henry II the Pious were crushed at the Battle of Legnica, opening the way to the west. An even heavier defeat was suffered by the Hungarians, who not only lost their entire army, but also about a third of their population, significantly weakening the country.[71][72] After the situation in the region had calmed down, Daniel and Vasylko returned to Ruthenia. They began the process of rebuilding the destroyed cities and infrastructure, consolidating their power. Soon, the Romanovites recaptured Halich, re-establishing control over an area. [73]

Final stage of the war and the battle of Yaroslavl: 1243—1245

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Main article: Battle of Yaroslavl (1245)
Rostislav Mikhailovich goes to his father in Chernigov

After the capture of halych by Daniel Romanovych, Rostislav, seeking support, turned to King Bela IV of Hungary for help, becoming engaged to his daughter Anna.[74] In the meantime, Daniel had improved relations with Konrad of Masovia and together they supported him in his actions against Bolesław the Chaste. Daniel's expedition to Lublin ended in defeat, however — his forces were smashed by Rostislav and his allies at the Siena River. This clash proved to be only a prelude to a larger campaign in 1245.[75] Both sides prepared for the decisive clash by gathering troops and seeking allies. The army of Rostislav, supported by the Hungarian troops of Bela IV and the forces of Boleslav the Chaste, set out in the summer of 1245. Daniel and his brother Vasylko, knowing of the impending threat, tried to secure support from Mindaugas, a Lithuanian prince, and Conrad of Mazovia, but according to the Galicia-Volyn Chronicle, neither side took part in the battle. However, to the aid of the Romanovichs came the Polovtsians, who played an important role in the clash.[76]

The battle began on 17 August 1245 near Yaroslavl. The attack was initiated by the army of Rościsław, which was supported by the Polish commander Florian Wojciechowicz and the Hungarian general File.[77][78] However, in the course of the fighting, the Hungarian forces were shattered, which tipped the balance of victory to the side of Daniel and Vasylko.[79][80] The defeat of the Rotislav's coalition was a watershed event, ending the 40-year struggle for succession in Halich and sealing the victory of the Romanovichs. The conflict was officially ended in 1247 with a peace that consolidated Daniel Romanovych's power in the region.[81]

See also

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Reference

[edit]
  1. ^ Kostomarov 1998, p. 151.
  2. ^ a b c Kostomarov 1998, p. 152.
  3. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 90—98.
  4. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 98.
  5. ^ Pashuto 1950, p. 192.
  6. ^ a b Pashuto 1950, p. 193.
  7. ^ Pashuto 1950, pp. 193–194.
  8. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 144.
  9. ^ a b Dąbrowski 2013, p. 39.
  10. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 145.
  11. ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 127.
  12. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 146—147.
  13. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 147.
  14. ^ Dąbrowski 2013, p. 67—68.
  15. ^ Dąbrowski 2013, p. 50—51.
  16. ^ Włodarski 1927, p. 31.
  17. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 148—149.
  18. ^ Érszegi & Solymos 1981, p. 130.
  19. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 149—151.
  20. ^ Dimnik 2003, p. 272.
  21. ^ Dąbrowski 2013, p. 69.
  22. ^ Dąbrowski 2013, p. 70—71.
  23. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 151—153.
  24. ^ Włodarski 1927, p. 42—47.
  25. ^ Dąbrowski 2013, p. 72.
  26. ^ Pashuto 1950, p. 199.
  27. ^ a b Kostomarov 1998, p. 156.
  28. ^ Font & Barabás 2019, p. 23.
  29. ^ a b Font 2017, p. 44.
  30. ^ Pashuto 1950, p. 200.
  31. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 156—158.
  32. ^ Dąbrowski 2013, p. 97—98.
  33. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 159.
  34. ^ Pashuto 1950, p. 201.
  35. ^ Dąbrowski 2013, p. 99—101.
  36. ^ a b Foryt 2021, p. 160.
  37. ^ Pashuto 1950, pp. 202–203.
  38. ^ Dąbrowski 2013, p. 108—109.
  39. ^ Pashuto 1950, p. 204.
  40. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 161—163.
  41. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 164.
  42. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 163—165.
  43. ^ Włodarski 1927, p. 75.
  44. ^ Dąbrowski 2013, p. 125—126.
  45. ^ a b Foryt 2021, p. 165.
  46. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 167.
  47. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 168.
  48. ^ Pashuto 1950, pp. 206–207.
  49. ^ Dąbrowski 2013, p. 144—145.
  50. ^ Pashuto 1950, p. 208.
  51. ^ Dąbrowski 2013, p. 150.
  52. ^ a b Foryt 2021, p. 168—170.
  53. ^ Pashuto 1968, p. 252.
  54. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 170.
  55. ^ Dąbrowski 2021, p. 161—164.
  56. ^ a b Foryt 2021, p. 171.
  57. ^ Dąbrowski 2013, p. 173—174.
  58. ^ Dąbrowski 2013, p. 174—177.
  59. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 172.
  60. ^ Pashuto 1950, pp. 214–215.
  61. ^ Kostomarov 1998, p. 162.
  62. ^ Pashuto 1950, p. 215.
  63. ^ Dąbrowski 2013, p. 183—185.
  64. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 174.
  65. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 176.
  66. ^ Pashuto 1950, p. 216.
  67. ^ Dąbrowski 2013, p. 199—200.
  68. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 176—177.
  69. ^ a b Foryt 2021, p. 178.
  70. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 179.
  71. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 180.
  72. ^ Dąbrowski 2013, p. 223—224.
  73. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 181—183.
  74. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 183.
  75. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 183—184.
  76. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 185—186.
  77. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 187.
  78. ^ Dąbrowski 2013, p. 254—256.
  79. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 188.
  80. ^ Dąbrowski 2013, p. 256—260.
  81. ^ Foryt 2021, p. 189—191.

Primary sources

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Bibliography

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  • Foryt, Artur (2021). Zawichost 1205 (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Bellona. ISBN 978-83-11-16068-2.
  • Włodarski, Bronisław (1927), Polityka ruska Leszka białego (in Polish), vol. III, Lwów: Biblioteka Uniwersytecka w Poznaniu
  • Pashuto, Vladimir (1950). Grekov, Boris (ed.). Очерки по истории Галицко-Волынской Руси [Essays on the history of Galician-Volhynian Rus'] (in Russian). Moscow: Издательство академии наук СССР. pp. 191–220.
  • Kostomarov, Nikolai (1998) [1873]. "Knyaz Danilo Romanovich of Galicia". Русская история в жизнеописаниях её главнейших деятелей [Russian history in the biographies of its most important figures] (in Russian). Vol. 1. Series: Великая Россия (Great Russia). Moscow: Рипол-классик. pp. 150–180. ISBN 5-7905-0214-8.
  • Érszegi, Géza; Solymosi, László (1981). "Az Árpádok királysága, 1000–1301 [The Monarchy of the Árpáds, 1000–1301]". In Solymosi, László (ed.). Magyarország történeti kronológiája, I: a kezdetektől 1526-ig [Historical Chronology of Hungary, Volume I: From the Beginning to 1526] (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 79–187. ISBN 963-05-2661-1.
  • Dimnik, Martin (1994-2003). The Dynasty of Chernigov.
    • Dimnik, Martin (1994). The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1054–1146. Pontificial Institute of Mediaeval Studies. ISBN 0-88844-116-9.
    • Dimnik, Martin (2003). The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1146–1246. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03981-9.
  • Pashuto, Vladimir (1968). Внешняя политика Руси [The foreign policy of Rus'] (in Russian). Moscow: Наука.
  • Font, Márta; Barabás, Gábor (2019). Coloman, King of Galicia and Duke of Slavonia (1208–1241): Medieval Central Europe and Hungarian Power. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-164-1890-24-3.
  • Font, Márta (2021). The Kings of the House of Árpád and the Rurikid Princes. Cooperation and conflict in medieval Hungary and Kievan Rus'. Arpadiana VIII., Research Centre for the Humanities. ISBN 978-963-416-278-0.
  • Dąbrowski, Dariusz (2013). Daniel Romanowicz. Król Rusi (ok. 1201–1264). Biografia polityczna. Avalon. ISBN 9788377300695.

Additional notes

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  1. ^ The parties have repeatedly changed sides, either supporting Daniel or opposing him.
  2. ^ At the beginning of the fighting, the Poles sided with the Romanovichs, but over time they began to help the Hungarians
  3. ^ Sometimes fought against Daniel, but was also often in alliance with him
  4. ^ For more information about Mstislav's participation in Rus' civili wars, see Battle of Lipitsa and ru:Capture of Kiev
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