User:Elp3h.emily.powell
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[edit]Emily - Discovery:
[edit]There is a group of somatostatin receptors called the somatostatin receptor family. All of the members of the somatostatin receptor family are proteins that sit on the surface of the cell membrane and are responsible for the communication between cells [1]. In 1972 [2], scientist were on the trek to discover more information on the hypothalamus and its "release factors." [2]Studies showed patterns of inhibitory activity of the hypothalamus release factors which led scientists in the direction to discover somatostatin, known as the somatropin release-inhibiting factor, or SRIF. We now know that the SRIF is located at 3q28 (long arm of the third chromosome at the twenty-eighth position) in humans [2]. Peering into location 3q28, the majority of proteins code for the pancreas, ovaries, and prostate along with other components of the endocrine system and nervous system [3], so it can be drawn that the receptor family has great influence among these systems. The family was first discovered in a segment of a rat's pituitary gland known as the tumor cell line http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyIntroductionForward?familyId=61[4]. A cell line is grown as a culture under controlled conditions, so the first discovery was found by culturing these cells in controlled conditions and in an environment outside of its norm. There, researchers found that the tumor cell line expresses a cell dividing inhibitor known as the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) [5] and also acts as an inhibitor to the milk producing hormone in female mammals, prolactin, and growth hormones. Researchers studied the activity of the receptors by conducting an assay with Ligand binding studies [6], which basically means they were conducting studies to see how prevalent the binding of the receptors occurred [7][6]. Differences in how prevalently they receptors bonded revealed the existence of multiple receptors [6]. Based on the ligand binding affinity and the receptors' signaling mechanisms, the receptor family was divided into 2 different groups, and within those groups, 5 subgroups. The group with a high affinity binding were classified under the SRIF1 group with sst2, sst3, and sst5 in the subgroup, while the receptors with low affinity binding were classified under the SRIF2 group with sst1 and sst4 in the subgroup. Manipulations with the somatostatin receptors are used for many therapies in both the endocrine and nervous system, and now that we know the groups and subgroups of the receptor family, therapy treatment is much more efficient and effective. For example, as you continue reading the article, you will notice the importance and advancements of oncology and tumor treatments, as well as other ways the somatostatin receptors are working and advancing the world of medicine. [8].
According to https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6752 [9], the somatostatin receptor 2 is found on the chromosome 17 (chart below is directly from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6752, copywrite infringement not intended). Information was gathered and determined from a sample of individuals, and conclusions were drawn upon location and other information regarding the SSRT2 protein [9].
| Gene: | SSTR2 |
| Title: | somatostatin receptor 2 |
| Location: | 73,165,021..73,171,955 |
| Length: | 6,935 nt |
| [Positional Info] | |
| NC_000017.11 position: | 73,168,608 |
| Gene position: | 3,588 |
 | This user is a student editor in MTSU/Genetics_3250-18B_(Fall). |
- ^ "The Virtual Cell Textbook - Cell Biology". www.ibiblio.org. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
- ^ a b c "Somatostatin receptors". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes. 1616 (1): 1–84. 2003-09-22. doi:10.1016/S0005-2736(03)00235-9. ISSN 0005-2736.
- ^ "Chromosome 3". atlasgeneticsoncology.org. Retrieved 2018-11-09.
- ^ http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyIntroductionForward?familyId=61.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Yamashita, H.; Okadome, T.; Franzén, P.; ten Dijke, P.; Heldin, C. H.; Miyazono, K. (1995-01-13). "A rat pituitary tumor cell line (GH3) expresses type I and type II receptors and other cell surface binding protein(s) for transforming growth factor-beta". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (2): 770–774. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 7822309.
- ^ a b c "Somatostatin receptors | Introduction | BPS/IUPHAR Guide to PHARMACOLOGY". www.guidetopharmacology.org. Retrieved 2018-11-09.
- ^ "Definition of Assay". MedicineNet. Retrieved 2018-11-09.
- ^ "Prolactin | You and Your Hormones from the Society for Endocrinology". www.yourhormones.info. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
- ^ a b "SSTR2 somatostatin receptor 2 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2018-11-09.