User:Donald Trung/Southern Tang Kingdom coinage/Article layout

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[[File:S619 YuanZu H1593 1ar85 (10312127253).jpg|thumb|right|A Tangguo Tongbao (唐國通寶) cash coin with its inscription written in [[regular script]].]] The '''coinage of the [[Southern Tang]] kingdom''' ([[Traditional Chinese]]: 南唐貨幣) consisted mostly of [[bronze]] [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coins]] while the [[Ancient Chinese coinage|coinages of previous dynasties]] still circulated in the Southern Tang kingdom most of the cash coins issued during this period were cast in relation to these being valued as a multiple of them. == History == {{Main|Ancient Chinese coinage|Cash (Chinese coin)|List of Chinese cash coins by inscription}} === Daqi Tongbao === It is widely believed by Chinese numismatists that when the Kingdom of Southern Tang was established by [[Xu Zhigao]] under the name ''Great Qi'' that Xu Zhigao,<ref>Bian Xiaoxuan (卞孝萱) (1992), "Nantang (南唐)", in Zhongguo da baike quanshu (中國大百科全書), Zhongguo lishi (中國歷史). ([[Beijing]] / [[Shanghai]]: Zhongguo da baike quanshu chubanshe), Vol. 2.) (in [[Mandarin Chinese]])</ref> the Prince of Qi or by the founder of the Southern Tang with the original name of the Tang kingdom issued [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coins]] with the inscription Daqi Tongbao (大齊通寶), however only 2 specimens of this cash coin are believed to exist and the whereabouts of both of these are currently unknown as they have disappeared.<ref name="Hartill">Hartill, David (September 22, 2005). ''Cast Chinese Coins''. [[Trafford]], [[United Kingdom]]: Trafford Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1412054669}}. Pages 119–120.</ref> Another variant of the Daqi Tongbao cash coins has 4 holes and is therefore known under the name of "four eye Daqi cash coins" (四眼大齐). A large number of imitation Daqi Tongbao cash coins are also known to exist which were cast from the moulds of [[Taiping Tongbao]] (太平通寶) cash coins and feature a calligraphic style similar to them.<ref name="primaltrek">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 |date=16 November 2016|accessdate=16 September 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> It is very likely that during this period the cash coins of the earlier dynasties remained in use as the main currency in the Southern Tang kingdom.<ref name="Calgary">{{cite web|url= http://www.calgarycoin.com/reference/china/china4.htm#south_t'ang|title= Chinese Cast Coins - SOUTHERN T'ANG DYNASTY AD 937-978.|date=2018|accessdate=16 September 2018|work= By Robert Kokotailo (Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery – Chinese Cast Coins).|language=en}}</ref> === Cash coins issued under Li Jing === Under the reign Emperor [[Li Jing (Southern Tang)|Li Jing]] who first used the reign title Baoda (保大), cash coins were cast both in [[bronze]] and [[iron]] with the inscription Baoda Yuanbao (保大元寶) from the year 943 until 957,<ref name="Hartill"/> however the bronze variants are extremely rare. In the year Xiande 5 (962) Li Jing cast the Yongtong Quanhuo ({{zh | c=永通泉貨| hp=yǒng tōng quán huò| l=Eternally circulating coin| links=no}}) which had a [[nominal value]] of 10 smaller bronze cash coins, however they only weighed 40% of how much value 10 cash coins usually weight.<ref name="Calgary"/> Li Jing was short of funds for his army at that time. These cash coins were cast in both [[Clerical script|clerical]] ("official style", 隸書, ''lì shū'') and [[seal script]] (篆書, ''zhuàn shū''). Some of the cash Coins with inscriptions in seal script are diminutive in size and lightweight. Li Jing’s minister Zhong Mo obtained permission to cast large coins, one of them being equal to ten smaller coins, with this inscription. In 964, the coin was withdrawn when Zhong Mo incurred the displeasure of the Emperor.<ref name="Hartill"/> It is also possible that the Yongtong Quanhuo cash coins were cast at a later date. As the people weren't used to [[fiat currency|fiduciary coinages]] they weren't accepted on the marked with their intended value.<ref name="Calgary"/> The Datang Tongbao ({{zh | c=大唐通寶| hp=dà táng tōng bǎo| l=| links=no}}) cash coins which have their inscriptions written in ''li'' script were produced in the year 959.<ref>Chester L. Krause and Clifford Mishler. Standard Catalog of World Coins.</ref> These cash coins are not as well-made as the later produced Tangguo Tongbao. There is exists a rare variety of the Datang Tongbao cash coins which is large in size and has a very broad rim.<ref name="Hartill"/> Usually a cash coin that bears the name of the dynasty would be cast immediately after its establishment however these Datang cash coins were minted as its second official series, it is possible that this was done as a form of [[propaganda]] as 960 was the year that the Song dynasty was established around that time these cash coins started being manufactured.<ref name="Calgary"/> From the year Xiande 6 (963) Li Jing produced the Tangguo Tongbao ({{zh | c=唐國通寶| hp=tang guó tōng bǎo| l=| links=no}}) which are written in seal, ''li'', and [[regular script]]. Initially the Tangguo Tongbao cash coins were cast in two different denominations,<ref>Fredrik Schjøth. ''Chinese Currency''. [[Oslo]], 1929</ref> one had a weight of 12 grams and a nominal value of 10 ''[[Chinese cash (currency unit)|wén]]'' (當十, ''dāng shí''), these cash coins had their inscription written in seal script. The other denomination of the Tangguo Tongbao had a nominal value of 2 ''wén'' (當二, ''dāng èr''). It is notable that the 2 ''wén'' Tangguo Tongbao cash coins were cast as "matched coins" (對錢, ''duì qián'', 對品, ''duì pǐn'', 和合錢, ''hé hé qián'') where they were released with inscriptions written in multiple types of [[Chinese calligraphy]] which in this case were li script and seal script although some versions tend to have a large star above the square center hole on the reverse side of the coin, other than there difference in calligraphy "matched coins" tend to have the same weight, composition, thickness, diameter, size of the square center hole, Etc. This technique which was first introduced under the Southern Tang would become very popular in the succeeding [[Song dynasty]].<ref name="primaltrek"/> Only a few years later the Tangguo Tongbao cash coins were cast in [[regular script|regular]] and seal scripts, these variants tend to have their inscriptions written in very small characters while they have a broad rim. Some versions of the seal script Tangguo Tongbao are quite rare such as a variety where there are large unusual characters while another variety has the "Tang" (唐, ''tang'') character written with abbreviated strokes.<ref name="primaltrek"/> A variant of the Tangguo Tongbao cash coin with the character "Wu" (五) has been reported to exist, however the authenticity of these specimens is doubtful.<ref name="Calgary"/> Over the years both the Datang Tongbao and Tangguo Tongbao cash coins were being manufactured in lighter and smaller sizes, so it very unlikely that these cash coins would’ve maintained a nominal value of two Tang dynasty era [[Kaiyuan Tongbao]] cash coins.<ref name="primaltrek"/> === Cash coins issued under Li Yu === [[File:1cash Kaiyuan LiYU H1599 1ar85 (8721918475).jpg|thumb|left|A Kaiyuan Tongbao (開元通寶) cash coin of the Southern Tang written in [[seal script]].]] In the year Qiande 2 (961) [[Li Yu (Southern Tang)|Li Yu]] ascended the throne,<ref>Zhonguo lishi da cidian bianzuan weiyuanhui (中國歷史大辭典編纂委員會) (ed. 2000), Zhongguo lishi da cidian (中國歷史大辭典) ([[Shanghai]]: Shanghai cishu chubanshe), Vol.2, pp. 3338, 3340. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]])</ref> and the resources of the country being exhausted, his minister [[Han Xizai]] obtained permission to cast coins. These were [[Kaiyuan Tongbao]] ({{zh | c=開元通寶| hp=kāiyuán tōng bǎo| l=| links=no}}) cash coins and are written in both [[Clerical script|clerical]] (or ''li'') and seal script and date from 961. These distinguished from Tang dynasty period ''Kaiyuan Tongbao'' cash coins by the broader rims, and the characters being in less deep relief. The seal script writing was devised by the scholar Xu Xuan.<ref name="Hartill"/> This coin was slightly larger than the old Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins, and had broader rims, and was found convenient by both the government and the people. As they were massively produced these Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins still exist in large quantities today.<ref name="primaltrek"/> As the Tangguo Tongbao cash coins also exist in very large quantities today it's suspected that they continued to be manufactured during the first two years of the reign of Li Yu.<ref name="Calgary"/> Among the variants of the Southern Tang era Kaiyuan coins are a variety which is large and appear to be very similar in appearance to the official script version of the Yongtong Quanhuo cash coins. Another variety of Southern Tang era Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins is slightly smaller than the aforementioned coin but is actually still larger than a common type of cash coins. This version of the coin is believed to have been a 3 ''wén'' (當三, ''dāng sān'') cash coin that may in fact have been a reduced weight version of a 10 wén cash coin. This variety is actually very rare.<ref name="primaltrek"/> == Vault protector coins == {{Main|Chinese numismatic charm#Vault Protector coins}} The earliest known [[vault protector coin]] (鎮庫錢) known to exist is the '''Datang Zhenku''' (大唐镇库) which translates as "the Vault Protector of the Tang Dynasty" and was cast during the Baoda period of [[Li Jing (Southern Tang)|Li Jing]]. The diameter of these Datang Zhenku vault protector coins is 6 cm, and they have a thickness of 0.6 cm, the diameter of the square center hole is 1.24 cm and the Datang Zhenku coin weighs 93.7 grams.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/06/10/vault-protector-coins/|title= Vault Protector Coins.|date=10 June 2015|accessdate=16 September 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref><ref>“Coins in China’s History” published in 1936 by Arthur B. Coole (邱文明).</ref> Only one of these vault protector coins is known to exist and it was owned by a [[Coin collecting|coin-collector]] from the city of [[Tianjin]] named Fang Yaoyu (方藥雨) during the beginning of the [[twentieth century]] and it was later owned by another private coin-collector called Chen Rentao (陳仁濤) before it ended up in the collection of the [[National Museum of China]] during the 1950s.<ref>[[Google Books]] - [https://books.google.nl/books?id=UI3_-7dMPIoC&pg=PA389&lpg=PA389&dq=%22fang+yaoyu%22&source=bl&ots=hqp_JVHvvH&sig=jN1mqWNDn5FU7QQ84WQmCwYCiKA&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22fang%20yaoyu%22&f=false The Zhangs from Nanxun: A One Hundred and Fifty Year Chronicle of a Chinese Family] by Laurence Chang. Retrieved: 16 September 2018.</ref> == See also == * [[Southern Song dynasty coinage]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Coins of Southern Tang}} {{Chinese currency and coinage}} {{5d10k}} [[:Category:Coins of China]] [[:Category:Southern Tang]] [[:Category:Chinese numismatics]] .