User:Donald Trung/Southern Tang Kingdom coinage

This page serves as "the editing history" for the English Wikipedia article Southern Tang coinage and the article section Southern Tang#Coinage and is kept for both historical preservation and attribution. For the more complete pre-launch layout see User:Donald Trung/Southern Tang Kingdom coinage/Article layout.  Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 11:52, 16 September 2018 (UTC)

A Tangguo Tongbao (唐國通寶) cash coin with its inscription written in regular script.

The coinage of the Southern Tang kingdom (Traditional Chinese: 南唐貨幣)

History

Main articles: Ancient Chinese coinage, Cash (Chinese coin), and List of Chinese cash coins by inscription

Daqi Tongbao

It is widely believed by Chinese numismatists that when the Kingdom of Southern Tang was established by Xu Zhigao under the name Great Qi that Xu Zhigao, the Prince of Qi or by the founder of the Southern Tang with the original name of the Tang kingdom issued cash coins with the inscription Daqi Tongbao (大齊通寶), however only 2 specimens of this cash coin are believed to exist and the whereabouts of both of these are currently unknown as they have disappeared. Another variant of the Daqi Tongbao cash coins has 4 holes and is therefore known under the name of "four eye Daqi cash coins" (四眼大齐). A large number of imitation Daqi Tongbao cash coins are also known to exist which were cast from the moulds of Taiping Tongbao (太平通寶) cash coins and feature a calligraphic style similar to them. It is very likely that during this period the cash coins of the earlier dynasties remained in use as the main currency in the Southern Tang kingdom.

Cash coins issued under Li Jing

Under the reign Emperor Li Jing who first used the reign title Baoda (保大), cash coins were cast both in bronze and iron with the inscription Baoda Yuanbao (保大元寶) from the year 943 until 957, however the bronze variants are extremely rare. In the year Xiande 5 (962) Li Jing cast the Yongtong Quanhuo (Chinese: 永通泉貨; pinyin: yǒng tōng quán huò; lit. 'Eternally circulating coin') which had a nominal value of 10 smaller bronze cash coins, however they only weighed 40% of how much value 10 cash coins usually weight. Li Jing was short of funds for his army at that time. These cash coins were cast in both clerical ("official style", 隸書, lì shū) and seal script (篆書, zhuàn shū). Some of the cash Coins with inscriptions in seal script are diminutive in size and lightweight. Li Jing’s minister Zhong Mo obtained permission to cast large coins, one of them being equal to ten smaller coins, with this inscription. In 964, the coin was withdrawn when Zhong Mo incurred the displeasure of the Emperor. It is also possible that the Yongtong Quanhuo cash coins were cast at a later date. As the people weren't used to fiduciary coinages they weren't accepted on the marked with their intended value.

The Datang Tongbao (Chinese: 大唐通寶; pinyin: dà táng tōng bǎo) cash coins which have their inscriptions written in li script were produced in the year 959. These cash coins are not as well-made as the later produced Tangguo Tongbao. There is exists a rare variety of the Datang Tongbao cash coins which is large in size and has a very broad rim. Usually a cash coin that bears the name of the dynasty would be cast immediately after its establishment however these Datang cash coins were minted as its second official series, it is possible that this was done as a form of propaganda as 960 was the year that the Song dynasty was established around that time these cash coins started being manufactured.

From the year Xiande 6 (963) Li Jing produced the Tangguo Tongbao (Chinese: 唐國通寶; pinyin: tang guó tōng bǎo) which are written in seal, li, and regular script. Initially the Tangguo Tongbao cash coins were cast in two different denominations, one had a weight of 12 grams and a nominal value of 10 wén (當十, dāng shí), these cash coins had their inscription written in seal script. The other denomination of the Tangguo Tongbao had a nominal value of 2 wén (當二, dāng èr). It is notable that the 2 wén Tangguo Tongbao cash coins were cast as "matched coins" (對錢, duì qián, 對品, duì pǐn, 和合錢, hé hé qián) where they were released with inscriptions written in multiple types of Chinese calligraphy which in this case were li script and seal script although some versions tend to have a large star above the square center hole on the reverse side of the coin, other than there difference in calligraphy "matched coins" tend to have the same weight, composition, thickness, diameter, size of the square center hole, Etc. This technique which was first introduced under the Southern Tang would become very popular in the succeeding Song dynasty.

Only a few years later the Tangguo Tongbao cash coins were cast in regular and seal scripts, these variants tend to have their inscriptions written in very small characters while they have a broad rim. Some versions of the seal script Tangguo Tongbao are quite rare such as a variety where there are large unusual characters while another variety has the "Tang" (唐, tang) character written with abbreviated strokes. A variant of the Tangguo Tongbao cash coin with the character "Wu" () has been reported to exist, however the authenticity of these specimens is doubtful.

Over the years both the Datang Tongbao and Tangguo Tongbao cash coins were being manufactured in lighter and smaller sizes, so it very unlikely that these cash coins would’ve maintained a nominal value of two Tang dynasty era Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins.

Cash coins issued under Li Yu

In the year Qiande 2 (961) Li Yu ascended the throne, and the resources of the country being exhausted, his minister Han Xizai obtained permission to cast coins. These were Kaiyuan Tongbao (Chinese: 開元通寶; pinyin: kāiyuán tōng bǎo) cash coins and are written in both clerical (or li) and seal script and date from 961. These distinguished from Tang dynasty period Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins by the broader rims, and the characters being in less deep relief. The seal script writing was devised by the scholar Xu Xuan. This coin was slightly larger than the old Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins, and had broader rims, and was found convenient by both the government and the people. As they were massively produced these Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins still exist in large quantities today. As the Tangguo Tongbao cash coins also exist in very large quantities today it's suspected that they continued to be manufactured during the first two years of the reign of Li Yu.

Among the variants of the Southern Tang era Kaiyuan coins are a variety which is large and appear to be very similar in appearance to the official script version of the Yongtong Quanhuo cash coins. Another variety of Southern Tang era Kaiyuan Tongbao cash coins is slightly smaller than the aforementioned coin but is actually still larger than a common type of cash coins. This version of the coin is believed to have been a 3 wén (當三, dāng sān) cash coin that may in fact have been a reduced weight version of a 10 wén cash coin. This variety is actually very rare.

Coinage

Main article: Southern Tang coinage

A Tangguo Tongbao (唐國通寶) cash coin with its inscription written in regular script.

It is possible that Xu Zhigao cast a cash coin with the inscription Daqi Tongbao (大唐通寶) while the state still had its original name of Great Qi, under the reign of Li Jing cash coins were produced with the inscriptions Baoda Yuanbao (保大元寶), Yongtong Quanhuo (永通泉貨), Datang Tongbao (大唐通寶), and Tangguo Tongbao (唐國通寶). The latter two series were produced as "matched coins" where the same inscription was used but different fonts of Chinese calligraphy were used simultaneously while these cash coins all retained the same sizes and weights. Under Li Yu cash coins were cast with the inscription Kaiyuan Tongbao (開元通寶) was used in clerical and seal scripts and was based on a Tang dynasty era cash coin of the same inscription.

Matched cash coins

• 对钱, 对品, 和合钱

• 對錢, 對品, 和合錢

• duì qián , duì pǐn , hé hé qián

• 對錢, duì qián, 對品, duì pǐn, 和合錢, hé hé qián

Niqian (DO NOT ADD TO SOUTHERN TANG)

• Niqian (simplified Chinese: 泥钱; traditional Chinese: 泥錢; pinyin: ní qián) refers to cash coins made out of clay, when the government of the You Zhou Autonomous Region (900–914) confiscated all bronze cash coins and berries buried them in a cave, because of this the people had to rely on cash coins made out of clay while later bad quality iron cash coins were issued.

Exchange rates (DO NOT ADD TO SOUTHERN TANG)

• Dongqian (東錢, "Eastern cash"), an exchange rate used for cash coins in the Fengtian province, where only 160 cash coins make up a string.

• Jingqian (京錢, "metropolitan cash") an exchange rate used where only 500 cash coins make up a string.

Qing terms.

• Guangbei qian (光背錢), is a Qing dynasty term that refers to Shunzhi Tongbao (順治通寳) cash coins with no reverse inscriptions including mint marks.

• Xiaoqian (小錢, "small cash") or Qingqian (輕錢), is a Qing dynasty era term that refers to lightweight cash coins created from 1702 that had a weight of 0.7 qián, these coins all disappeared from circulation around the middle of the 18th century.

• Zhongqian (重錢, "full-weight cash" or "heavy cash"), refers to cash coins produced from 1702 with a weight of 1.4 qián and were 1⁄1000 of a tael of silver.

• Huangqian (黃錢, "yellow cash"), a term used to refer to early Qing dynasty era cash coins that didn't contain any tin.

• Qingqian (青錢, "green cash"), is a term used to refer to Qing dynasty era cash coins produced from 1740 where 2% tin was added to the alloy, however despite being called "green cash" it looked indistinguishable from "yellow cash".

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Redirects

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• #REDIRECT [[Southern Tang coinage]]

1. Southern Tang coinage.
2. Southern Tang coin.
3. Southern Tang coins.
4. Southern Tang currency.
5. Southern Tang cash coin.
6. Southern Tang cash coins.
7. Southern Tang dynasty coinage.
8. Southern Tang dynasty coin.
9. Southern Tang dynasty coins.
10. Southern Tang dynasty currency.
11. Southern Tang dynasty cash coin.
12. Southern Tang dynasty cash coins.
13. Southern Tang kingdom coinage.
14. Southern Tang kingdom coin.
15. Southern Tang kingdom coins.
16. Southern Tang kingdom currency.
17. Southern Tang kingdom cash coin.
18. Southern Tang kingdom cash coins.

Recurring references

• {{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=}}

• <ref name="primaltrek"/>

• <ref name="Hartill"/>

• <ref name="Calgary"/>

Standard reference templates

September 2018.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2018|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=31 March 2013|accessdate= September 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TheCurrencyCollector2">{{cite web|url= http://thecurrencycollector.com/pdfs/Ancient_Chinese_Cash_Notes_-_The_Worlds_First_Paper_Money_-_Part_II.pdf|title= Ancient Chinese Cash Notes - The World's First Paper Money - Part II.|date=2018|accessdate=9 September 2018|author= John E. Sandrock|publisher=The Currency Collector|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="NUMISTA">Numis' Numismatic Encyclopedia. [https://en.numista.com/numisdoc/a-reference-list-of-5000-years-of-chinese-coinage-97.html A reference list of 5000 years of Chinese coinage. (Numista)] Written on December 9, 2012 • Last edit: June 13, 2013. Retrieved: 13 September 2018.</ref>

• <ref name="primaltrek">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 |date=16 November 2016|accessdate=13 September 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

• )<ref>Hartill, David (September 22, 2005). ''Cast Chinese Coins''. [[Trafford]], [[United Kingdom]]: Trafford Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1412054669}}. Pages 119–120.</ref>

• <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.calgarycoin.com/reference/china/china4.htm#south_t'ang|title= Chinese Cast Coins - SOUTHERN T'ANG DYNASTY AD 937-978.|date=2018|accessdate=16 September 2018|work= By Robert Kokotailo (Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery – Chinese Cast Coins).|language=en}}</ref>

Section only.

• <ref name="Hartill">Hartill, David (September 22, 2005). ''Cast Chinese Coins''. [[Trafford]], [[United Kingdom]]: Trafford Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1412054669}}. Pages 119–120.</ref><ref name="primaltrek">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 |date=16 November 2016|accessdate=16 September 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.calgarycoin.com/reference/china/china4.htm#south_t'ang|title= Chinese Cast Coins - SOUTHERN T'ANG DYNASTY AD 937-978.|date=2018|accessdate=16 September 2018|work= By Robert Kokotailo (Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery – Chinese Cast Coins).|language=en}}</ref>