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Table to sections proposal: TRAP

[edit]

TRAP (current)

[edit]
Dia-

phoneme[i]

Keyword Examples AmE AuE[1][2] BahE BarE CaE[3] Cameroonian English[4] CIE EnE FiE InE[5] IrE[6] NZE[7][8] Newfoundland English[9] PaE ScE[10] SIE SAE[11][12] SSE WaE[13]
AAVE Boston accent Cajun English California English Chicano English General American[14][15][7] Inland Northern American English Miami accent Mid-Atlantic English New York accent Philadelphia accent Southern American English Brummie[16] Southern England English Northern England English RP Ulster English West & South-West Irish English Dublin English Supraregional southern Irish English Abercraf English Port Talbot English Cardiff English
Non-Rhotic Rhotic Older Younger Northern Southern Non-Rhotic Older Rhotic Older Non-Rhotic Rhotic Cultivated General Broad Cockney Estuary English (EE) MLE[17] West Country Cumbrian Geordie Lancashire Manchester Pitmatic Scouse Yorkshire Conservative[18][19] Contemporary (SSBE)[20] Belfast Mid-Ulster traditional Ulster Scots Local Dublin English New Dublin English Cultivated General Broad Cultivated General Broad
æ TRAP ham ɛː~ɛə̯~eə̯ ɪə̯~eə̯~ɛɐ̯[ii] æ eə~ɛə æ~ɛə̯~eə̯ eə̯~ɛə̯~æ[ii] eə̯~ɪə̯ æ ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯[ii] æə̯~ɛə̯~eə̯[ii] æɛæ~eə eə̯~æjə[ii] æː[iii] æː~ɛː[iii] æ̝ː~ɛː~e̞ː[iii] æ~a a æ~ɛə̯[ii] a̽ æ a æ~ɛ~ɛɪ æ~a~ɛ̞ ɐ̞ æː~aː a~ä a a~ä a a~ä æ aː[iii] æ æ~ɛ äː~a æ a æ~a æ ɛ ɛ̝ æ æ ä ɑ~æ æ a~æ æ~ɛ~e̞ ɛ[21] a aː[iii] aː~æː[iii]
bad æ~ɛː~ɛə̯ æ~ɛə̯ æ~ɛə̯ ɛ~æ~a~ä æ~æ̞ æ æ, ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯[ii] æ æ~æɛæ~ɐɛɐ æ~æjə~æ̠ɛæ̠ æ~a̝
lad æ a̝~æ æ~ɛ æ~ɛ a a a~æ
ɑː / æ BATH ä~a ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯[ii] æə̯~ɛə̯~eə̯[ii] æɛ~æe äː äː~ɐː aː ɑː ɑː ɑː~ɑ̟ː~ɑ̹ː ɑː ɑ̟ː ɑ̈ː~ʌ̞ː a~ɑ äː æː~aː aː ɐː~äː æː ɑ ɑ̟ː ɑː ɒː~ɔː ä[22]
ɑː PALM a~ä~ɑ a~ä ɑ ä~ɑ~ɒ ä~a ɑ~ä a~ä ɑ ɑ̟ː ɑ~ä ɑ ɑ ɒ~ɑ ɑː ɒ~ɑ äː ɒː~ɑː äː aː~ɑː äː aː äː~ɑː æ~ɑː ɑː ɑː aː aː~æː
  1. ^ This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i In most of the United States (with high dialectal variation), and to a lesser degree in Canada, special /æ/ tensing systems occur.
  3. ^ a b c d e f See bad–lad split for this distinction.

TRAP (proposed)

[edit]
Accent Internal splits and allophonic contrasts Merged or split-from sets
ham bad lad BATH PALM
AmE AAVE Non-Rhotic ɛː~ɛə̯~eə̯ æ~ɛː~ɛə̯ Green tickY Red XN
Rhotic
Boston accent Older ɪə̯~eə̯~ɛɐ̯ æ~ɛə̯ Red XN
Younger æ~ɛə̯ Green tickY
Cajun English[citation needed] æ
California English[citation needed] Northern eə~ɛə ɛ~æ~a~ä
Southern æ~æ̞
Chicano English[citation needed] æ~ɛə̯~eə̯ æ
General American[23][24][25] eə̯~ɛə̯~æ
Inland Northern American English[citation needed] eə̯~ɪə̯
Miami accent[citation needed] æ
Mid-Atlantic English[citation needed]
New York accent[citation needed] Non-Rhotic ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯ æ, ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯ Red XN
Older
Rhotic
Philadelphia accent[citation needed] æə̯~ɛə̯~eə̯ æ
Southern American English[citation needed] Older æɛæ~eə æ~æɛæ~ɐɛɐ
Non-Rhotic eə̯~æjə æ~æjə~æ̠ɛæ̠ Green tickY
Rhotic
AuE[26][27] Cultivated æː æ Red XN
General æː~ɛː a̝~æ
Broad æ̝ː~ɛː~e̞ː æ~ɛ
BahE[citation needed] æ~a Green tickY
BarE[citation needed] a Red XN
CaE[28] æ~ɛə̯ æ~a̝ Green tickY
Cameroonian English[29] a̽ Green tickY
CIE[citation needed] æ Red XN Red XN
EnE Brummie[30] a Green tickY
Southern England English Cockney[citation needed] æ~ɛ~ɛɪ æ~ɛ Red XN
Estuary English (EE)[citation needed] æ~a~ɛ̞
MLE[31] ɐ̞
West Country[citation needed] æː~aː Green tickY
Northern England English[citation needed] Cumbrian a~ä
Geordie a
Lancashire a~ä
Manchester
Pitmatic
Scouse a
Yorkshire a~ä
RP Conservative[32][33] æ Red XN
Contemporary (SSBE)[34] aː a
FiE[citation needed] æ
InE[35] æ~ɛ
IrE[36] Ulster English Belfast äː~a Green tickY
Mid-Ulster
traditional
Ulster Scots
West & South-West Irish English æ Red XN
Dublin English Local Dublin English
New Dublin English a
Supraregional southern Irish English æ~a
NZE[37][38] Cultivated æ
General ɛ
Broad ɛ̝
Newfoundland English[9] æ
PaE[citation needed] Green tickY
ScE[39] ä Green tickY Green tickY
SIE[citation needed] ɑ~æ Red XN Red XN
SAE[40][41] Cultivated æ
General a~æ
Broad æ~ɛ~e̞
SSE[citation needed] ɛ
WaE[42] Abercraf English a Green tickY
Port Talbot English aː a
Cardiff English aː~æː a~æ

Conditional mergers proposal

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DRESS

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Accent Internal splits and allophonic contrasts Merged or split-from sets
pen length[citation needed] DRESS MERRy[i]
AmE Cajun English[citation needed] ɪ i ɛ~æ Green tickY

KIT

[edit]
Accent Internal splits and allophonic contrasts Merged or split-from sets
KIT pen
AmE Cajun English[citation needed] ɪ Green tickY
  1. ^ This column includes the Merry-Murray Merger

Other projects

[edit]
Dia-

phoneme[i]

r / ∅ ɛə(r) / eɪ.ə(r) aɪl / aɪ.əl æ æ(r) ɑː / æ ɑː(r) ɑː ɒ ɒ / ɔː ɔː ə ɪ ɪ(r) iː i eɪ ɛ ɛ(r) ʌ ʌ(r) ʊ uː juː aɪ ɔɪ oʊ aʊ ɪə(r) ɪə(r) ɛə(r) ɜː(r) ə(r) ɔː(r) ʊə(r) jʊə(r)
Wells' Lexical Set Rhoticity Mare-mayor merger Vile-vial merger TRAP BATH START PALM LOT CLOTH THOUGHT commA KIT FLEECE happY FACE DRESS STRUT FOOT GOOSE PRICE CHOICE GOAT MOUTH NEAR SQUARE NURSE lettER NORTH FORCE CURE
Extended Lexical Set TRAP MARRy KIT MIRRor MEET MEAT PANE PAIN FACE DRESS MERRy[ii] STRUT HURRy THROUGH THREW GOOSE TOE TOW GOAT NEAR NEARer FUR[iii] FIR FERN
Allophonic Contrast ham bad lad THOUGHT pause fall roses KIT bit (OS) think[iv] feel free fail pen length[citation needed] DRESS celery STRUT hull gulf put? hood[citation needed] full ruler cute PRICE pride hole/dole[v] MOUTH proud lettER donor[citation needed] tour pure
AmE AAVE Non-Rhotic ɛː~ɛə̯~eə̯ æ~ɛː~ɛə̯ ɑ~ɒ a~ä~ɑ ɒ(ɔ̯)~ɔ(ʊ̯)~ɔə̯ ə ɪ~iə̯ i ɪ~i eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ ɪ~iə̯, ɛ~eə̯ ɛ~eə̯ ʌ~ɜ ʊ~ʊ̜̈~ɵ~ø̞ ʊu̯~u (j)ʊu̯~(j)u äɪ̯ äː~äe̯~aː oɪ̯ ʌʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ æɔ̯~æə̯ æɔ̯~æə̯ or äː~äe̯~aː iə̯~iɤ̯ ɛə̯ ɚ ə oə̯~ɔə̯~ɔo̯ juə̯~jʊə̯
Rhotic ɑɹ~ɒɹ iɹ ɛɹ ɚ ɚ oɹ juɹ~jʊɹ
Boston accent Younger ɪə̯~eə̯~ɛɐ̯ æ~ɛə̯ a(ɹ)~ä(ɹ) ä~a ɒ~ɑ ɪ~ɪ̞~ɪ̈ i eɪ̯ ɛ ʌ~ɐ ʊ u~ʊu̯~ɵu̯ (j)u~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ɵu̯ ɐɪ̯ äɪ̯ ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ oʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ ɐʊ̯ ɑ̟ʊ̯ ɪə̯(ɹ)~ɪɐ̯(ɹ) ɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛɐ̯(ɹ) əː(ɹ) ɔə̯(ɹ)~ɒə̯(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ) ɔə̯(ɹ)~oɐ̯(ɹ) ʊə̯(ɹ)~ʊɐ̯(ɹ) jʊə̯(ɹ)~jʊɐ̯(ɹ)
Older æ~ɛə̯ ä~a əː(ɹ)
Cajun English[citation needed] æ ɑ(ɹ)~a(ɹ) ɑ a ɪ ɪ~i eː ɪ i ɛ~æ ʌ u ɑɪ̯~aː ɔɪ̯ oː aʊ̯~aː i(ɹ)~ɪ(ɹ) ɛ(ɹ)~æ(ɹ) ʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ əɹ ʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ ɔə(ɹ)~ɔɹ uə(ɹ)~ʊə(ɹ) juə(ɹ)~jʊə(ɹ)

Consonant table from General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages with IPA symbols (surely the table's classifications are enough evidence for broad transcription to be useful?)

bilabial labio-

dental

inter-

dental

dental/

alveolar

post-alveolar palatal velar labio-

velar

glottal
Stop voiceless p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ k ⟨k⟩ k͡p ⟨kp⟩ ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩
voiced b ⟨b⟩ d ⟨d⟩ g ⟨g⟩ ɡ͡b ⟨gb⟩
Implosive ɓ ⟨ɓ⟩ ɗ ⟨ɗ⟩ ƴ ⟨ƴ⟩
Affricate voiceless p͡f ⟨pf⟩ t͡f ⟨tf⟩ t͡s ⟨ts⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨c⟩ k͡f ⟨kf⟩
voiced b͡v ⟨bv⟩ d͡v ⟨dv⟩ d͡z ⟨dz⟩ d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩ g͡v ⟨gv⟩
Fricative voiceless f ⟨f⟩ s ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨sh⟩ x ⟨x⟩ x͡f ⟨xf⟩ h ⟨h⟩
voiced v ⟨v⟩ z ⟨z⟩ ʒ ⟨zh⟩ ɣ ⟨gh⟩ ɣ͡v ⟨hv⟩
Nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ɲ ⟨ny⟩ ŋ ⟨ŋ⟩ ŋ͡m ⟨ŋm⟩
Lateral approximant l ⟨l⟩
voiceless fric. ɬ ⟨sl⟩
voiced fric. ɮ ⟨zl⟩
Vibrant ʙ ⟨ʙ⟩** ⱱ ⟨vb⟩ ɾ ⟨r⟩
Approximant w ⟨ẅ⟩ j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨w⟩
  1. ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
  2. ^ Cox & Palethorpe (2007)
  3. ^ Boberg (2004)
  4. ^ Todd, Loreto (1982). Cameroon. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 9789027286703.
  5. ^ Sailaja (2009:19–26)
  6. ^ Wells (1982:422)
  7. ^ a b Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
  8. ^ Bauer et al. (2007:97–102)
  9. ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 499.
  10. ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
  11. ^ Bekker (2008)
  12. ^ Lass (2002:111–119)
  13. ^ Coupland & Thomas (1990:93–136)
  14. ^ Kenyon & Knott (1953)
  15. ^ Kenyon (1950)
  16. ^ Wells (1982:364)
  17. ^ Fox, Susan (2015). The New Cockney: New Ethnicities and Adolescent Speech in the Traditional East End of London.
  18. ^ Roach (2004:241–243)
  19. ^ "Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  20. ^ "The British English vowel system". 8 March 2012.
  21. ^ Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics ISBN 981-04-2598-8, pp. 84–92.
  22. ^ Deterding, David (2007). Singapore English. United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978-0-7486-3096-7.
  23. ^ Kenyon & Knott (1953)
  24. ^ Kenyon (1950)
  25. ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
  26. ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
  27. ^ Cox & Palethorpe (2007)
  28. ^ Boberg (2004)
  29. ^ Todd, Loreto (1982). Cameroon. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 9789027286703.
  30. ^ Wells (1982:364)
  31. ^ Fox, Susan (2015). The New Cockney: New Ethnicities and Adolescent Speech in the Traditional East End of London.
  32. ^ Roach (2004:241–243)
  33. ^ "Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  34. ^ "The British English vowel system". 8 March 2012.
  35. ^ Sailaja (2009:19–26)
  36. ^ Wells (1982:422)
  37. ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
  38. ^ Bauer et al. (2007:97–102)
  39. ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
  40. ^ Bekker (2008)
  41. ^ Lass (2002:111–119)
  42. ^ Coupland & Thomas (1990:93–136)


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