Jump to content

Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Naxalite Movement)

Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

Red Corridor–Naxalite active zones in 2018
Date18 May 1967 (1967-05-18) – present
(57 years, 7 months and 1 week)
Location
India
Status

Ongoing as a low level insurgency

  • India successfully manages to reduce insurgent activity[20]
Belligerents

 India[1]

Militias: (until 2011)[2]

Naxalites:

Supported by:
Commanders and leaders

India Droupadi Murmu
(President)
India Narendra Modi
(Prime Minister)
India Amit Shah
(Minister of Home Affairs)
Rajeev Rai Bhatnagar
(Director General)
Pranay Sahay
(Former Director General)[21]

Mahendra Karma †
(Leader of Salwa Judum)

Brahmeshwar Singh X
(Leader of Ranvir Sena)		 Lakshmana Rao
Keshava Rao
Madvi Hidma
Charu Majumdar #
Jangal Santhal #
Kanu Sanyal #
Sabyasachi Panda (POW)
Cherukuri Rajkumar †
Katakam Sudarsan #
Kondapalli Seetharamaiah #
Satyanarayana Reddy †
Koteswara Rao †
Prashant Bose (POW)
Ashutosh Tudu (POW)
Naveen Babu †
Narmada Akka †
Deo Kumar Singh #
Milind Teltumbde †
Jagdish Mahto †
Ravindra Kuswaha (POW)
Mahendar Singh †
Shankar Rao †
Vinod Gowda †
Strength

CRPF: 313,634

State Armed Forces :1,289,900		 10,000–20,000 members (2009–2010 estimate)[22][23]
6,500–9,500 insurgents (2013 estimate)[24]
Casualties and losses
2000–2024:
2,688 killed[25]		 2000–2024:
4,515 killed
16,901 Surrendered
16,394 Arrested[26]
1996–2018: 12,877–14,369 killed overall[27][28]
2000–2024: 4,032 civilians killed[29]

The Naxalite–Maoist insurgency is part of an ongoing conflict between left-wing extremist groups and the Indian government. The Naxalites are a group of communist supportive groups, who often follow Maoist political sentiment and ideology.

The insurgency started after the 1967 Naxalbari uprising and the subsequent split of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) leading to the creation of a Marxist–Leninist faction. The faction splintered into various groups supportive of Maoist ideology, claiming to fight a rural rebellion and people's war against the government.

The armed wing of the Maoists is called the People's Liberation Guerrilla Army, mostly equipped with small arms. They have conducted multiple attacks on the security forces and government workers, which have resulted in the deaths of more than 4000 civilians and 2500 security force personnel since the 2000s. The influence zone of the Naxalites is called the red corridor, which consists of about 25 districts in Central and East India in 2021.

The insurgency reached its peak in the late 2000s with almost 180 affected districts and has been on the decline since then due to the counter-insurgency actions and development plans formulated by the Indian government. Naxalite organisations and groups have been declared as terrorist organisations under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of India (1967).[30][31]

History

[edit]
Part of a series on
Maoism
Concepts
Variants
People
Theoretical works
History
Organizations
Related topics
Part of a series on
Communism
Concepts
Economics
Variants
History
Organisations
People
By region
Symbols
Criticism
Related topics
Communism portal
icon Socialism portal
Part of a series on
Marxism–Leninism
Concepts
Variants
People
Theoretical works
History
By country
Organizations
Related topics
Further information: Timeline of the Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

Formation and early years (late 1960s to 1970s)

[edit]
Further information: Naxalbari uprising

In 1967, a faction of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) led by Charu Majumdar, Kanu Sanyal, and Jangal Santhal called the "Siliguri group" wanted a protracted people's war in India similar to the Chinese Communist Revolution and Majumdar wrote the Historic Eight Documents which became the foundation of the Naxalite movement.[32][33] The party was part of a coalition government in West Bengal. Majumdar believed that the party would support his doctrine with other leaders like land minister Hare Krishna Konar who had been supporting his rhetoric suggesting that "the militant confiscation of land was integral to the party's programme."[34][35] However, the party did not approve of the armed uprising, which led to internal conflict with the sympathizers of the group.[36]

In March 1967, a few peasant workers seized a plot of land from its jotedar. In May 1967, the Siliguri Kishan Sabha, of which Santhal was the president, declared their support for the movement initiated by Sanyal and their readiness to adopt an armed struggle to redistribute land to the landless.[37] The group advocated initiation of armed struggle and in Naxalbari in West Bengal, the peasants fought when a sharecropper of tribal background, who had been given land by the courts under the tenancy laws, was attacked by the previous landlord's men. When the police arrived, they were ambushed by a group led by Santhal, and in the ensuing fight, 11 people including a police inspector were killed.[38][39][40] In November 1967, a group led by Sushital Ray Chowdhury organised the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries (AICCCR).[41]

The uprising led to the formation of Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (CPI-ML) in April 1969, which was announced by Sanyal at a mass meeting in Calcutta.[42] It inspired similar movements in states like Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala.[43] In 1971, Satyanarayan Singh revolted against the leadership and split the CPI-ML into two, forming a separate provisional committee.[44] The Naxalites gained presence among the radical sections of the student groups in Calcutta.[45] Students left school to join the Naxalites and Majumdar declared that the revolutionary warfare was to take place not only in the rural areas as before, but now everywhere and spontaneously. He also declared an "annihilation line" and issued a dictum to assassinate individual "class enemies" such as landlords, businessmen, teachers, police officers, politicians and others.[46][47]

In response, the Government of West Bengal instituted countermeasures against the Naxalites. The insurgents clashed with the West Bengal Police and CPI-M cadres. With the public rejection of Majumdar's calls for extrajudicial killings, Naxalites alleged human rights violations by the state government, which responded that "the state was effectively fighting a civil war and that democratic pleasantries had no place in a war, especially when the opponent did not fight within the norms of democracy and civility".[40] With the support of the central government, Operation Steeplechase was launched with the aid of the paramilitary forces of the Indian Armed Forces, which resulted in the killing and imprisoning of suspected Naxalites and their cadres, including senior leaders.[48][49] In July 1972, Majumdar was arrested by the West Bengal Police and he later died in police custody.[50][51] After his death, the CPI-ML split into further factions such as the Mahadev Mukherjee faction and the CPI-ML Liberation in 1972.[52] By 1973, the main leaders of the Naxalites were either eliminated or arrested.[53][54] As a result of both external repression and a failure to maintain internal unity, the movement degenerated into extreme sectarianism and the original party fractured into more than 40 separate small groups.[55]

Further growth and government action (1980s to late 1990s)

[edit]

The late 1970s saw the spread of Naxalism to other states of India.[56] Though the first wave of insurgent violence ended badly, it did not eliminate the movement altogether. The insurgency arose in South India in the early 1980s and on 22 April 1980, the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War, commonly called as People's War Group (PWG) was founded by Kondapalli Seetharamaiah.[57] He sought a more efficient structure in attacks and followed the principles of Majumdar. The insurgents kidnapped landlords and forced them to confess to crimes, apologize to villagers, and repay forced bribes. By the early 1980s, the insurgents had established a stronghold and sanctuary along the Andhra Pradesh–Orissa border.[58]

In 1985, the Naxalites began ambushing police forces and killed N.Yadagiri Reddy, a sub-inspector of police in Warangal district of Andhra Pradesh. In response, a special task force called the Greyhounds was formed by the Government of Andhra Pradesh.[59] The governments of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa quelled down the rebels with a variety of counterinsurgency measures. The states established special laws that enabled police to capture and detain Naxalite cadres, fighters and presumed supporters.[60] They invited additional central paramilitary forces, set up organisations to attract youth away from the Naxalites, started rehabilitation programs for those who surrendered.[61] In the 1990s, several incidents of mass murders happened in Bihar wherein Maoists killed members of the land-owning Bhumihar community, who then retaliated through militias.[62][63][64]

Peak of insurgency (2000s)

[edit]

On 2 December 2000, the armed wing of the Maoists is called the People's Liberation Guerrilla Army was founded and are mostly equipped with small arms.[65][66][67] On 1 October 2003, the Naxalites attacked a convoy of then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Chandrababu Naidu en route to Tirumala, in which the Chief Minister was injured.[68] In response, the Andhra Pradesh government embarked on a rapid modernisation of its police force and up-gradation of its technical and operational capabilities to fight the insurgents and about 246 insurgents were killed during the year.[69][70] In September 2004, the CPI-Maoist was founded through the merger of the People's War Group, and the Maoist Communist Centre of India.[71] In January 2005, peace talks between the Andhra Pradesh government and the Maoists broke down after the government did not agree to the release of prisoners and redistribution of land.[72] In August 2005, the government of Andhra Pradesh outlawed the CPI-Maoist party and other affiliated organisations and arrested suspected members and sympathizers of the group.[73][74]

The Maoists orchestrated several attacks on government facilities across various states. They freed prisoners after attacks on prisons and stole weapons from government facilities.[75][76][77] They also attacked anti-Maoist protesters, took hostages and killed those who opposed them.[78][79][80] Police men and security forces were targeted in ambushes using automatic weapons and improvised explosive devices.[81] In 2007, the Maoists killed Member of Parliament Sunil Mahato in Jharkhand and a local leader in Andhra Pradesh.[82][83] They were also involved in local protests against the establishment of Special Economic Zones and killed tribal youths of counter militia organisations.[84][85] In 2008, Naxal attacks increased in Orissa, which inflicted multiple casualties on the security forces.[86][87][88][89] On average, 700 people were killed in the conflict every year from 2005 to 2008.[70]

The conflict escalated with the next two years being the deadliest with more than 1000 casualties annually.[70] The Indian government announced a nationwide initiative called the Integrated Action Plan for broad coordinated operations aimed at combatting and undermining support for the Naxalites in selected states. The plan included funding for grass-roots economic development projects in the affected areas and increased special police funding for containment and reduction of Naxalite influence.[90][91]

Counter-action and decline (2010s–present)

[edit]
Further information: Operation Green Hunt

The Indian government launched a massive military offensive, code named Operation Green Hunt and planned to deploy nearly 50,000 soldiers over two years, with the objectives of eliminating Naxal insurgents and bringing stability to the regions.[92] The Maoists targeted security personnel involved in the operations against them with major attacks such as the Silda camp attack, Dantewada ambush and 2010 Dantewada bus bombing.[93][94][95] They also killed civilians suspected of helping the government and those who were involved in building public infrastructure.[96][97][98] Naxalites carried out a series of attacks, including shootings and bombings across Indian states and the security forces retaliated in response.[99][100] Naxalites were also suspected of attempted train derailments..[101][102]

In early 2010s, Karnataka was removed from the list of Naxal-affected states.[103] The Government of Madhya Pradesh claimed that the Naxal insurgency has reduced in the state and attributed its success to the rural development schemes.[104] In July 2011, the central government announced that the number of Naxal-affected areas were reduced to 83 districts across nine states.[105] Senior Maoist leaders were killed by the security forces, and many were arrested.[106][107] In early 2012, the Naxalites kidnapped foreign nationals and a Member of the Legislative Assembly in Odisha to force the government to release its cadres held as prisoners.[108] In May 2013, a Naxal attack in Chattisgarh resulted in the deaths of 24 Indian National Congress leaders including the former state minister Mahendra Karma and the Chhattisgarh Congress chief Nand Kumar Patel.[109]

In the later 2010s, while the Maoists continued to carry out planned attacks such as the 2014 Chhattisgarh attack, the 2017 Sukma attack and the 2018 Sukma attack, the security forces were able to retaliate in response.[110][111][112][113] The security forces engaged in multiple gun battles which resulted in more than 1000 Maoists being killed in the late 2010s.[70][114][115] In September 2018, the Naxalites killed Member of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Kidari Sarveswara Rao and former member Siveri Soma in Araku Valley.[116] The Kerala Police eliminated the presence of Maoists in Kerala in 2019.[117]

Sporadic attacks such as the 2021 Sukma–Bijapur attack and 2023 Dantewada bombing on security personnel and civilians continued into the 2020s.[118][119][120][121] The anti-insurgency operations also intensified with higher success rate resulting in the death or capture of several insurgent leaders.[122][123][124] The Naxal influence reduced to about 70 districts in 2021 of which only 25 were most affected from a high of 180 districts in the late 2000s.[125][126] Though there was a sporadic increase in Naxal activity in parts of Telangana, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh,[127][128][129][130] the Maoist activity have relatively suppressed due to the increase in anti-terror operations conducted by the security forces in 2024. Operations like the 2024 Kanker clash and the 2024 Abujhmarh clash resulted in a great loss of personnel and material for the Maoists. [131][132]

Geography

[edit]
Main article: Red corridor
Areas with Naxalite activity in 2007 (left), in 2013 (centre), and in 2018 (right)

The influence zone of the Naxalites is called the red corridor consisting of about 25 most affected and 70 total affected districts in Central and East India in 2021.[126] The most affected districts accounted for 85% of the Left wing extremist incidents in India.[133][134] The insurgency was its peak in the late 2000s with nearly 180 affected districts across an area of 92,000 km2 (36,000 sq mi) and has been on the decline since then.[125] In April 2018, 35 districts were classified as most affected amongst the 126 affected districts.[135][136]

As of the early 2020s, the Naxal activity is largely concentrated in two clusters, the first in and round the forested remote hilly areas of Dandakaranya spread across Chhattisgarh and Odisha and the second in the border region of Jharkhand-Bihar-West Bengal.[137][138] The affected districts include:[139][140]

Naxal affected districts (2021)[126][141]
State No. of districts in the State No. of districts affected Districts affected
Jharkhand 24 16 Bokaro, Chatra, Dhanbad, Dumka, East Singhbhum, Garhwa, Giridih, Gumla, Hazaribagh, Khunti, Latehar, Lohardaga, Palamu, Ranchi, Saraikela Kharsawan, West Singhbhum
Chhattisgarh 28 13 Balrampur, Bastar, Bijapur, Dantewada, Dhamtari, Gariyaband, Kanker, Kondagaon,  Mahasamund, Narayanpur, Rajnandgaon, Sukma, Kabirdham
Bihar 38 10 Aurangabad, Banka, Gaya, Jamui, Kaimur, Lakhisarai, Munger, Nawada, Rohtas,  West Champaran
Odisha 30 10 Bargarh, Bolangir, Kalahandi, Kandhamal, Koraput, Malkangiri, Nabrangpur,  Nuapada, Rayagada, Sundargarh
Telangana 33 6 Adilabad, Bhadradri Kothagudem, Jayashankar Bhupalpally, Komaram Bheem Asifabad, Mancherial, Mulugu
Andhra Pradesh 13 5 Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, West Godavari
Kerala 14 3 Malappuram, Palakkad, Wayanad
Madhya Pradesh 55 3 Balaghat, Mandla, Dindori
Maharashtra 36 2 Gadchiroli, Gondia
West Bengal 23 1 Jhargram
Total 369 70

Government response

[edit]

Infrastructure and development

[edit]

Then Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh called the Naxalites the "single biggest internal security challenge ever faced by our country" and in June 2011, he said, "Development is the master remedy to win over people", adding that the government was "strengthening the development work in the 60 Maoist-affected districts.[142] In 2010, Home secretary Gopal Krishna Pillai acknowledged that there were legitimate grievances regarding the local people's access to the forest land and produce and the distribution of benefits from mining and hydropower developments. However, he claimed that the Naxalites' long-term goal was to establish an Indian communist state and the government wanted to tackle the Naxalites head-on to take back the lost areas.[143]

The Indian government launched three schemes–Special Central Assistance (SCA), Security Related Expenditure (SRE), and Special Infrastructure Scheme (SIS) for the economic development of the Naxal-affected areas. As of July 2021, ₹375 million (US$4.5 million) had been sanctioned for more than 10,000 projects, of which 85% were complete. About ₹276 million (US$3.3 million) of the funds were earmarked for the most affected districts. Under these SCA and SIS schemes, construction of about 17,600 km (10,900 mi) roads and 234 Eklavya Model Residential Schools were planned. The plan also included the establishment of 5000 mobile telephone towers and 3114 post offices. As a means of financial inclusion of people, 1077 ATMs and 1236 bank branches were operationalised.[144]

Security

[edit]

In 2018, the central government sought to stem insurgency by earmarking development funds for revolt-hit areas and improving policing. The government planned a ₹250 billion (US$3.0 billion) scheme for the modernisation of central and state police forces in the next three years.[145] Under the SRE scheme, 400 fortified police stations were established at the cost of ₹140 million (US$1.7 million). In addition, funds were utilised to hire helicopters, media services, and for other public relations and community activities.[146] Women self-help groups and industries were established by various state governments. Government of Madhya Pradesh aided 23,113 women self-help groups covering 274,000 families in the affected districts and established 18 industries that would employ 4000 people. Additionally, loans to tribals were waived, and land right ownership documents were granted.[147]

Militia and vigilante groups

[edit]

Since late 1990, several armed anti-insurgency vigilante groups have been backed by the government to fight against the Maoists. In Chhattisgarh, Salwa Judum was formed as an anti-insurgency vigilante group aimed at countering the violence in the region in 2005. The militia consisted of local tribal youth, who received support and training from the Government of Chhattisgarh.[148] Various other paramilitary vigilante groups had emerged in other states such Andhra Pradesh. These groups were accused of extra-judicial murders of civil liberties activists.[149][150]

The Chattisgarh government came under criticism from pro-Maoist activist groups for the same.[151][152] The groups were claimed to have involved in violence against women, employment of child soldiers, and looting and destruction of property.[153][154][155][156] According to the Institute of Peace and Conflict studies, while Naxal groups recruited children in different capacities and exposed them, the same accusation was levelled at Salwa Judum and the special police officers assisting the government security forces.[157] The allegations were rejected by a fact-finding commission of the National Human Rights Commission of India in 2008. The commission, which had been appointed by the Supreme Court of India, determined that the Salwa Judum was a spontaneous reaction by tribals against Maoist atrocities perpetrated against them.[158]

On 5 July 2011, the Supreme Court declared these militia groups to be illegal and unconstitutional and ordered its disbandment. The court directed the government to recover all the firearms, ammunition and accessories given to the groups. The court criticised the use of these groups, which had complaints of human rights violations and employment of poorly trained youth against them. The court also ordered the government to investigate all instances of alleged criminal activities of the groups.[159]

Casualties

[edit]

The Naxalites have conducted multiple attacks on the security forces, government workers and civilians, with casualties on both sides.[160] To enforce their control over the population, the Maoists have often convened kangaroo courts to mete out summary justice, death, beatings, or exile.[161] As per the South Asia Terrorism portal, the conflict has resulted in the deaths of more than 11500 people including 4000 civilians, 2500 security force personnel and 4500 Naxalites since the 2000s.[70] As per the BBC, more than 6,000 people were killed in the 20 years between 1990 and 2010.[162][163] Al Jazeera estimated the total death toll as 10,000 between 1980 and 2011.[164]

Casualties by year[70][165]
Year Incidents Deaths
Civilians Security Forces Maoists Not Specified Total
1996 — — — — — 156
1997 — 202 44 102 — 348
1998 — 118 42 110 — 270
1999 — 502 96 261 — 859
2000 — 452 98 254 — 804
2001 199 130 116 169 44 459
2002 182 123 115 163 30 431
2003 319 193 114 246 30 583
2004 127 89 82 87 22 280
2005 343 259 147 282 24 712
2006 248 249 128 343 14 734
2007 274 218 234 195 25 672
2008 246 184 215 228 19 646
2009 407 368 319 314 12 1013
2010 481 630 267 265 18 1180
2011 302 259 137 210 0 606
2012 235 156 96 125 1 378
2013 186 164 103 151 0 418
2014 185 127 98 121 4 350
2015 171 90 56 110 0 256
2016 263 122 62 250 0 434
2017 200 107 76 152 0 335
2018 218 108 73 231 0 412
2019 176 99 49 154 0 302
2020 138 61 44 134 0 239
2021 124 58 51 128 0 237
2022 107 53 15 66 0 134
2023 113 61 31 57 0 149
2024 130 59 23 255 0 337
Total 5490+ 5241+ 2931+ 5163+ 243+ 13734+

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Maoist Communist Centre – Left Wing Extremism, India". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  2. ^ J. Venkatesan. "Salwa Judum is illegal, says Supreme Court". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  3. ^ Namrata Goswami (27 November 2014). Indian National Security and Counter-Insurgency: The use of force vs non-violent response. Routledge. pp. 126–. ISBN 978-1-134-51431-1.
  4. ^ "A new twist to Ranvir Sena killings". The Hindu. 20 June 2000. Archived from the original on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
  5. ^ Narula, Smita (1999). Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's "untouchables". Human Rights Watch Organization. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-564-32228-9. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
  6. ^ "Maoist gunned down in Jharkhand encounter, Jaguar official injured". The New Indian Express. 11 September 2021. Archived from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  7. ^ "3 People's Liberation Front of India members held for demanding levy from CMPDI officials". The Deccan Herald. 2 September 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  8. ^ "Incidents and Statements involving RCC". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Archived from the original on 11 July 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  9. ^ "Maoist Insurgency: Incidents and Statements involving Odisha Maobadi Party (OMP): 2015". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Archived from the original on 7 August 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  10. ^ "Incidents involving CPUSI". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  11. ^ V. Venkatesan (22 April 2010). "Can a Governor withhold assent without reasons?". Frontline. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  12. ^ "Tamil Nadu Liberation Army (TNLA)". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  13. ^ a b "Pakistan and the Naxalite Movement in India". Stratfor. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  14. ^ "International Call for Actions: "He who is not afraid of death by a thousand cuts dares to unhorse the emperor"". CIIC. 25 April 2024. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  15. ^ Stewart-Ingersoll, Robert (2012). Regional Powers and Security Orders. Routledge. p. 240.
  16. ^ Al Labita (22 April 2010). "Philippine reds export armed struggle". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  17. ^ "Bangla Maoists involved in plan to target PM". The Sunday Guardian. 9 June 2018. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  18. ^ "Purba Banglar Communist Party (PBCP), South Asia Terrorism Portal". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  19. ^ Singh, Prakash (1999). The Naxalite Movement in India. Rupa & Co. p. 24.
  20. ^ "Why has Maoist violence subsided in India?". DW-TV. 1 May 2023. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  21. ^ "Anti-Naxal operations will be intensified: CRPF chief Pranay Sahay". The Economic Times. 11 January 2013. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  22. ^ Srivastava, Mehul (29 July 2010). "Maoists in India Blow Up Pipelines, Putting $78 Billion at Risk". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 2 August 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  23. ^ "Indian police battle Naxalites". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 17 December 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  24. ^ "India faces internal challenge from Maoist-Naxalites". The Financial Express. Archived from the original on 3 June 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  25. ^ "Yearly Fatalities". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  26. ^ "Yearly Fatalities". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  27. ^ See table below.
  28. ^ "Armed Conflicts Report – India-Andhra Pradesh" (PDF). Ploughshares. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
  29. ^ "Yearly Fatalities". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  30. ^ "Maoist Communist Centre – Extremism, India". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Archived from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  31. ^ "People's War Group – Extremism, India". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  32. ^ "The Naxalbari Uprising". Banned Thought. Archived from the original on 31 October 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  33. ^ "Naxalite Ideology: Charu's Eight Documents". The Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  34. ^ Roy, Siddharthya. "Half a Century of India's Maoist Insurgency". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  35. ^ Atul Kohli (1998). From breakdown to order: West Bengal. Oxford University Press. p. 348. ISBN 0-19-564765-3.
  36. ^ "History of Naxalism". The Hindustan Times. 22 February 2018. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  37. ^ Sen, Sunil Kumar (1982). Peasant movements in India: mid-nineteenth and twentieth centuries. K.P. Bagchi.
  38. ^ "Naxalbari: How a peasant uprising triggered a pan-India political movement". The Indian Express. 25 May 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  39. ^ "50 years of Naxalite movement: What happened at Naxalbari on May 25, 1967?". Dailyo. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  40. ^ a b Diwanji, A. K. (2 October 2003). "Primer: Who are the Naxalites?". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
  41. ^ Mukherjee, Arun (2007). Maoist "spring thunder": the Naxalite movement 1967–1972. K.P. Bagchi. p. 295. ISBN 978-8-17074-303-3.
  42. ^ Rao, Shamanth (10 March 2011). "The remains of Naxalbari". Live Mint. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  43. ^ "From Naxalbari to Nalgonda". The Hindu. 26 June 2015. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  44. ^ Mohanty, Manoranjan (1977). Revolutionary Violence. A Study of the Maoist Movement in India. Sterling Publishers. p. 120.
  45. ^ Judith Vidal-Hall (2006). Naxalites. Vol. 35. Index on Censorship. pp. 73–75.
  46. ^ Sen, Antara Dev (25 March 2010). "A true leader of the unwashed masses". Daily News and Analysis. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014.
  47. ^ Dasgupta, Biplab (1973). "Naxalite Armed Struggles and the Annihilation Campaign in Rural Areas" (PDF). Economic and Political Weekly. 1973: 173–188. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2011.
  48. ^ Lawoti, Mahendra; Pahari, Anup Kumar (2009). "Part V: Military and state dimension". The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Revolution in the Twenty-first Century. London: Routledge. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-135-26168-9.
  49. ^ Pandita, Rahul (2011). Hello, Bastar : The Untold Story of India's Maoist Movement. Westland. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-9-38065-834-6. OCLC 754482226.
  50. ^ "The last of the three". The Indian Express. 25 March 2010. Archived from the original on 6 October 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  51. ^ "Charu Majumdar -- The Father of Naxalism". The Hindustan Times. 9 May 2003. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  52. ^ "History of Naxalism". The Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 14 August 2016.
  53. ^ K.P. Singh (2008). The Trajectory of the Movement in The Naxal Challenge: Causes, Linkages and Policy Options. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 10–11.
  54. ^ Anup K. Pahari (2010). Unequal Rebellions: The Continuum of 'People's War' in Nepal and India. Routledge. pp. 208–210.
  55. ^ P.V. Ramana (2011). Michael Kugelman (ed.). India's Maoist Insurgency: Evolution, Current Trends, and Responses. Woodrow Wilson International Center. pp. 138–141.
  56. ^ "Naxalite violence continues in Calcutta". The Indian Express. 22 August 1970. p. 7. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
  57. ^ "India's Naxalite Insurgency: History, Trajectory, and Implications for U.S.-India Security Cooperation on Domestic Counterinsurgency by Thomas F. Lynch III" (PDF). Institute for National Strategic Studies.
  58. ^ Singh, Prakash (1999). The Naxalite Movement in India. Rupa & Co. p. 101.
  59. ^ Bhattacharjee, Sumit (22 March 2017). "Greyhounds among the best anti-insurgency forces: Experts". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  60. ^ Conflict Resolution: Learning Lessons from Dialogue Processes in India. The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. 2011. pp. 10–11.
  61. ^ Sahoo, Niranjan (26 June 2019). "From Bihar to Andhra, how India fought, and won, its 50-yr war with Left-wing extremism". The Print. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  62. ^ "The Bara Killings". Economic and Political Weekly. 27 (–1): 7–8. 5 June 2015. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  63. ^ Gaikwad, Rahi (9 October 2013). "Patna High Court acquits all 26 in Dalit massacre case". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  64. ^ Tewary, Amarnath (16 November 2016). "10 get death penalty for Senari massacre". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  65. ^ "CPI (Maoist) marks PLGA anniversary with mass contact programmes". The Times of India. 17 December 2012. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  66. ^ "Conflict Encyclopedia, India: government, Government of India – CPI-Maoist, Actor Information, CPI-Maoists". Uppsala Conflict Data Program. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  67. ^ "Who are the Naxalites?". Rediff. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
  68. ^ "Indian politician survives attack". BBC News. 1 October 2003. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  69. ^ "Naxal Insurgency in India" (PDF). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: 56. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  70. ^ a b c d e f "India's Maoist insurgency". South Asia Terrorism portal. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  71. ^ Dahat, Pavan (10 September 2017). "CPI (Maoist) commander Hidma promoted to Central Committee". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  72. ^ "India: government, Government of India - CPI-Maoist, Formation of CPI-Maoist and continued conflict". Uppsala Conflict Data Program. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  73. ^ "Ban on CPI (Maoist) Continues In Andhra Pradesh". Outlook (Indian magazine). 16 August 2010. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  74. ^ Jafri, Syed (17 August 2005). "AP govt re-imposes ban on Maoists". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  75. ^ "Naxalite attack claims 13 lives in Orrisa". Thaindian. 16 February 2008. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  76. ^ "Operation jailbreak: Naxals run amok in Bihar, 341 inmates flee". The Times of India. 14 November 2005. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  77. ^ Ramana, P. V. "Jehanabad raid: A higher stage of Maoists' militarisation". ORF. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  78. ^ "Naxalites lay siege to Jehanabad 25 killed in Maoist attack". The Hindu. 14 November 2005. Archived from the original on 26 November 2005. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  79. ^ "25 killed in Maoist attack". The Hindu. 1 March 2006. Archived from the original on 22 August 2006. Retrieved 1 June 2007.
  80. ^ "29 killed, 80 injured in Chhattisgarh naxal attack". Outlook. 17 July 2006. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  81. ^ "Maoists kill 14 Indian police". BBC News. 2 December 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
  82. ^ "Tributes paid to slain JMM leader Sunil Mahato". The Avenue Mail. 4 March 2015. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  83. ^ "India Human Rights Report 2008". Asian Centre for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  84. ^ "Naxalites massacre policemen in Chhattisgarh". The Hindu. 16 March 2007. Archived from the original on 19 March 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
  85. ^ Monideepa Bannerjie (8 November 2007). "Reports see Maoist Hand in Nandigram". NDTV. Archived from the original on 3 January 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
  86. ^ "Naxal movement entering mobile warfare phase". 31 May 2012. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  87. ^ "Maoist Hit Back Greyhound Commandos Killing 35". GroundReport. 1 July 2008. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
  88. ^ "Orissa Naxal attack: All bodies recovered: Rediff.com news". Rediff.com. 12 July 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
  89. ^ "21 Orissa policemen feared killed by Maoists". The Indian Express. 16 July 2008. Archived from the original on 7 December 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
  90. ^ "Special project for Naxal areas to be extended to 18 more districts". The Times of India. 8 December 2011. Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  91. ^ "Co-ordinated operations to flush out Naxalites soon". The Economic Times. 6 February 2009. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009.
  92. ^ "Centre's Anti-Naxal Plan to be Implemented Soon". Outlook. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011.
  93. ^ "Naxals blow up bus near Dantewada, 30 Killed". NDTV. Archived from the original on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
  94. ^ "Scores of Indian soldiers killed in Maoist ambushes". BBC News. 6 April 2010. Archived from the original on 8 April 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
  95. ^ Bhaumik, Subir (16 February 2010). "India Maoists attack troops' camp". BBC News. Archived from the original on 9 October 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  96. ^ "Maoists kill doc for being police informer". The Times of India. 18 February 2010. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  97. ^ "India Maoist attack kills 11 in Bihar village". BBC News. 18 February 2010. Archived from the original on 21 February 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  98. ^ "Maoists kill 12 in brutal assault on Bihar village". The Hindu. 19 February 2010. Archived from the original on 22 February 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  99. ^ "Indian Maoist attacks kill seven". BBC News. 8 July 2010. Archived from the original on 9 October 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  100. ^ "Naxals kill 4 on second day of bandh". The Hindustan Times. 10 July 2010. Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  101. ^ "Naxalites remove fish plates". Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
  102. ^ "Naxalites hold lineman hostage, remove fish plates". The Indian Express. 7 October 2010. Archived from the original on 17 January 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  103. ^ "Karnataka no longer Naxal infested". The Times of India. 26 August 2010. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011.
  104. ^ "MP govt claims positive change in Naxal-hit areas". Deccan Chronicle. 2011. Archived from the original on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
  105. ^ "Centre to declare more districts Naxal-hit". The Indian Express. 5 July 2011. Archived from the original on 16 December 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  106. ^ "Top Maoist leader Kishenji killed". The Hindustan Times. 24 November 2011. Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  107. ^ "36 Naxals arrested in Andhra Pradesh". The Times of India. 1 July 2012. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  108. ^ "India 'Maoist' bomb blast kills 15 police". BBC News. 27 March 2012. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012.
  109. ^ "Kidnapped Chhattisgarh Cong chief, son found dead". The Hindu. 26 May 2013. Archived from the original on 10 June 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  110. ^ Sandhu, Kamaljit Kaur (13 March 2018). "9 CRPF soldiers martyred in Maoist ambush in Sukma". India Today. Archived from the original on 9 October 2024. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  111. ^ "25 Police Officers in India Killed in Attack by Maoist Rebels". The New York Times. 24 April 2017. Archived from the original on 9 October 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
  112. ^ "Maoists kill 15 Security Personnel in a Deadly Ambush in Sukma, Chhattisgarh". Bihar Prabha. Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
  113. ^ "20 security personnel feared killed in Chhattisgarh Naxal attack". The Hindu. 11 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  114. ^ "24 Maoists killed in encounter on Andhra-Odisha border". The Times of India. 24 October 2016. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  115. ^ Jadhav, Rajendra (4 April 2018). "Police kill at least 37 Maoist militants in central India". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  116. ^ "TDP MLA Kidari Sarveswara Rao, ex-MLA Siveri Soma shot dead by naxels In Araku". Headlines Today. 23 September 2018. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
  117. ^ "Kerala cops gun down three maoists, kill another while inspecting encounter spot". India Today. 29 October 2019. Archived from the original on 6 October 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  118. ^ "10 security personnel, driver killed in Maoist IED blast in Chhattisgarh's Dantewada". India Today. 26 April 2023. Archived from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  119. ^ Pratap, Rishabh M.; Gupta, Swati (5 April 2021). "At least 22 Indian security personnel killed in clash with Maoist insurgents". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 October 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
  120. ^ "'23 Maoists were killed in Minpa encounter which took place in March': Bastar Police". 12 September 2020. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  121. ^ "Five policemen killed as Naxals blow up bus in Chhattisgarh". The Hindu. 23 March 2021. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 6 October 2024. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  122. ^ "26 Naxals killed in encounter in Maharashtra's Gadchiroli district". The Hindu. 13 November 2021. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 6 October 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  123. ^ "CPI (Maoist) zonal commander carrying Rs 10 lakh bounty surrenders in Jharkhand's Latehar". Deccan Herald. 12 February 2024. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  124. ^ "Maoist carrying Rs 10 lakh bounty surrenders in Jharkhand's Latehar". The Print. 23 February 2024. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  125. ^ a b "Naxal Problem needs a holistic approach". Press Information Bureau. Archived from the original on 8 September 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
  126. ^ a b c Naxal affected Districts (PDF). Government of India (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  127. ^ Singh, S. Harpal (8 August 2020). "The return of the Maoists in Telangana". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  128. ^ "Left Wing Extremism Section". TV9. 28 May 2022. Archived from the original on 31 August 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  129. ^ "Madhya Pradesh: Maoists find sanctuary in Kanha". MSN. 27 May 2022. Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  130. ^ "Naxal movement in Kanha National Park" (in Hindi). 27 May 2022. Archived from the original on 31 August 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  131. ^ "Security forces kill 30 Maoists in encounter in Chhattisgarh's Narayanpur". The Hindustan Times. 4 October 2024. Archived from the original on 6 October 2024. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  132. ^ "12 Maoists killed in Chhattisgarh encounter, 2024 toll reaches 103". The Indian Express. 11 May 2024. Archived from the original on 6 October 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  133. ^ Bhattacharjee, Sumit (26 June 2021). "When Greyhounds struck in Andhra Pradesh's fading red zone". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  134. ^ "Naxal affected Districts" (PDF). Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  135. ^ "Deaths in Naxal attacks down by 21%". The Times of India. 26 September 2021. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  136. ^ "The contours of the new Red map". The Indian Express. 17 August 2018. Archived from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  137. ^ "Asian Centre for Human Rights". Archived from the original on 22 August 2006. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
  138. ^ "West Bengal: Districts Affected by Naxalite Activity". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Archived from the original on 17 July 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
  139. ^ "Naxal affected Districts". Press Information Bureau (Press release). Archived from the original on 15 September 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  140. ^ "Home Ministry declares six Bihar districts Naxal-free". The New Indian Express. 30 June 2021. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  141. ^ "Naxal affected Districts" (PDF). Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  142. ^ "Development master remedy against Maoists: PM". TwoCircles. 30 June 2011. Archived from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  143. ^ "timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Maoists-looking-at-armed-overthrow-of-state-by-2050/articleshow/5648742.cms". The Times of India. 6 March 2010. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  144. ^ "Connectivity, schools and joint action: Home Ministry's approach to counter Left-Wing Extremism". India Today. 26 September 2021. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  145. ^ "Red terror: New strategy puts a leash on Maoists". The Hindustan Times. 16 April 2018. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  146. ^ "Left wing extremism division". Government of India. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  147. ^ "18 industries to come up in Maoist infested areas: Madhya Pradesh CM in Left Wing Extremism meet". The Times of India. 26 September 2021. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  148. ^ "Indian state 'backing vigilantes'". BBC News. 15 July 2008. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  149. ^ "The Vigilante groups: Of the tigers and cobras". Asian Centre for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 20 December 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  150. ^ "The Vigilante groups". Asian Centre for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 20 December 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  151. ^ "Hearing plea against Salwa Judum, SC says State cannot arm civilians to kill". Indian Express. 1 April 2008. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  152. ^ "SC raps Chhattisgarh on Salwa Judum". Rediff.com. 31 March 2008. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011.
  153. ^ "Report recommends withdrawal of Salwa Judum". The Hindu. 19 January 2007. Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  154. ^ "The Adivasis of Chhattisgarh: Victims of the Naxalite Movement and Salwa Judum Campaign" (PDF). Asian Centre for Human Rights. New Delhi: 42. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  155. ^ "Caught between Rebels and Vigilantes". Reuters. 27 August 2008. Archived from the original on 17 August 2009. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  156. ^ "Salwa Judum victims assured of relief". The Hindu. 16 December 2008. Archived from the original on 26 December 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  157. ^ "Child Soldiers of the Naxal Movement". Institute of Peace and Conflict studies. 24 November 2008. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
  158. ^ "Existence of Salwa Judum necessary". The Economic Times. 6 October 2008. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
  159. ^ Venkatesan, J. (5 July 2011). "Salwa Judum is illegal, says Supreme Court". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  160. ^ "Maoist attacks kill Indian police". Al Jazeera. 15 March 2007. Archived from the original on 13 July 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
  161. ^ Loyd, Anthony (2015). "India's insurgency". National Geographic (April): 95. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  162. ^ "India's Maoists offer ceasefire". BBC News. 22 February 2010. Archived from the original on 25 February 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  163. ^ Bhaumik, Subir (10 February 2010). "India's Maoists 'ready for talks'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 1 July 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  164. ^ "India's Silent War". Archived from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  165. ^ "Fatalities in Left-wing Extremism: 1999–2016". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Archived from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2014.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naxalite–Maoist_insurgency&oldid=1265161803"