Jump to content

Kachin conflict

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Kachin conflict
Part of the internal conflict in Myanmar

Cadets of the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) preparing for military drills at the group's headquarters in Laiza, Kachin State.
DateFirst conflict: 5 February 1961 – 24 February 1994
(33 years, 2 weeks and 5 days)
Second conflict: 9 June 2011 – present
(13 years, 6 months, 1 week and 5 days)
Location
Kachin State and northern Shan State
Status

Ongoing

  • Ceasefire signed between the government of Myanmar and the Kachin Independence Army in 1994
  • Resumption of hostilities in 2011 after the 17-year ceasefire is broken
Belligerents
Communist Party of Burma
New Democratic Army – Kachin (1989–2009)
Shanni Nationalities Army
Commanders and leaders
Former:
Former:
  • Zaw Seng Executed
    (1961–1975)
  • Zaw Tu Executed
    (1961–1975)
  • Zaw Dan †
    (1961–1975)
Units involved

Tatmadaw

Strength
20,000[citation needed]
  • 10,000–12,000 (2013)[4]
  • 200 (2013)[5]
Casualties and losses

1961–1994:
5,000+ killed[6]

Since 2011:
2,100+ killed[7]
100,000+ civilians displaced[3][8][9]
a Briefly clashed with the KIA from 1971 to 1972.

The Kachin conflict or the Kachin War is one of the multiple conflicts which are collectively referred to as the internal conflict in Myanmar. Kachin insurgents have been fighting against the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces) since 1961, with only one major ceasefire being brokered between them, which lasted from 1994 to 2011, a total of 17 years.

Since the resumption of hostilities in 2011, thousands of civilians have been killed, whilst over 100,000 more have been displaced. Widespread use of landmines,[10] child soldiers,[10][11] systematic rape[10] and torture have been alleged by both sides.[10][12]

Background

[edit]
Further information: Kachin people

The Kachin people (or the Jingpo) are a confederation of six ethnic groups whose homeland encompasses territory in the Kachin Hills of northern Myanmar, in Yunnan and Northeast India. Following Burmese independence from the United Kingdom, many ethnic minorities, including the Kachins, campaigned for self-determination and independence.

Shortly after the country's independence, the Karen conflict broke out in 1949. The leader of the First Kachin Rifles, Naw Seng, was ordered to attack the Karen National Union (KNU)'s capital at Taungoo. He swapped sides and helped the KNU attack Mandalay. After the central government successfully pushed back the KNU after the Battle of Insein, Naw Seng and the First Kachin Rifles headed into northern Shan State to attempt to capture Lashio.[13] On 15 November 1949, the Pawng Yawng National Defence Force was formed in Kutkai, with goal of spreading a Kachin rebellion amongst ethnic Kachins in Shan and Kachin State. Over the next two months, the Pawng Yawng rebellion captured Lashio and Namhkam, Shan State but failed to muster support amongst the Kachin populace. Eventually in April 1950, Naw Seng and his troops fled into China following talks with Kachin leaders who remained in support of the central government.[14]

The Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO) was founded by dissidents in 1960 as a result of the grievances which existed between the majority-Bamar union government and the Kachin people. The Kachin Independence Army (KIA) was established as its armed wing in 1961, acting as a private army with 27 members. In the early 1960s the KIA began expanding and increasing in numbers, especially after the 1962 Burmese coup d'état and its perceived threat by ethnic minorities.

First conflict (1961–1994)

[edit]
Further information: Kachin Independence Army § History

In January 1960, then Prime Minister Ne Win, signed a border agreement exchanging land along the China–Myanmar border, including returning three Kachin villages near Hpimaw to China. Then in 1961, Prime Minister U Nu made Buddhism the state religion and caused dissent amongst Christian Kachin nationalists.[15] On 7 March 1961, a group of Kachin nationalists led by Zau Tu and associated with the newly formed Kachin Independence Organisation raided the Lashio treasury, starting the outbreak of the Kachin conflict as the attacks grew into increasingly organized opposition.[16]

Following the unilateral abrogation of the Union of Burma's constitution by General Ne Win and his regime in 1962, many Kachin soldiers in the Tatmadaw (armed forces) defected and joined the Kachin Independence Army (KIA). The KIA did not only fight government soldiers, but occasionally clashed with communists outside and inside their own ranks. The Communist Party of Burma (CPB) had periodically been the KIA's ally and enemy during different years, and a communist-backed faction split from the KIA in 1989, becoming the New Democratic Army - Kachin (NDA-K).

Aside from its major towns and railway corridor, KIA-controlled areas in Kachin State remained virtually independent and isolated from the rest of Myanmar from the mid-1960s through 1994, with an economy based on cross-border jade trade with China and narcotics trafficking.

After a military offensive by the Myanmar Army in 1994 seized most of the jade mines in Kachin State, the KIA signed a ceasefire agreement with the then-ruling SLORC military junta on 24 February 1994, which resulted in an end to large-scale fighting that lasted until June 2011.

Second conflict (2011–present)

[edit]

2011

[edit]

Armed clashes erupted between the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) and the Myanmar Army on 9 June 2011, when government forces broke the ceasefire and attacked KIA positions along the Taping River east of Bhamo, Kachin State, near the Taping hydroelectric plant.[17] Fighting occurred throughout Kachin State, as well as northwestern parts of Shan State.[18]

According to news reports, the recent fighting broke out as a result of the Burmese government's attempts to seize KIA-controlled areas, which are located around lucrative energy projects in Kachin and Shan State backed by the Chinese government.[19] Despite a December 2011 statement by Myanmar's President Thein Sein that he had ordered the Myanmar Army to cease its offensive in Kachin State, the conflict continued into 2012.[20]

2012

[edit]

In 2012, the largest battles of the reignited conflict occurred in March, along the Myitkyina–Bhamo road.[18] In April, the battle for Pangwa in Chipwi Township near Luchang was fought between the KIA and the government soldiers. Clashes erupted again in late April, when the KIA launched an offensive to capture Burmese military posts around Pangwa. The KIA offensive succeeded and the Myanmar Army retreated from the area by the end of April.[21][22][23] In August, the KIA claimed that 140 government troops were killed when they exploded mines buried inside the Myauk Phyu ("White Monkey") jade mine, which was owned by the Wai Aung Kaba Company.[24]

2013

[edit]

Fortified KIA positions were heavily damaged by airstrikes and artillery launched by the Myanmar Army from December 2012 to January 2013.[citation needed]

On 2 January 2013, the Burmese government confirmed that it carried out airstrikes a few days earlier against the ethnic rebels in northern Kachin, in response to attacks by the Kachin Independence Army.[25] The US government stated that it would "be formally expressing our concern" over the escalation of force used by Myanmar government.[26] On 3 January 2013, the KIA alleged that air-strikes had continued to occur for the sixth consecutive day in the area around Laiza and there were allegations that the Myanmar Armed Forces was also using chemical weapons[27] UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon stated following the incidents that Burma's authorities should "desist from any action that could endanger the lives of civilians living in the area or further intensify conflict in the region".[28]

2014

[edit]

On 14 June 2014, KIA insurgents captured two hydroelectric plants and took six government soldiers and several Chinese workers hostage for several hours, before the Myanmar Army stormed the buildings. A total of six people were killed and four others were wounded in the incident.[citation needed]

On 19 November 2014, government soldiers attacked the KIA's headquarters near Laiza, killing at least 22 insurgents.[29]

Ceasefire attempts

[edit]

Numerous rounds of ceasefire talks have taken place between the Kachin Independence Army and the government of Myanmar since fighting resumed in June 2011. According to an 18 December 2012 report by Swedish journalist Bertil Lintner in the Hong Kong-based Asia Times Online, many people have criticised the foreign backed ceasefire efforts for "avoiding discussions of political issues and only emphasizing ceasefires, disarmament and economic development, those interlocutors—including a 'Peace Support Initiative' sponsored by the Norwegian government and in a separate initiative the Switzerland-based Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue—are essentially promoting the government's view".[17] The Australian reported that some Kachin Business leaders were calling on Aung San Suu Kyi to help mediate the dispute[20] and on 6 January 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi said that she could not step into the negotiations without an official invitation from the government to do so, which she had not received.[30]

2013 ceasefire talks

[edit]

On 18 January 2013, immediately prior to an international donors conference in Myanmar, President Thein Sein announced a unilateral ceasefire in the war between the army and the KIO.[31] The ceasefire was said to take effect the following day, on 19 January, but light fighting was also reported the following day[32] and a full-scale government assault was reportedly launched on 20 January and included "sustained mortar and artillery fire" followed by "hundreds of Burmese troops" storming a KIA base on the outskirts of rebel-held town of Laiza.[33]

The government of Thein Sein was reported to be under pressure from "political and business circles" who believed the "escalating conflict would undermine Myanmar's emergence from decades of diplomatic isolation" and had passed a resolution in parliament calling on Min Aung Hlaing, the military's commander-in-chief, to scale down the war.[34] Min Aung Hlaing responded by stating that the military would only carry out attacks only in "self-defense"—the rationale it has consistently given since December 2011[35] for prosecuting a war against the KIA and the rationale it gave for allowing airstrikes on rebel positions starting on 26 December 2012.[36]

On 4 February, Burmese government and the Kachin Independence Army met in Ruili, China and agreed to reduce military tension in Kachin State and hold further peace talks later in February.[37] However no talks took place later in February but almost no armed clash reportedly happened in Kachin State after the peace talks.[38] According to Mizzima News, on 26 February a KIO central committee member claimed that they would not be meeting with the government in February because they needed more time to consult with the "Kachin people" regarding the negotiations.[39] Burmese government and KIA renewed peace talks in Ruili, China on 11 March 2013.[40] The Kachin Peace Network has claimed that the Chinese government's refusal to allow observers from western countries at peace talks had delayed negotiations, although the Chinese rejected the allegations.[41][42]

On 30 May, Burmese government and Kachin Independence Army signed a preliminary ceasefire agreement that would lead to further progress towards reaching a peace deal. The parties however, failed to reach an official ceasefire agreement. United Nations special adviser on Myanmar, Vijay Nambiar, also joined the meeting as an observer, along with representatives of China and other ethnic minorities.[43][44]

However, the Burmese government and Kachin Independence Army failed to reach a permanent ceasefire agreement after several peace talks in 2013, but agreed to work together towards permanent ceasefire agreement and reduce hostilities.[45][46]

2014 ceasefire talks

[edit]

Renewed fighting broke out in April 2014 when the Burmese army attacked various KIA positions around Mansi Township, Kachin State and northern Shan State to eradicate timber smuggling and to control strategic routes around their strongholds.[47] The Kachin Independence Army requested a meeting in Myitkyina on 10 May to lessen tensions between the sides.[48]

Negotiations aimed at drafting a nationwide ceasefire agreement began in April 2014 at the Myanmar Peace Centre between representatives of various ethnic armed groups and the Burmese government, but the KIA and Ta'ang National Liberation Army (TNLA) were not among the negotiators.[48][49]

The KIA's deputy commander-in-chief Gun Maw urged the United States to get involved in the peace process in April 2014.[50]

2018

[edit]

In March 2018, the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces) launched airstrikes against the KIA in Tanai Township, which is part of a large mining region.[51]

Between 1 and 6 April 2018, Tatmadaw soldiers allegedly attacked KIA positions in the KIA-controlled Mansi Township, though no reports of fighting emerged from the region. The KIA later raided the Tatmadaw's Battalion 86 military base in Hpakant Township on 6 April 2018, killing eight government soldiers and capturing 13.[52] By 10 April 2018, locals claimed that 18 Tatmadaw soldiers and three KIA insurgents had been killed in the clashes.[53]

Accusations of abuses perpetrated by the Tatmadaw against civilians emerged in March and April 2018,[54] which included allegations that Tatmadaw soldiers specifically targeted and killed two Kachin[55] and six Shanni farmers.[56] Several civilians were also wounded in the crossfire.[57]

By May 2018, 6,000 IDPs had fled armed clashes and shelling by the Myanmar Army, whilst hundreds more remained trapped in villages caught between the crossfire. Hunger became a prevalent issue for IDPs, with some resorting to eating banana stems.[58]

2021–present

[edit]
Military situation in Myanmar as of 28 May 2024

After the 2021 Myanmar coup, the KIA has refused to recognize the military regime and soon clashes have resumed between the KIA and regime troops.

On 25 March, the KIA seized the military base of Alaw Bum near Laiza, which they had lost for over 20 years. On 11 April, the junta military launched an attack to recapture the base using airstrikes and ground troops.[59] The military suffered heavy casualties and had to retreat after a three-day battle.[60]

On 3 May, the Kachin Independence Army said they have shot down a government helicopter near the town of Momauk following days of air raids.[61]

On 7 May, KIA spokesman claimed the military has suffered casualties after regime fighter jets mistakenly dropped bombs at their own troops in Momauk Township.[62]

On 18 May, the KIA ambushed a military convoy and destroyed six tanker trucks near Kutkai Township.[63]

On 22 May, the KIA attacked military positions, and jade mining sites owned by the Myanmar Economic Holdings Ltd (MEHL) in Namtsit Bum in Hkamti Township.[64]

On 25 May, fighting flared up between the KIA and junta troops in Momauk Township, forcing civilians to flee from military shellings.[65]

On 30 May, the KIA joined the anti-coup People's Defence Force (PDF) battling junta troops in Katha Township, killing eight regime soldiers. Fighting was also continuing in Putao, Hpakant and Momauk Township.[66]

Civilians and refugees

[edit]

Civilians have also been killed in fighting as well as having been specifically targeted.[12] Civilians were often displaced by fighting and faced dangers such as landmines which were frequently laid by government and rebel forces without regard for civilians. Although some civilians had crossed the border with China most remained in northern Burma as of December 2012.

According to Human Rights Watch, refugees were being forced by the Chinese government back into Myanmar in August 2012 despite the continued fighting there and the illegality of forcibly returning civilians to war zones under international law.[67][68] Women have played a significant role in the conflict as both combatants and victims. Time Magazine documented the presence of many female KIA soldiers in 2012.[69]

In February 2013 the NGO Kachin Women's Association Thailand (KWAT) reported that the fighting had created over 100,000 refugees and that 364 villages had been wholly or partially abandoned since 2011.[70] The organisation's report also stated that the Burmese Army deliberately attacked refugee camps and villages as well as committed alleged "war crimes" such as the rape and murder of civilians.[70]

The United Nations stated on 28 April 2018 that more than 4,000 people were displaced since armed clashes resumed earlier in the month.[71]

Child soldiers

[edit]

Child soldiers are a major part of the Myanmar Army's and insurgent groups' soldiers. The Independent reported in June 2012 that children were being sold to the Burmese military for "as little as $40 and a bag of rice or a can of petrol".[72] The UN's Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, Radhika Coomaraswamy, who stepped down from her position a week later, met representatives of the Government of Myanmar on 5 July 2012, and stated that she hoped the government's signing of an action plan would "signal a transformation".[73]

In September 2012, the Tatmadaw (armed forces) released 42 child soldiers and the International Labour Organization met with representatives of the government as well as the Kachin Independence Army to secure the release of more child soldiers.[74] According to Samantha Power, a US delegation raised the issue of child soldiers with the government in October 2012, however, she did not comment on the government's progress towards reform in this area.[75] A Bangkok Post article on 23 December 2012, reported that the Myanmar Armed Forces continued to use child soldiers including during the army's large offensive against the KIA.[11][unreliable source?]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Kumbun, Joe (2 January 2018). "Analysis: KIO Kicks Off New Year with New Leadership". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  2. ^ Nickerson, James (2 December 2018). "The Kachin IDP crisis: Myanmar's other humanitarian disaster". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  3. ^ a b Branigan, Tania (17 January 2013). "Aung San Suu Kyi calls for ceasefire in Burma's Kachin region". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  4. ^ "Kachin Independence Organization (KIO) | Myanmar Peace Monitor". mmpeacemonitor.org. Myanmar Peace Monitor. 6 June 2013. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  5. ^ "All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) | Myanmar Peace Monitor". mmpeacemonitor.org. Myanmar Peace Monitor. 6 June 2013. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  6. ^ "Burma-Kachins (1961–Present)". University of Central Arkansas. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  7. ^ "Government of Myanmar (Burma) – KIO". ucdp.uu.se. Uppsala Conflict Data Program. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  8. ^ "Myanmar Soldiers Sentenced for Killing 3 Civilians in Kachin". The New York Times. Associated Press. 2018. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  9. ^ "EU: Democracy fails to bring peace in Kachin". The Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  10. ^ a b c d "Untold Miseries" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  11. ^ a b "No end in sight amid season of slaughter | Bangkok Post: news". Bangkok Post. 23 December 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  12. ^ a b "Barriers to Reform in Myanmar: Displacement of Civilians in Kachin State" (PDF). Oxmofm.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  13. ^ Smith, Martin (1 June 1999). Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-85649-660-5.
  14. ^ Smith 1999, p. 140-141.
  15. ^ Smith 1999, p. 158.
  16. ^ Smith 1999, p. 191.
  17. ^ a b Lintner, Bertil (18 December 2012), "More war than peace in Myanmar", Asian Times
  18. ^ a b "Burma army buildup near Laiza suggests push for KIO capital". Kachin news. Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  19. ^ "Kachin army ambush leaves 30 dead". DVB Multimedia Group. 8 July 2011. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  20. ^ a b "Suu Kyi 'should' help with Kachin". The Australian. 5 January 2013. Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  21. ^ "Fighting between KIO and army continues in Chipwe, Pangwa". Kachinnews.com. 25 February 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  22. ^ "KIO tightens grip on former NDA-K stronghold Pangwa". Kachinnews.com. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  23. ^ "Kachin rebel forces seize Pangwa". Conflictsinburma.crowdmap.com. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  24. ^ "KIA says 211 army soldiers die in two-month fighting in Hpakant". kachinnews.com. 10 October 2012. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  25. ^ "Burma Admits Air Strikes Targeted Kachin Rebels". Voice of America. 2 January 2013. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  26. ^ "Daily Press Briefing – January 2, 2013". State.gov. 2 January 2013. Archived from the original on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  27. ^ Weng, Lawi (5 September 2012). "ILO in Talks with Kachins over Child Soldiers". Archived from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  28. ^ Lindsay Murdoch. "Burmese military admits air strike on rebels". The Age. Melbourne. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  29. ^ "Myanmar's Kachin Rebels Say 22 Dead in Fighting". ABC News. 19 November 2014. Archived from the original on 22 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  30. ^ "Suu Kyi refuses to intervene in Kachin conflict". Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  31. ^ "Kachin Ceasefire Ignored". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  32. ^ Fuller, Thomas (19 January 2013). "A Cease-Fire With Rebels in Myanmar Doesn't Hold". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  33. ^ "BBC News – Burma attack breaks Kachin truce near China border". BBC. 20 January 2013. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  34. ^ Robinson, Gwen (18 January 2013). "Myanmar's military to end Kachin attacks - FT.com". Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  35. ^ "Hope and suspicion dog Myanmar cease-fire". United Press International. 13 January 2012. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  36. ^ "Govt says Kachin air strikes 'self-defence' – DVB Multimedia Group". Dvb.no. 4 January 2013. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  37. ^ "Myanmar govt, KIO agree to reduce 'tension', hold more talks". Mmtimes.com. 5 February 2013. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  38. ^ "Myanmar military denies scaling up operations in conflict areas". Eleven. 12 March 2013. Archived from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  39. ^ "KIO postpones talks with govt peace committee". Archived from the original on 26 February 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  40. ^ "Myanmar government and Kachin rebels renew talks". Channel NewsAsia. 11 March 2013. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  41. ^ Toe Lwin, Ei Ei (22 April 2013). "Questions over China's role after delay in talks". The Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  42. ^ McLaughlin, Tim McLaughlin (25 April 2013). "Blame game over Kachin peace talk delays". The Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  43. ^ "Preliminary ceasefire reached through Kachin talks". The Myanmar Times. 30 May 2013. Archived from the original on 14 June 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  44. ^ Nyein Nyein (30 May 2013). "KIO, Govt Sign Preliminary Agreement, Hopeful of Reaching Ceasefire". The irrawaddt. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  45. ^ "Kachin Peace Talks Close Without Cease-Fire Pact". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  46. ^ "Myanmar Peace Center : Media Release" (JPG). Mmpeacemonitor.org. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  47. ^ "Kachin conflict damaging trust in peace talks". Eleven Myanmar. 23 April 2014. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  48. ^ a b "Kachin Rebels Requests Ceasefire Meeting After Recent Clashes". Irrawaddy.org. 29 April 2014. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  49. ^ "Rangoon ceasefire talks a 'historic situation', says Gun Maw | DVB Multimedia Group". Dvb.no. 6 April 2014. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  50. ^ Pennington, Matthew (22 April 2014). "WASHINGTON: Myanmar rebel leader urges US role in peace talks | National Politics". NewsObserver.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  51. ^ Mark, Eugene (16 March 2018). "The 'Resource War' in Kachin State". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  52. ^ Weng, Lawi (9 April 2018). "KIA Raids Tatmadaw Base, Claims to Detain More than a Dozen Troops". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  53. ^ Thar, Chan (10 April 2018). "UN appeals to fighters to spare civilians". The Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  54. ^ Hay, Wayne (27 March 2018). "'I feel helpless': Abuses plague Myanmar's Kachin conflict". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  55. ^ Lwin, Nan; Pwint, Hnin (29 March 2018). "Army Brings Case Against Relative of 2 Kachin Villagers Allegedly Killed by Soldiers". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  56. ^ "Six Shan Ni farmers missing after clashes in Kachin State". Mizzima. 13 April 2018. Archived from the original on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  57. ^ "Myanmar villagers caught in crossfire as Kachin conflict flares". United Nations High Commission for Refugees. Archived from the original on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  58. ^ Lewis, Simon; Moon, Sam Aung (11 May 2018). "Myanmar's northern offensive against rebels sparks youthful revolt". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  59. ^ "Junta's armed forces launch attack to reclaim base seized by KIA". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  60. ^ "Myanmar Troops Sustain Heavy Casualties as Kachin Keep Control of Strategic Base". The Irrawaddy. 14 April 2021. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  61. ^ "Myanmar rebels say they downed military helicopter". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  62. ^ "Myanmar Military Takes Heavy Casualties in Kachin State Fighting". The Irrawaddy. 7 May 2021. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  63. ^ "New clashes break out between KIA, regime forces in northern Shan State". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  64. ^ "Myanmar ethnic army attacks jade mining town: Media". The Straits Times. 22 May 2021. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  65. ^ "Hundreds of Kachin State Villagers Flee Myanmar Junta Artillery Strikes". The Irrawaddy. 25 May 2021. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  66. ^ "Myanmar Junta Forces and KIA in Fresh Fighting in Northern Myanmar". The Irrawaddy. 31 May 2021. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  67. ^ "BBC News – China 'forcing Kachin refugees back to Burma'". BBC. 24 August 2012. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  68. ^ "China: Refugees Forcibly Returned to Burma | Human Rights Watch". Human Rights Watch. 24 August 2012. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  69. ^ Jackson, Joe (19 April 2012). "On the Front Lines with the Kachin Independence Army – LightBox". Time. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  70. ^ a b "Kachin Women's Association Thailand – State terror in the Kachin hills". Kachinwomen.com. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  71. ^ "Myanmar violence: Thousands flee fresh fighting in Kachin state". BBC. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  72. ^ Jerome Taylor (19 June 2012). "Two Burmese children a week conscripted into military – Asia – World". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  73. ^ "Press Conference on Action Plan to End Recruitment of Child Soldiers in Myanmar | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". United Nations. 5 July 2012. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  74. ^ Leng, Lawi (5 September 2012). "ILO in Talks with Kachins over Child Soldiers". Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  75. ^ Samantha Power (9 November 2012). "Supporting Human Rights in Burma | The White House". White House. Archived from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2015 – via National Archives.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kachin_conflict&oldid=1260952089"