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List of wars involving Egypt

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This is a list of wars involving the Arab Republic of Egypt and its predecessor states.

  Egyptian victory

  Egyptian defeat

  Another result*

*e.g. result unknown or indecisive/inconclusive, result of internal conflict inside Egypt, status quo ante bellum, or a treaty or peace without a clear result

Prehistoric Egypt (c. 6200-3100 BC)

[edit]
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Monarch Egyptian
losses
Unification Wars of Upper Egypt (c. 3600–3200 BC) Thinis Naqada Thinis victory
  • Scorpion I unified Upper Egypt
  • The Upper Crown of Egypt would then become the symbol of a united Upper Egypt under one ruler.
Scorpion I Unknown,but in the thousands

king Taurus killed

Early Dynastic Period (c. 3100-2890 BC)

[edit]
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Monarch Egyptian
losses
Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt Upper Egypt Lower Egypt Upper Egypt victory Narmer ?
Egyptian expedition to Nubia First Dynasty of Egypt Nubian people Victory Hor-Aha ?
Egypto-Nubian conflict (c. 3100–3000 BC) First Dynasty of Egypt A-Group culture (Nubia) Victory
  • A-Group culture destroyed by the pharaohs of Egypt.[1]
  • Lower Nubia was not inhabited for centuries afterwards.[1]
Djer or Djet[2] ?
War of succession Horus Bird Sneferka inconclusive Hotepsekhemwy ?
War of the gods Khasekhemwy followers of the god Horus

followers of the god Set

Pharaoh victory
  • Lower and upper Egypt reunited
Khasekhemwy ?

Old Kingdom (c. 2686-2181 BC)

[edit]
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Monarch Egyptian
losses
Egyptian Campaign in Nubia and Libya (c. 2600 BC)[3][4][5] Fourth Dynasty of Egypt Nubians, Libyans Victory
  • Thousands of cattle and prisoners taken as spoils
Sneferu ?
Egyptian campaign in Nubia,Sinai and southern Canaan Sixth Dynasty of Egypt Nubians,Bedouins,Canaanites Victory
  • a booty of men and goods was brought back to Egypt for presentation to the pharaoh
Pepi I Meryre ?

Middle Kingdom Period (c. 2055-1650 BC)

[edit]
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Monarch Egyptian
losses
Reunification of Egypt Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt (Thebes) Tenth Dynasty of Egypt (Heracleopolis) Theban victory Mentuhotep II ?
Egyptian campaign in nubia Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt Nubia Victory
  • End of Nubian independence
?
Expedition to Punt Eleventh dynasty of Egypt Land of Punt Victory
  • the region cleared of rebels
  • dug 12 wells for future expeditions
  • returned from Punt with many goods
Mentuhotep III ?
Egyptian Campaign in Lower Nubia (c. 1953 BC)[6] Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt Various peoples in Lower Nubia. Victory
  • Nubians defeated and Egyptian colonisation of Lower Nubia.
Senusret I ?
Egyptian Campaign in Nubia (c. 1870–1859 BC)[7] Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt Various Nubian peoples Victory
  • Nubians defeated and Egyptian expansion into Nubia.[8]
Senusret III ?
Egyptian Campaign in Canaan (Between c. 1880 and c. 1840 BC) Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt Shechem
Retjenu
Victory
  • Both Shechem and Retjenu defeated by Egypt.[9]
Senusret III ?

Second Intermediate Period (c. 1650-1550 BC)

[edit]
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Monarch Egyptian
losses
Theban-Hyksos conflict Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt Hyksos Victory
  • fall of the Hyksos kingdom
  • Egypt invades Levantine territory and gains a bridgehead in the Levant
  • beginning of the new kingdom period
Seqenenre Tao,Kamose, Ahmose I ?

New Kingdom Period (c. 1550-1077 BC)

[edit]
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Monarch Egyptian
losses
Egyptian compaigns in the levant and syria Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Asiatics Victory
  • Hundreds of cities destroyed
Ahmose I ?
Egyptian campaign in Nubia Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Nubians Victory
  • Nubian king killed by Thutmose I and hung from the prow of his ship
  • permanently extending the Egyptian military presence in Nubia
Thutmose I ?
Egyptian campaign in the Levant and Syria Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Canaanites

Naharin

Victory
  • Syrian princes declared allegiance to Thutmose
  • As many as 20 sites in the Levant suffered destruction
  • First time Egyptians ever crossed the Euphrates River
?
Rebellions in Nubia Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Nubians rebels Victory
  • Nubian independence ended for 500 years
  • Nubia did not dare revolt as often as it had and was easily controlled by future Egyptian kings
?
Nubian Rebellion Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Nubian rebels Victory
  • revolt easily crushed
Thutmose II ?
Egyptian conquest of Cyprus Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Cyprus Victory
  • Egyptian rule of Cyprus
  • Inhabitants forced to pay tribute
Thutmose III ?
Egyptian Campaign in the Levant (1458–1457 BC) Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Canaanites
Kadesh
Megiddo
Kingdom of Mitanni
Hurrians
Victory 4,000 at the Battle of Megiddo
Conquest of Syria Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Asiatics Victory
  • Many cities in Syria,jordan,Lebanon and Canaan taken
?
Egyptian attack on Mitanni Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Mitanni Victory
  • Mitanni conquered with little resistance
  • Thutmose III went from city to city and pillaged them
?
Egyptian campaign in Nubia Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Nubia Victory
  • Expansion of the Egyptian empire
?
Egyptian-Hittite conflict Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Hittites inconclusive[11] Seti I, Ramses II ?
Sea Peoples' invasion of Egypt Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt Sea Peoples Victory
  • Egyptians defeat the Sea Peoples in two land and sea battles
  • invasion repelled
Ramses III ?

Late Period (c. 664-332 BC)

[edit]
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Monarch Egyptian
losses
reunification of Egypt Psamtik I

kingdom of Lydia

kinglets of the Dodecarchy

Libyan tribes Neo-Assyrian Empire

Victory
  • in 654 BCE, Psamtik I was firmly in control of all Egypt
  • Fall of Ashdod
  • The capture of Ashdod may have effectively reflected part of the transfer of power from the crumbling Assyrian Empire to the new Egyptian 26th Dynasty
Psamtik I ?
Egyptian campaign against the Kingdom of Judah Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt Kingdom of Judah Victory
  • Subjugation of Judah by the twenty sixth dynasty.[12]
Necho II Undetermined, but low
Egyptian Babylonian war Neo-Babylonian Empire,Persians,Scythians,Medes Victory
  • egyptian capture of Kummuh and Gaza
?
Egyptian conquest of Cyprus Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt Cyprus Victory
  • Egyptian control over Cyprus
Amasis II ?

Ptolemaic Kingdom (310-30 BC)

[edit]
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Monarch Egyptian
losses
First Syrian War (274–271 BC) Ptolemaic Kingdom Seleucid Empire Victory Ptolemy II Philadelphus ?
Chremonidean War (267–261 BC) Athens
Sparta
Ptolemaic Kingdom
Macedonia Defeat Ptolemy II Philadelphus ?
Second Syrian War (274–271 BC) Ptolemaic Kingdom Seleucid Empire
Macedonia
Stalemate Ptolemy II Philadelphus ?
Third Syrian War (246–241 BC) Ptolemaic Kingdom Seleucid Empire Stalemate
  • Loss of Cyclades to Seleucid Empire.
  • Ptolemaic kingdom awarded new territories in Syria, including Seleucia Pieria.
Ptolemy III Euergetes ?
Fourth Syrian War (219–217 BC) Ptolemaic Kingdom Seleucid Empire Victory Ptolemy IV Philopator 2,200 at the Battle of Raphia
Upper Egyptian Revolt (204–196 BC) Ptolemaic Kingdom Hugronaphor Ankhmakis Ptolemaic victory
  • The rebel leaders were taken to Memphis and publicly executed on 26 March 196 BC
Ptolemy V Epiphanes ?
Fifth Syrian War (202–195 BC) Ptolemaic Kingdom Seleucid Empire
Macedonia
Defeat Ptolemy V Epiphanes ?
Sixth Syrian War (170–168 BC) Ptolemaic Kingdom
Roman Republic (168 BC)
Seleucid Empire Victory Ptolemy VIII Physcon ?
War of Actium (32–30 BC) Rome supporting Mark Antony
Ptolemaic Kingdom
Rome supporting Octavian Defeat Cleopatra VII ?

Roman Egypt (30 BC – 641 AD)

[edit]
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Monarch Egyptian losses
Subjugation of upper Egypt Gaius Cornelius Gallus Rebels in Thebes Roman victory
  • Upper Egypt was brought under Roman control by force of arms
  • Cornelius established a protectorate over the southern frontier district
Augustus ?
Conquest of Arabia Petraea and Arabia Felix Gaius Aelius Gallus Nabataeans, Sabaeans[13] Defeat
  • The campaign was successful in the beginning before the Roman army reached Arabia Felix
?
Roman Campaign into the kingdom of kush Gaius Petronius Kingdom of Kush Victory ?
Siege of Jerusalem Tiberius Julius Alexander Zealots,Sadducees,Pharisees

Idumaeans

Victory
  • Roman rule of Jerusalem restored
Titus ?
Diaspora Revolt Marcus Rutilius Lupus Jews Roman victory Trajan ?

Tulunid Emirate (868–905)

[edit]
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Monarch Egyptian
losses
Battle of Tawahin Abbasid Caliphate Tulunid Emirate Tulunid victory
  • Tulunids reaffirm rule over the Al-Sham region.
Khumarawayh
Sa'd al-Aysar
?

Ikhshidid Emirate (935–969)

[edit]
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Monarch Egyptian
losses
Ikhshidid-Makurian conflict Ikhshidid Emirate Makuria Ikhshidid Victory Kafur al-Ikhshidi ?
Fatimid conquest of Egypt Ikhshidid dynasty Fatimid Caliphate Defeat
  • Capitulation of Fustat and Egypt
  • Foundation of Cairo and move of the Fatimid Caliphate's seat from Ifriqiya to Egypt
  • Beginning of Fatimid expansion into the Levant and the Hejaz
Emir Abu'l-Fawaris
Ahmad ibn Ali
Ja'far ibn al-Furat
Nihrir al-Shuwayzan
?

Ayyubid Sultanate (1171–1250)

[edit]
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Sultan Egyptian
losses
Third Crusade

(1189–1192)

Ayyubid Sultanate

Sultanate of Rum

Angevin Empire

Kingdom of France

Holy Roman Empire

Kingdom of Hungary

Kingdom of Jerusalem

Republic of Genoa

Republic of Pisa

Stalemate
  • Treaty of Jaffa
  • Crusader military Victory, resulting in a three-year truce. Acre, Philomelion, Iconium, Arsuf, and Jaffa all Crusader military victories.
  • Recognition of the territorial status quo at the end of active campaigning, including continued Muslim control of Jerusalem and the restoration of the Levantine to the Crusader States Crusader States.
  • The safety of both Christian and Muslim unarmed pilgrims guaranteed throughout the Levant.
  • The Crusader Captures Cyprus and the Kingdom of Cyprus is established
  • The Levantine coast from Tyre to Jaffa returned to Crusader control
  • The Crusaders recapture Tiberias and some inland territories from the Muslims
Saladin ?
Crusade of 1197

(1197–1198)

Ayyubid Sultanate Holy Roman Empire Defeat Al-Aziz Uthman ?
Fifth Crusade

(1217–1221)

Ayyubid Sultanate Holy Roman Empire

Kingdom of Sicily

Kingdom of Hungary

Kingdom of France

Papal states

Kingdom of Jerusalem

Kingdom of Cyprus

Latin Empire

Knights Templar

Teutonic Order

Knights Hospitaller

Sultanate of Rum

Victory
  • Eight-year truce between the Ayyubids and the Crusaders
Al-Kamil ?
Sixth Crusade

(1228–1229)

Ayyubid Sultanate Holy Roman Empire

Teutonic Order

Kingdom of Sicily

Stalemate

Diplomatic Crusader victory

Al-Kamil ?
Baron's Crusade

(1239–1241)

Ayyubid Sultanate Kingdom of Jerusalem

Knights Templar

Teutonic Order

Knights Hospitaller

Defeat As-Salih Ayyub ?

Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517)

[edit]
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Sultan Egyptian
losses
Seventh Crusade
(1248–1254)
Ayyubid Sultanate
Mamluk Sultanate
Kingdom of France
Knights Templar
Victory Aybak ?
Mongol invasions of the Levant
(1260–1323)
Mamluk Sultanate
Ayyubid Sultanate
Golden Horde
Ilkhanate
Armenian Cicilia
Kingdom of Georgia
Sultanate of Rum
Principality of Antioch
County of Tripoli
Golden Horde
Kingdom of England
Knights Templar
Victory Qutuz ?
Ninth Crusade
(1271–1272)
Mamluk Sultanate England Kingdom of England
Kingdom of France
Cicilian Armenia
Kingdom of Cyprus
Kingdom of Jerusalem
County of Tripoli
Ilkhanate
Victory
  • Ten-year truce between warring sides.
Baibars ?
Alexandrian Crusade
(1365)
Mamluk Sultanate Kingdom of Cyprus
Knights Hospitaller
Republic of Venice
Defeat
  • Alexandria sacked.
Al-Ashraf Sha'ban ?
Mamluk campaigns against Cyprus
(1424–1426)
Mamluk Sultanate Kingdom of Cyprus Victory
  • Cyprus becomes a tributary state
Barsbay ?
Ottoman–Mamluk War
(1485–1491)
Mamluk Sultanate Ottoman Empire Victory
  • Ottoman incursions into Cilicia halted.
Qaitbay ?
Mamluk-Portuguese War
(1505–1517)
Mamluk Sultanate Kingdom of Portugal Defeat Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri ?
Mamluk-Tahirid war

(1515–1517)

Mamluk Sultanate Tahirid Sultanate Victory
  • The entire Tahirid realm fell under the Mamluks with the exception of Aden
  • Mamluk fleet sets up a tributary regime in Zabid
?
Ottoman–Mamluk War
(1516–1517)
Mamluk Sultanate Ottoman Empire Defeat
  • Fall of the Mamluk Sultanate.
?
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Head of State Egyptian
losses
Fraser Expedition
(1807)
Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Egypt

British Empire Victory Muhammad Ali of Egypt ?
Egyptian–Saudi War
(1811–1818)
Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Egypt

Emirate of Diriyah Victory 8,000 casualties[15]
Egyptian conquest of Sudan

(1820–1824)

Ottoman Egypt Funj Sudan Victory ?
Greek War of Independence
(1821–1829)
Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Egypt

Greece Kingdom of Greece Defeat over 8,000[16]
First Egyptian–Ottoman War
(1831–1833)
Ottoman Egypt Ottoman Empire Victory 792[17]
Ottoman-Ethiopian border conflicts
(1832–1848)
Ottoman Egypt  Ethiopian Empire Inconclusive ?
Expedition to Najd (1836)
(1836)
Ottoman Egypt Emirate of Najd Victory
  • Egyptian influence in the Middle East until 1840.
?
1838 Druze revolt
(1838)
Egypt Eyalet Druze clans Victory
  • Peace agreement signed
  • Egyptian rule restored
  • Druze exempted from conscriptions
~400[18]
Second Egyptian–Ottoman War
(1839–1841)
Ottoman Egypt Ottoman Empire
British Empire
 Austrian Empire
Defeat 1,100+
Crimean War
(1853–1856)
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Egypt
French Empire
British Empire
 Sardinia
Russian Empire Victory Abbas I of Egypt ?
Cretan revolt
(1866–1869)
Ottoman Empire

Khedivate of Egypt

Cretan revolutionaries
Kingdom of Greece
Victory Isma'il Pasha 1,333
Ethiopian–Egyptian War
(1874–1876)
Khedivate of Egypt Ethiopian Empire Ethiopian Empire Defeat
  • Egyptian invasion of Ethiopia repelled
13,000+[19]
Egyptian invasion of the Eastern Horn of Africa

(1874–1885)

Khedivate of Egypt Sultanate of Aussa

Afran Qallo

Victory ?
Serbian–Turkish Wars
(1876–1878)
 Ottoman Empire  Serbia
 Russia (from 1877)
Defeat
  • Serbia gains independence from the Ottomans
?
Russo-Turkish War
(1877–1878)
 Ottoman Empire  Russia Defeat ?
‘Urabi Revolt
(1879–1882)
Tewfik Pasha Forces
British Empire
Ahmed ‘Urabi Forces Defeat of ‘Urabi Tewfik of Egypt 2,250[20]
Mahdist War
(1881–1899)
Ottoman Khedivate of Egypt (British Occupation)
British Empire
Italian Empire
 Belgium
Ethiopia
Mahdist Sudan Victory 13,102[21][22][23]
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Head of State Egyptian
losses
World War I
(1914–1918)
 France

British Empire

 Russia
 United States
 Italy
 Serbia
 Montenegro
 Belgium
 Japan
 China
 Romania
 Portugal
 Brazil
Hejaz
 Greece
Armenia Armenia
Saudi Arabia Nejd and Hasa
Thailand Siam

German Empire

 Austria-Hungary
 Ottoman Empire

Bulgaria

Senusiyya

Victory Hussein Kamel 14,763+
Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition
(1916)
Sultanate of Darfur Victory
  • Darfur becomes a province of Sudan
5
Egyptian Revolution
(1919)
British Empire Rebels Diplomatic Revolutionary Victory Fuad I 800

Kingdom of Egypt (1919–1953)

[edit]
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Head of State Egyptian
losses
World War II
(1939–1945)
 Soviet Union
 United States
 United Kingdom
 China
France France
Poland Poland
 Yugoslavia
 Greece
 Netherlands
 Belgium
 Luxembourg
 Denmark
 Norway
 Czechoslovakia
 Canada
 Australia
Egypt Kingdom of Egypt
 New Zealand
 India
 South Africa
Philippines
Ethiopian Empire Ethiopia
Brazil Brazil
 Mexico
Mongolian People's Republic Mongolia
 Germany
 Japan
 Italy
 Hungary
 Romania
 Bulgaria
 Slovakia
 Croatia
 Finland
 Iraq
 Thailand
Victory Farouk I 1,125[24]

Abdeen Palace incident
(1942)

Egypt Kingdom of Egypt

 United Kingdom Defeat
First Arab–Israeli War
(1948–1949)
Egypt Kingdom of Egypt
Kingdom of Iraq
Holy War Army
Jordan Emirate of Transjordan
Syria Republic of Syria

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Kingdom of North Yemen
Republic of Lebanon
Arab League Arab Liberation Army

 Israel Defeat 1,161-
2,000[25]
Egyptian Revolution
(1952)
Egypt Kingdom of Egypt Egypt Free Officers Free Officers' Victory 2

Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)

[edit]
Conflict Egypt
and allies
Opponents Results Head of State Minister of
Defense
Egyptian
losses
Military Civilians
Suez Crisis
(1956)
Egypt Republic of Egypt  Israel
United Kingdom
 France
Inconclusive

Coalition military victory[26][27][28]
Egyptian political victory[26]

  • Anglo-French withdrawal from the Suez Canal following international pressure (December 1956)
  • Israeli occupation of Sinai (until March 1957)
  • UNEF demilitarized zone established
  • End of Britain's role as a Superpower
Gamal Abdel Nasser Abdel Hakim Amer 1,650–
3,000
~1,000

United Arab Republic (1958–1971)

[edit]
Conflict Egypt
and allies
Opponents Results Head of State Minister of
Defense
Egyptian
losses
Military Civilians
North Yemen Civil War
(1962–1967)
 Yemen Arab Republic
United Arab Republic United Arab Republic
 Kingdom of Yemen
 Saudi Arabia
Stalemate Gamal Abdel Nasser Abdel Wahab el-Beshry 26,000 dead[29] None
Sand War
(1963)
 Algeria
United Arab Republic United Arab Republic
 Morocco Stalemate
  • The closing of the border south of Figuig
Unknown None
Six-Day War
(1967)
United Arab Republic United Arab Republic
 Syria
 Jordan
Iraq Iraq
 Lebanon
 Israel Defeat Shams Badran 9,800–15,000 killed or missing[30][31] Unknown
War of Attrition
(1967–1970)
United Arab Republic United Arab Republic
Soviet Union Soviet Union
PLO
 Jordan
 Israel Both sides claimed victory Mohamed Fawzi 2,882[32]–10,000[33]
Nigerian Civil War
(1967–1970)
 Nigeria
United Arab Republic United Arab Republic
 Biafra Victory (Limited Involvement) Unknown None

Arab Republic of Egypt (1971–present)

[edit]
Conflict Egypt
and allies
Opponents Results Head of State Minister of
Defense
Egyptian
losses
Military Civilians
Yom Kippur War
(1973)
Federation of Arab Republics

Iraq Iraq
 Jordan
 Algeria
Morocco Morocco
 Saudi Arabia
 Cuba
 North Korea[34][35]

 Israel Defeat[36] (Strategic Political Gains)[37] Anwar Sadat Ahmad Ismail Ali 5,000[39]–15,000[40] dead Unknown
Shaba I
(1977)
 Zaire
 Morocco
Egypt
FNLC Victory
  • FNCL expelled from Katanga
Mohamed el-Gamasy None None
Egyptian–Libyan War
(1977)
Egypt Egypt Libya Ceasefire ~100 Unknown
Egyptian conscripts riot
(1986)
Egyptian Army Central Security Forces Egyptian Army Victory
  • Riot suppressed
  • Mubarak regime promised to overhaul the force by raising its entry standards, increasing payment and bettering living conditions in their camps
Hosni Mubarak Abd Al-Halim Abu-Ghazala 107[41] None
Gulf War
(1990–1991)
 Kuwait
United States
 United Kingdom
 Saudi Arabia
 France
 Canada
 Egypt
 Syria
 Morocco
 Oman
 Qatar
 Australia
Iraq Victory Youssef Sabri Abu Taleb 11[42][43] None
War on terror
(2001–present)



(note: most contributing nations are included in the international operations)

Afghan Taliban (until 2021)
Pakistani Taliban
Former groups:
Ongoing
  • Ongoing conflict
Mohamed Tantawi ? ?
2011 Egyptian revolution
(2011)
Egypt Pro-Government: Egypt Opposition Groups: Pro-Government Victory * During revolution: 846[65][66]
Sinai Insurgency
(2011–2023)
 Egypt
 Israel
 United Arab Emirates
Islamic State Islamic State Ongoing
  • Ongoing Conflict
Mohamed Tantawi 3,277 killed (2013-2022)
12,280 Injured (2013–2022)[68]
1,539+ Egyptian,[69][70] 219 Russians, 4 Ukrainians, 1 Belarusian,[71] 3 South Koreans,[72] 3 Vietnamese, 2 Germans,[73] 1 Croatian[74]
2013 Egyptian coup d'état
(2013)
Egyptian Government

Muslim Brotherhood


Egypt Pro-Morsi protesters


Supported by:
 Turkey
 Qatar
 Jordan

Supreme Council of the Armed Forces Supreme Council of the Armed Forces Victory

President Mohamed Morsi deposed by the Egyptian army

Mohamed Morsi Abdel Fattah al-Sisi 1,150+[76][77]
Second Libyan Civil War
(2015–2020)
 Libya
 Egypt
 United Arab Emirates
Libya GNC
Shura Council
Islamic State Islamic State
Victory (limited involvement) Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Sedki Sobhi None 21
Intervention In Yemen
(2015–)
Yemen Hadi government
 Saudi Arabia
 United Arab Emirates
 Senegal
 Sudan
 Qatar
 Bahrain
 Kuwait
 Jordan
 Morocco
 Egypt
 France
Yemen Revolutionary Council Ongoing
  • Houthis dissolve Yemeni government.
  • Houthis take control of northern Yemen.
None None

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Ancient Nubia: A-Group 3800–3100 BC". The Oriental Institute. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  2. ^ Somaglino, Claire; Tallet, Pierre (2015). "Gebel Sheikh Suleiman : a First Dynasty Relief after all..." Archéo-Nil 25.
  3. ^ An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. p. 144.
  4. ^ The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians. p. 100.
  5. ^ Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. p. 107.
  6. ^ Simpson, William K. (1984). "Sesostris II". In Wolfgang Helck (ed.). Lexikon der Ägyptologie Vol. 5. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 895. ISBN 3447024895.
  7. ^ Breasted, J.H. (1906). Ancient Records of Egypt: Part One. Chicago. pp. 640–673.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ Breasted, J.H. (1906). Ancient Records of Egypt: Part One. Chicago. p. 652.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^ Pritchard, James B. (2016). Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament with Supplement. Princeton University Press. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-4008-8276-2.
  10. ^ Steindorff, George; Seele, Keith (1942). When Egypt Ruled the East. University of Chicago. p. 55.
  11. ^ Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Books, 1992, p. 256.
  12. ^ Coogan, Michael David (2001). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. p. 261. ISBN 9780195139372.
  13. ^ Strabo, xvi. p. 780-783
  14. ^ Arthur E. Robinson, "The Arab Dynasty of Dar For (Darfur): Part II", Journal of the Royal African Society 28 (1928), pp. 55–67
  15. ^ The era of Muhammad Ali, pp. 131-pg. 132 by Abd al-Rahman al-Rafei.
  16. ^ Howarth, The Greek Adventure, p. 241.
  17. ^ Lt. Col. Osama Shams El-Din. "A Military History of Modern Egypt from the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War." United States Army Command and General Staff College, 2007. [1] PDF
  18. ^ Firro, Kais. A history of the Druzes, Volume 1. pp.70-75
  19. ^ Dunn, John P. (2005). Khedive Ismail's Army. Routledge. p. 150. ISBN 9780714657042.
  20. ^ Wright, William (2009). A Tidy Little War: The British Invasion of Egypt, 1882. Spellmount.
  21. ^ Snook, op.cit., p.13
  22. ^ Churchill p. 30
  23. ^ Churchill p. 33
  24. ^ Liebau, Heike; et al., eds. (2010). World in World Wars: Experiences, Perceptions, and Perspectives from Africa and Asia. Studies in Global Social History. Boston: Brill. p. 227. ISBN 978-90-04-18545-6.
  25. ^ "Wars of the World: Israeli War of Independence 1948–1949". Onwar.com. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
  26. ^ a b Tal (2001) p 203
  27. ^ Mart, Michelle (2006-02-09). Eye on Israel: How America Came to View the Jewish State as an Ally. SUNY Press. p. 159. ISBN 0791466876.
  28. ^ Stewart (2013) p 133
  29. ^ Pollack (2002), p. 56
  30. ^ El Gamasy 1993 p. 79.
  31. ^ Herzog 1982, p. 165.
  32. ^ Saad el-Shazly, The Crossing of Suez. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-9604562-2-2.
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