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Insurgency in Karadak–Gollak (1941–1951)

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Insurgency in Karadak-Gollak
Part of World War II in Yugoslavia and the post-war era

In 1941, Kosovo is occupied by the Bulgarian forces, with the Karadak region under Bulgarian control, and the area of Gollak occupied by the German military administration.
DateFirst phase:
18 April 1941–9 September 1944
Second phase:
9 September 1944–July 1945
Third phase:
15 August 1945–6 October 1951
Location
Karadak and Gollak regions, Bulgaria, SFR Yugoslavia
Modern-day Kosovo, Serbia and North Macedonia
Result

First Phase: Ballist victory

Second Phase: Yugoslav-Bulgarian victory

  • Yugoslav-Bulgarian forces force Albanian rebels into Guerrilla warfare after Balli Kombëtar was dissolved

Third Phase: Yugoslav victory

  • Yugoslav troops defeat remaining Albanian rebels
Territorial
changes		 Preševo valley, Skopska Crna Gora and Gollak secured by Yugoslavia
Belligerents
1941–1944
Albania
Balli Kombëtar
Kachaks

1941–1944
Tsardom of Bulgaria

Yugoslav Partisans

1944–1945
Albania
Balli Kombëtar
Kachaks
Nazi Germany Germany		 1944–1945
Bulgaria
Yugoslav Partisans Yugoslav Partisans
Chetniks Chetniks
1946–1951
Ballist dissidents
Kachak dissidents

1945–1951
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia SFR Yugoslavia

Commanders and leaders
Mulla Idriz Gjilani †
Sulë Hotla Executed
Jusuf Baftjari Executed
Hasan Ali Remniku †
Mustafa Kokaj †
Limon Staneci
Mulla Sadik Haliti Executed
Ymer Myqybaba †
Fuad Dibra
Xheladin Kurbaliu †
Hazir Haziri †
Sylë Zarbica †
Rrustem Behluli †
Nazi Germany Alexander Löhr

Vladimir Stoychev
Kiril Stanchev
Yugoslav Partisans Mile Čalović
Yugoslav Partisans Tomica Popović

Socialist Republic of Serbia Sinan Hasani
Units involved
Karadak battalion[1]
Kachaks from Karadak[2]
Nazi Germany Heeresgruppe E		 Yugoslav Partisans 8th Macedonian Brigade
Yugoslav Partisans 12th Macedonian Brigade
Yugoslav Partisans 16th Macedonian Brigade
Yugoslav Partisans 17th Macedonian Brigade
Yugoslav Partisans 18th Macedonian Brigade
Yugoslav Partisans 2nd Kosovska Brigade
Yugoslav Partisans 3rd Kosovska Brigade[3]
Strength

1944:
3,000[4]–4,000 soldiers (Only in Karadak)[5]
Nazi Germany 3 Divisions

1947:
1,735 rebels (Only in Karadak)[6]		 5 Divisions
2 Divisions
Casualties and losses
Unknown Unknown
ca. 1,200 Albanian civilians killed
3.000-4.000 Albanians displaced

The insurgency in Karadak–Gollak, also known as the War in Eastern Kosovo (Albanian: Lufta e Kosovës Lindore),[7] was a series of Albanian riots in the Karadak and Gollak regions with spillover into the Anamorava regions. Initially directed against Bulgarian, German, and Italian occupation following the Invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941, it later targeted the Yugoslav Partisans who were attempting to gain control of the area.

In early October 1951, amidst the post-war era, the state security service of Yugoslavia (UDBA) sought to eliminate Hasan Remniku and Mustafa Kokaj, the last of the Ballist and Kachak rebel leaders. UDBA agents, disguised as individuals offering assistance to smuggle Kokaj and Remniku across the border into Albania, lured them into an ambush set up by Yugoslav forces on October 6, 1951. The ensuing three-day confrontation between Yugoslav and Ballist forces resulted in the deaths of Kokaj, Remniku, and the majority of their soldiers.[8]

Background

[edit]

Following the April War, the region of Kosovo was divided into three occupation zones, which were defined in the Vienna talks. Axis Powers like Italy and Germany sought to meet the demands of Bulgaria, which was another ally of the Axis Bloc.[citation needed] Bulgaria sought to annex the Karadak region which included parts of the Region of Gjilan, Vitia, Kaçanik, the Presevo Valley, Kumanovo and Skopje.[9][10] The newly annexed regions contained about 200,000 Albanians. All ethnic Albanian territories annexed by Bulgaria, were declared as an integral part of the Bulgarian Kingdom.

Course of the war

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First Phase

[edit]

After the border changes, Bulgarians resorted to targeted violence to force Muslim Albanians from Karadak to emigrate.[11] The violence in the Bulgarian-Albanian border areas encompassed a wide range of abuses, including arbitrary arrests, expulsions, rapes, and executions.[11] The Italians faced an increasing wave of Albanian refugees fleeing from the Bulgarian territories.[11] The prefect of Pristina, Drini, informed Albanian Prime Minister Mustafa Kruja about the unbearable situation for Albanians on the Bulgarian side due to severe persecution, where rapes and violence were common.[11] Drini mentioned the villages along the Albanian-Bulgarian border—Lubishtë, Blinicë, Ramatovë, Vitovë, Zhegër, Hadevë, Pogragja, Uglarë, Hashtiçe, and Remnik—where the Bulgarians had caused a "hellish situation."[11]

Following large-scale attacks on the civilian population in Karadak, many residents—including Albanians, Serbs, and Macedonians—rose up against Bulgarian rule.[12][13] Many Albanians joined the Balli Kombëtar, while others joined the Partisan movement, alongside most Serbs and Macedonians.[12][13] In 1941, the Karadak Partisan detachment, composed mainly of Serbs and Macedonians, was formed in Kumanovo to resist the Bulgarian occupiers.[14][13][15] However, on October 14, 1941, the detachment was crushed in battle by a large Bulgarian army and police force near Kumanovo.[16]

On May 20, 1942, after more than 200 people fled in a group to Albania, Albanian Propaganda Minister Dhimitër Beratti deemed the violence at the Bulgarian-Albanian border to be so acute that he provided a chronology of Bulgarian abuses against Albanians to Commendatore Angelo Corrias, head of the Albanian Affairs Office in the Italian Foreign Ministry.[11] This report detailed thirty severe incidents from December 17, 1941, to May 27, 1942, including mass rapes and mutilations. Among the worst incidents on March 13, 1942, in the villages of Kabash, Remnik, Zhegër, Nasale, Gjylekar, Uglar, Shurdhan, and Llashticë, Bulgarian soldiers, along with Serbian civilians, committed "the most heinous acts" against women and girls while the Albanian men were imprisoned.[11] One pregnant woman lost her child during the two days of rapes, and another went insane.[11] By July 10, 1942, Beratti supplemented his report with a second chronology listing 21 more cases of persecution by Bulgarians against Albanians.[11] On August 6, 1942, Secretary Salvatore Saloni reported that abuses by Bulgarian soldiers against Albanians in the border areas were increasing daily, noting that extortions were common on both sides, closely linked to the new and often unclear border demarcations.[11]

From 12 to 15 March 1942, Serbian Chetniks, in collaboration with the occupying Bulgarian army, besieged the village of Remnik and perpetrated violence against the local Albanian population.[17][18] Under the guise of searching for weapons, they detained the men of Remnik in the village mosque for three days, resulting in the torture and execution of 24 individuals.[17][18] After the massacre, Hasan Ali Remniku and his men managed to break the siege and relocate the villagers to the Italian-controlled zone.[17][18] They organized resistance against the Serbian and Bulgarian occupiers and sought revenge against those involved in the massacre.[17][18] Reports indicate that Hasan Ali Remniku killed over 15 Bulgarian and Serbian soldiers, including some who took part in the massacre at the mosque.[17][18]

A report by the Albanian Ministry of the Free Land in September 1942 noted that, due to violence and pressure from Bulgarian occupiers, over 3,000 Albanian residents from the Karadak Mountains in Kosovo, Kumanovo, Kaçanik, Preševo, and Skopje had been forced to leave their homes.[citation needed] They were experiencing difficult conditions in areas like Gjilan and Ferizaj.[citation needed]

The first military action of the insurgency occurred in Karadak, specifically in Lojane, when Albanian and Serbian partisans under the command of Xheladin Kurbaliu attacked the Lojane mine on October 19, 1942. Bulgarian forces were defeated with minimal resistance.[19] After the clash, disputes erupted among the partisans, prompting Xheladin to switch sides and join Balli Kombëtar, where he became a prominent commander of the Ballist forces in Karadak[19] Following the attack on the Bulgarian mine, Bulgarian soldiers randomly accused male Albanians from the village of Straža of banditry and subsequently mistreated and tortured them.[11] In another massacre in the Preševo region, Bulgarian soldiers abducted and shot Albanians without cause in the autumn of 1942.[11]

On April 23, 1943, a Albanian partisan detachment took control of the Zhegoc, and by April 25, Kishnapole and Sllakoc.[20] They planned to move from Kishnapole to Gjilan and then to the mountains near Malishevë to send messengers to the district committee. However, their guide was unfamiliar with the route, so they settled in the Jabuq mountains between Ponesh and Upper Livoç.[20] Soon however they were detected and on April 26, the Italian army, joined by local fascist militias, under the command of Mulla Idriz Gilani, surrounded the detachment. In the ensuing clash, deputy commissar Musa Zajmi was killed, and Nexhmedin Nixha was wounded.[20] The district committee and supporters of the National Liberation Movement organized aid.[20] The detachment then proceeded to retreat toward Gadish.[20]

During the first phase of the conflict, Gollak was a theater for multiple Yugoslav Partisan incursions aimed at gaining a foothold in the region, as most of Gollak had been annexed by Albania.[20][21][22][23][page needed] The first Yugoslav offensive by the 22nd Division on Velegllava in Kika Mountain, Gollak, began on June 28, 1944, with a force of 500-600 men from Toplica, Vranje, and Leskovac.[21][20][22][23] They encountered fierce resistance from Balli Kombëtar units. After 12 hours of fighting, the Yugoslav partisans were defeated, suffering 200 killed and 131 captured, while the Ballists lost 17 men, including commanders like Abdi Gjoka and Bajram Poliçka.[20][21][22][23]

On the night of July 25–26, the Partisans 21st, 22nd, 24th, and 25th divisions, reinforced by 3,000-3,500 soldiers, launched a large-scale offensive along a 20-kilometer front toward Gjilan.[24][22][25] They attacked Kika Mountain again, but the Ballists emerged victorious, with the Partisans sustaining 143 killed and 209 wounded.[25] The Ballists lost 34 men, including Commander Islam Shahiqi.[21][25]

Between 28 August and 7 September 1944, a battle occurred near Preševo, near the Rajince river, between Ballists under the command of Limon Staneci and Ibrahim Kelmendi, and Bulgarian forces, culminating in an Albanian victory after the Bulgarian forces capitulated and withdrew on 9 September 1944.[26] Following Italy’s capitulation on 8 September 1943, new opportunities arose to unify Albanian-inhabited territories with German-occupied Albania.[27][28] To further this aim, the Second League of Prizren was established in Prizren from 16 to 20 September 1943, representing all Albanian lands, including those under German and Bulgarian control. With Bulgaria’s capitulation on 9 September 1944, Albanian Ballist forces in Karadak occupied and de facto annexed territories previously under Bulgarian control (Preševo, Bujanovac, Skopje, Kumanovo) with the state of Albania.[29][27][28][26][30] These forces, primarily from Karadak, were commanded by leaders such as Jusuf Baftjari, Xheladin Kurbalia, Limon Staneci, Ibrahim Kelmendi, Sylë Hotla etc.[27] On 12 September 1944, Sylë Hotla and thousands of his men from Karadak, together with hundreds of men from the forces of Xhem Gostivari and Mefail Shehu, captured Skopje and raised the Albanian flag.[31]

Second Phase

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Yugoslav offensives on Presevo and Kumanovo

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Immediately after the incursion into Preševo and Bujanovac, Albanian Ballists undertook measures to organize and gather volunteer groups to prevent the advance or any eventual attack from the Yugoslav National Liberation Army. Fighting between the Albanian Ballists and the Yugoslav Partisans began on September 9, 1944, in Ternovac and Bujanovac.[19] The fighting continued on September 10.[19] On that day, the Albanian Ballists in Bujanovac received assistance from several soldiers of the IV Regiment of the Second League of Prizren under the command of Colonel Fuad Dibra.[19] The battle between the Yugoslav Partisans and the Albanian Ballists from Karadak intensified particularly on September 10.[19] The Yugoslav Partisans hoped that the Albanian Ballists would be weak due to the lack of real military organization. However, after three days of fighting Yugoslav Partisans eventually withdrew, due to the effective Ballist defense.[19]

On 18 September 1944, Yugoslav Partisans again sought control of the Presevo Valley and Kumanovo, clashing with German-aligned Albanian Ballists near Lojane.[32][33] The Partisans attacked but were driven back to Nikuljane, where they faced further ambushes.[33][5] Residents of Sopot also joined the fight and killed many Partisans, prompting later retaliatory violence against the village.[33][34] Suffering heavy losses, the Partisan forces retreated on 24 September, leaving around 500 dead and 117 captured.[33] Simultaneously Operations in Preševo on 19 September led to initial Partisan gains, but local Kachaks from Karadak counterattacked, reclaiming the area and inflicting heavy casualties.[35][36] Despite reinforcement efforts, the Partisans ultimately fell back.[36][37][35] During the battle over 100 Partisans were killed, while 206 were taken prisoners of war.[36][37] A British report, however, indicated that Ballists overran the 17th Macedonian Brigade near Presevo, resulting in the deaths of 1,500 Partisan soldiers.[38]

On September 22, a partisan unit under commander Niko Vukčević clashed with Sylë Hotla's Ballist forces, who forced them to retreat toward Runica, which they set ablaze, executing residents.[33] The following day, they burned houses in Glažnja and advanced toward Brest, where they met Hotla's forces again and retreated back to Runica and Alaševce.[33]

On the morning of September 23, partisans attacked Runica and Alaševce, killing civilians, including women and children, and burning homes.[33] News of the atrocities spread, prompting about forty men from Slupčane, led by Mulla Sadik Haliti, to confront the partisans.[33] Initially suffering losses, Mulla Sadik Haliti managed to disable a machine gun position, forcing the partisans to retreat and face further resistance from Hotla's units.[33]

From October 24-30, 1944, Albanians from Karadak especially Tanuševci, under the command of Tefik Tanisheci, advanced toward villages in the Skopska Crna Gora where numerous partisan brigades had gathered, including local partisans with reinforcements from Vranje, Preševo, Bujanovac, and Anamorava.[39] They launched a successful offensive across open terrain, moving from Guri i Zi through Brodec and Kučevište, toward Bajašnica, reaching as far as the Banjane and Gornjane.[39]

From 3 to 4 November 1944, Yugoslav Partisans besieged the village of Sopot near Kumanovo and massacred 68 Albanian civilians, including villagers and guests aged 11 to 95.[34] The 12th Macedonian Brigade continued operations in the Kumanovo region following this event.[34]

From 9 to 15 November, after regrouping and launching yet another assault, Yugoslav Partisans successfully captured Preševo and also moved into Gjilan, forcing Ballist forces into the Karadak Mountains.[5][30][35] Tahir Zaimi reported that the Partisan victory resulted in mass executions of Albanians by “Bulgarian and Serbian-Macedonian Partisans.”[35]

Bulgarian offensive

[edit]
Main articles: Stratsin–Kumanovo operation and Kosovo Operation (1944)

Bulgaria declared war on Germany on September 8. On 11 November 1944 the Bulgarian Army attacked the city of Kumanovo, where the Wehrmacht and Albanian forces were defeated and the town as well as the area around was captured by the Bulgarian Army.[32] Bulgarians then advanced towards Skopje, where from September to mid-November, the Albanian Ballist forces, numbering about 3,600 soldiers, together with the Army Group E led by Sylë Hotla defended Skopje and managed to repel all military attacks of the 16th and 17th brigades of the Kumanovo Partisan Division.[40][41]

The second offensive of the Bulgarians, which attacked well-equipped with the support of tanks and fighter planes in the Skopje area, forced the Germans to evacuate their forces, which they carried out on schedule; their main forces abandoned Skopje on 11–12 November.[42] The remaining German rearguard abandoned Skopje early on 14 November.[43] Skopje was seized with the decisive role of Bulgarian troops.[44][45]

Albanian resistance

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Following the successful Partisan and Bulgarian campaigns against the Ballists and Germans in Kosovo, many local Albanians, especially in Anamorava, began to oppose the Ballist resistance.[46] Nevertheless on November 26, 1944, the "Council of Leaders of Karadak," led by Jusuf Baftjari and other Albanian leaders, met above Preševo to unify the Albanian resistance movements in Eastern Kosovo (Karadak, Anamorava, Gollak).[47] This integration formed Zone IV of Kosovo’s Defense under the Second League of Prizren.[47] During the meeting, the remaining Ballist leaders agreed on planning a recapture of Gjilan. For this, the Ballists attempted to encourage the villagers of Livoç i Epërm in Anamorava, just south of Gjilan, to join their plan to take the city; however, the villagers refused.[46] The Ballists then asked Ymer Myqybaba, a key commander from Karadak, to defend the western and southern flanks in Karadak by stopping the 16th Macedonian Brigade coming from Preševo toward Gjilan.[46] Ymer Myqybaba then gave an oath (besa) to stop the brigade. Following the council, Baftjari and other leaders joined forces with Ymer Myqybaba in the Myqybaba village.[47] On November 30, Partisans launched a large scale offensive in Karadak.[48][49] Several battles were fought with the most significant being the Battle of Myqybaba, which saw around 120 Albanian Ballists, led by Myqybaba and Baftjari, resist the 16th Macedonian Partisan Brigade of 2,000 men.[12] Despite repelling multiple assaults, the Ballists eventually retreated in the face of reinforcements totaling 20,000.[12] The defeated Ballists then withdrew to the Kopilaça mountain.[48] During the battle, Yugoslav partisans suffered 78 deaths, while the clash also inflicted 12 deaths on the Ballist side, including the death of Commander Ymer Myqybaba.[49][46] In retaliation, Partisans burned 73 or 93 homes in Myqybaba and many more across Karadak, with flames visible from Gjilan, as if all of Karadak were ablaze.[47][46] With the failure to defeat the Partisan Brigade, the Ballist intentions of capturing Gjilan were temporarily stalled.[46]

In mid-November, a noteworthy battle took place in Blace of Karadak, specifically at a location known as Guri i Bardhë. The Balli Kombëtar forces, specifically the Bllacë battalion led by Abdyl Durra, with support from the forces of Tefik Tanisheci and Din Hoxha, succeeded in decisively defeating the third battalion of the 16th Macedonian Brigade, forcing it to retreat toward the villages of Brazda and Čučer-Sandevo.[50] Days later, on November 16, 1944, the village of Blace was surrounded by the same 16th Macedonian Brigade of the Yugoslav partisans, commanded by Gligorije Šaranović-"Gliša, which imposed a complete lockdown, preventing villagers from leaving. Armed guards were stationed every 50 meters, restricting movement.[51][52][53] The brigade entered the village on November 14, assuring residents they would be safe and urging them to prepare food for the soldiers. Many villagers remained, believing the promises.[51][52][53] After three days, the villagers were gathered at the mosque, where they were detained, beaten, and verbally abused.[51][52][53] The brigade then took a significant number of them—approximately 130–140 individuals of varying ages—to a site known as "Stanet e Toçit.", where they were systematically massacred.[51][52][53] The actions of the 16th Macedonian Brigade were claimed to be aimed at eliminating perceived threats, including the Balli Kombëtar.[51][52][53] The deaths of individuals, including children and the elderly, raised serious questions about the motivations behind these killings. Witnesses reported that the perpetrators returned to the scene later, attempting to conceal their actions by destroying graves. Reports indicated that on November 16 and 17, 128 Albanians were killed in Blace.[51][52][53]

On December 1, 1944, during a meeting in Tërpezë (Viti), Ballists allied with Nazi Germany decided to unite to protect Gjilan and Ferizaj from Partisan and Chetnik atrocities.[54][55][27] Subsequently, the Committee of Albanian Resistance for Eastern Kosovo was established on December 17, 1944, in Zarbincë, with Mulla Idriz Gjilani as commander in chief.[55][27] The committee included resistance leaders from Gollak and Karadak, aiming to implement defensive measures against attacks along the Eastern Kosovo border.[54][55][27]

On December 4, 1944, 16th Macedonian Partisan Brigade massacred about 100 men, aged 16 to 75, were killed in Iseuk, while other massacres also occurred in the villages of Myçybabë, Kurbali, Ilincë, Sefer, Maxhere, Depcë, Kokaj, Sllubicë and Gruhalia.[48] In Sefer alone, 25 young men from 56 households were killed, with others imprisoned in Vranje, Preševo, and Kumanovo—most of whom never returned.[48]

On December 19, 1944, the 17th Macedonian Brigade, with 1,800 soldiers, advanced towards Desivojca, committing acts of violence against civilians.[20][54][56][27] In response, Ballists led by Mulla Idriz Gjilani mobilized to assist the villagers.[20][54][56][27] On December 20, they launched a coordinated attack, encircling and decimating a battalion of Partisans.[20][54][56][27] The battle resulted in the complete destruction of the 17th Macedonian Brigade.[20][54][56][27]

By December 21, 1944, Ballists reached Përlepnica, finalizing their plan to take Gjilan.[48] Mulla Idriz Gjilani, the leader of the forces from Anamorava, opposed the attack, warning that while they could seize the city, they couldn’t hold it, urging instead a guerrilla approach.[48] But younger leaders, inspired by prior victories, pushed forward, launching an assault on December 23.[48] On 23 December 1944, following this decisive victory in the Gollak Highlands, local fighters from Desivojca and other parts of Gollak and Hashania, along with soldiers from Karadak under the command of Jusuf Baftjari, Sylë Hotla and others, marched into Gjilan with the aim of reclaiming the city.[28] Ballists managed to take control of parts of Gjilan early that morning, while Macedonian units and local authorities fled the battle.[48] However, Partisan leaders, including Vlado Popović, saw this as an opportunity to draw the resistance in, then counterattack with reinforcements from Pristina and Ferizaj, which arrived by midday, turning the tide.[48] Realizing the strength of the incoming partisan brigades, Albanian forces withdrew to Kamenica, while other Ballists were forced into the Mountains.[48][28] Partially due to the desertation of Mulla Idriz Gjilani and his forces from Anamorava.[48] The failed assault intensified anti-Albanian measures.[48] A curfew was imposed, forbidding Albanians from moving within or entering the city, and allowing Serbs and Macedonian partisans a 24-hour window for looting and violence.[48] Mass arrests, killings, and looting followed, targeting all ages, including women and children.[48] Prisoners were tortured in local facilities, often murdered by night, with city streets lined with corpses.[48]

Violence and terror soon engulfed the villages around Gjilan, where Albanian casualties from clashes with Serbian and Bulgarian forces, as well as Partisan reprisals, mounted from until March 1945.[48] The Gjilan region, which includes parts of Karadak, Gollak and Anamorava, suffered some of Kosovo's highest losses, though exact figures remain uncertain.[48] In the village of Çarr, on January 5, 1945, OZNA forces detained and executed 23 individuals. In Llashticë, Karadak, the bodies of 12 Albanian villagers who had been killed without judicial process remained unburied for 3-4 days, and an additional 10 people were reported killed in the village.[57] Reports indicate that similar events took place in various villages, including Shipashnicë, Hogosht, Kopërnicë, Vruçec, Livoç i Ulët, Tërpezë, Koretin, Livoç i Epërm, and others.[57] Other villages, such as Sedllar, Desivojca, Karaçevë, Kranidell, Koretinë, and Lisovicë, are also recorded as having experienced similar events.[57] In Lisovicë, seven family members reportedly lost their lives, and in Velegllavë, there were reports of 35 people killed, including seven women and two children.[57] Additional incidents were reported in Carravajkë and Stanec in Karadak, and in Anamorava, especially in Pozharan.[57] Vesel Rexhepi, estimated 4,500 Albanians killed or massacred in the city of Gjilan alone, while Tahir Zajmi suggested nearly 8,000 deaths across the broader area—though this number is likely exaggerated.[48] According to the diary of an Partisan member, approximately 3,000 Albanians were killed in Gjilan between December 23 and 29, 1944.[48] Official court data from 1954, however, records 254 executions, including 245 Albanians, though this figure is considered incomplete.[48] A more probable estimate for the region’s casualties is between 3,000 to 4,000.[48]

Third phase

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Albanian guerilla resistance

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In early 1945, significant Yugoslav military and paramilitary forces were deployed in Kosovo.[57] Initially, all eight Kosovar brigades were active in the region, alongside the 25th, 26th, and 27th brigades of the 46th Serbian Division. In addition to regular army units, rear-line military organs were also mobilized to carry out policy objectives.[57] These formations reportedly conducted operations across Kosovo and other Albanian-populated areas. In the Gjilan region, in the village of Çarr, on January 5, 1945, OZNA forces detained and executed 23 individuals.[57] In Llashticë, Karadak, the bodies of 12 Albanian villagers who had been killed without judicial process remained unburied for 3-4 days, and an additional 10 people were reported killed in the village.[57] Reports indicate that similar events took place in various villages, including Shipashnicë, Hogosht, Kopërnicë, Vruçec, Lower Livoq, Tërpezë, Koretin, Livoç i Epërm, and others.[57]

Other villages, such as Sedllar, Desivojcë, Karaçevë, Kranidell, Koretinë, and Lisovicë, are also recorded as having experienced similar events. In Lisovicë, seven family members reportedly lost their lives, and in Velegllavë, there were reports of 35 people killed, including seven women and two children.[57] Additional incidents were reported in Carravajkë and Stanec in Karadak, and in Anamorava, especially in Pozharan.[57]

After the end of World War II and the communist Yugoslav reoccupation of Kosovo, a segment of Kosovo's nationalist military and political leaders opted to stay in the country, remaining devoted to the cause of the Second League of Prizren.[6][58] Following the takeover the Yugoslav army inflicted severe punishment upon the population of Karadak, resulting in significant casualties among them.[59] The remaining Ballist groups engaged in guerrilla warfare in Karadak, including those led by Sylë Hotla, Ali Staneci, Hetë Koka, Hasan Ali Remniku, Jusuf Baftjari, Hajdar Malisheva, and others.[6] Eventually, representatives of these groups convened at the Kopilaça Congress on August 15–16, 1945, organized by the remaining Ballists and Kachaks in Karadak.[6][60] During the congress, Albanian leaders pledged to continue fighting against the communist occupiers.[6][61] However, in October 1945, Albanian Ballists in Karadak received a letter from Muharrem Bajraktari and Mid'hat Frashëri, urging them to flee to Greece.[6] In response, Mulla Idriz Gjilani intervened, advising the resistance units not to abandon Kosovo but to persist in the fight.[6] By the end of 1946, Yugoslav authorities initiated a comprehensive military operation against Albanian Resistance forces across Kosovo. Despite this crackdown, only 36 rebels, mostly from Karadak, out of 1,735 fighters distributed among 55 guerrilla groups, survived and continued the resistance beyond March 1947.[6]

After numerous failed operations to capture or eliminate Jusuf Baftjari and his Cheta, the Yugoslav Partisans turned to treachery.[62] Vojo Vojvodić, a Montenegrin leader of the Yugoslav Partisans, assured Jusuf Baftjari that if he surrendered, he would face imprisonment under the Amnesty Law, rather than execution.[62] The relentless torture inflicted by the Yugoslav Partisans on their families and friends, along with the discovery of their hideouts, became unbearable.[62] Even Jusuf Baftjari, realizing that all possibilities for continued resistance were closing, surrendered togetether with his two sons, Selim and Qazim, in Uglar on February 20, 1947.[62] Daut Xhelili of Pogragjë, a former activist, recalled being present when the Yugoslav Partisans brought Jusuf Baftjari to Pogragjë, noting that he refused to surrender his rifle and kissed its barrel.[62] Addressing Vojvodić, Jusuf Baftjari explained his surrender, citing Vojvodić's Montenegrin heritage and the trust that should be inherent in a Montenegrin's word, implying that without this trust, the Partisans would not have captured him alive.[62] Shortly after however, Jusuf Baftjari was sentenced to death by the Yugoslav court in Gjilan and was executed on July 17, 1948.[62]

Historical accounts from both Albanian and Yugoslav communist sources indicate that the Albanian national resistance in the Karadak region of Kumanovo was one of the last to be suppressed in Macedonia.[4] This armed resistance is linked to Sylë Hotla and eight of his closest associates.[4] Among them were Ali Sylë Staneci, Sami Shabedini from Orizarja, Hamzë Bilalli from Bellanoca with his son Arifi, and four brothers from Breza, the sons of Ajet Emin: Aliu, Shefkiu, Iseni, and Rasimi.[4] These nine individuals ultimately fell into an ambush set by OZNA on Mount Pelister, near the Yugoslav-Greek Border on October 11, 1947.[4]

In early October 1951, the state security service of Yugoslavia (UDBA) planned to liquidate Hasan Remniku and Mustafa Kokaj, the last of the Ballist and Kachak rebel leaders.[63] UDBA agents were sent, posing as people who would help smuggle Kokaj and Remniku across the border into Albania. On October 6, 1951, on their way to Albania, the rebel leaders ran into a well prepared ambush set up by Yugoslav forces. Fighting between the Yugoslav and Ballist forces lasted three days, in which Kokaj and Remniku and most of their soldiers were killed.[8]

Aftermath

[edit]

Following the quelling of the uprising, Yugoslav forces began targeting the Albanian population in Karadak, Anamorava and Gollak. In all about 1,200 Albanians were massacred by the Yugoslav forces.[64]

References

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  1. ^ "Beteja e rekës raincës by Nijazi Ramadani - Issuu". issuu.com. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
  2. ^ titulli.com. "Lufta e përgjakur më 19 nëntor 1944, ditën e Bajramit në Preshevë". www.titulli.com. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
  3. ^ Acta Iugoslaviae historica. Prosveta. 1970. p. 162.
  4. ^ a b c d e Iseni, Ndricim (2019-05-11). "Sulë Hotla (1875-1947), Një Jetë Për Shqipërinë". Bashkimi i Shqiperise (in Albanian). Retrieved 2024-10-30.
  5. ^ a b c Tërpeza, Hysen (2004). Hysen Tërpeza: një legjendë për Kosovën (in Albanian). MKRSDÇJ, Departamenti i Çështjeve Jorezidente i Kosovës. pp. 37–39. ISBN 978-9951-8611-0-6.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Selmani 2011, p. 34-35.
  7. ^ Ramadani, Nijazi. "Mbrojtja Kombëtare e Kosovës Lindore Nga Nijazi RAMADANI". Academia.
  8. ^ a b "PRITA NË BISTRICË (III)". January 2021.
  9. ^ Malcolm, Noel (1998). Kosovo: A Short History. Macmillan. pp. 310–312. ISBN 0-333-66612-7.
  10. ^ "70 vjetori i Plojes në Karadak". 2LONLINE (in Albanian). 2014-11-25. Retrieved 2024-11-01.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Zaugg, Franziska (2016). Albanische Muslime in der Waffen-SS: von "Grossalbanien" zur Division "Skanderbeg" (in German). Ferdinand Schöningh. pp. 171–174. ISBN 978-3-506-78436-0.
  12. ^ a b c d Ramadani, Nijazi. "Mbrojtja Kombëtare e Kosovës Lindore Nga Nijazi RAMADANI". Academia.
  13. ^ a b c Kumanovo i Kumanovsko vo NOV 1941-1942: (materijali od Naučniot sobir održan na 12, 13 i 14 dekemvri 1978 godina) (in Macedonian). Opštinski odbor na Sojuzot na združenijata na borcite od NOV--Kumanovo. 1979.
  14. ^ Yugoslav-Albanian Relations. Review of International Affairs. 1984.
  15. ^ Vojnoistorijski glasnik (in Bosnian). 1981.
  16. ^ Mitrovski, Boro; Glišić, Venceslav; Ristovski, Tomo (1971). The Bulgarian Army in Yugoslavia 1941-1945. Medunarodna politika.
  17. ^ a b c d e Editori (2019-09-24). "AVNI AZIZI: MASAKRA E REMNIKUT MË 1942!". Pashtriku (in Albanian). Retrieved 2024-10-30.
  18. ^ a b c d e "Në Remnik të Vitisë, nesër përkujtohen dëshmorët e vrarë mizorisht më 1942!". Bota Sot. Retrieved 2024-11-11.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g "PRESHEVA NË RRJEDHAT E HISTORISË SHEK.XX" (PDF). University of Tirana. 2014.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "FJALËSI I EMRAVE TË PERSONALITETEVE DHE NGJARJEVE NGA TERRITORI I KOMUNËS SË GJILANIT DHE TËRËSIA ETNIKE SHQIPTARE, POR EDHE NGA BOTA" (PDF). Municipality of Kosovo. Republic of Kosovo, Municipality of Gjilan: 56–59. 2016.
  21. ^ a b c d Ramadani, Nijazi. "Beteja e Kikes".
  22. ^ a b c d mediafokus (2021-08-02). "77 vjet nga Beteja e lavdishme e Kikës (Dokumentar)". Mediafokus (in Albanian). Retrieved 2024-07-01.
  23. ^ a b c Pirraku, Muhamet (1995). Mulla Idris Gjilani dhe mbrojtja kombëtare e Kosovës Lindore: 1941-1951 (in Albanian). "Dituria Islame" redaksia e botimeve historike.
  24. ^ "Nazim Sejdë Budrika - Komandant i Betejës së Kikës". Gazetë Rajonale Online - RajoniPress.com (in Albanian). 2021-11-07. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  25. ^ a b c Selimi, Bardhyl (2016). Adem Gllavica (Selimi) tregon: (me rastin e 100 vjetorit të lindjes) (in Albanian). Botimet Ngjyrat e kohës. p. 292. ISBN 978-9928-4327-4-2. Beteja e Kikës u zhvillua më 26 korrik 1944, kur në befasi partizanët, pas mesit të natës, ia mësynë pozicioneve shqiptare. Shqiptarët ishin mobilizuar dhe tani më të përgatitur arritën që të zmbrapsin komunistët serbë, të cilëve u shkaktuan humbje të mëdha. Këto dy luftëra të suksesëshme i bënë vullnetarët shqiptarë më të fuqishëm moralisht. Numri i gadimasve në këto luftime arriti mbi 150 veta.
  26. ^ a b Ramadani, Nijazi. Beteja e Rekës Raincës.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Selmani 2011, p. 33-34.
  28. ^ a b c d "Koncepti i Hoxhë Lipovicës ishte i qartë dhe i thjeshtë - për Shqipëri Etnike dhe për bashkim kombëtar". Gazetë Rajonale Online - RajoniPress.com (in Albanian). 2020-03-09. Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  29. ^ Zaugg, Franziska (2016). Albanische Muslime in der Waffen-SS: von "Grossalbanien" zur Division "Skanderbeg" (in German). Ferdinand Schöningh. pp. 169–170. ISBN 978-3-506-78436-0. Ganz anders berichtete der Divisionskommandeur der »Skanderbeg«, Schmidhuber. Nach seinen Angaben hatten die Albaner bei der Räumung Makedoniens durch Bulgarien die Gelegenheit genutzt und ihre »Sicherungs- (nicht Landes-) Grenzen bis zum Bereich ihres eigenen Volkstums nach Südosten hinausgescho ben bis unmittelbar vor SKOPLJE, von dort bis KUMANOVO – PRESEVO – BUJANOVCE. Zudem stellte Schmidhuber bei den Albanern einen »Abwehrwillen gegen die bulgarischen Eindringlinge« fest und dass »bei dem Hass gegen die Bulgaren [...] ein zäher Abwehrkampf zu erwarten« sei.
  30. ^ a b "Šta bi danas rekao Abdulah Krašnica - Život - Dnevni list Danas" (in Serbian). 2010-12-12. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
  31. ^ Iseni, Ndricim (11 May 2019). "Sulë Hotla (1875-1947), Një Jetë Për Shqipërinë". Bashkimi i Shqiperise (in Albanian). Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  32. ^ a b Hnilicka, Karl (1970). Das Ende auf dem Balkan 1944/45. Die militärische Räumung Jugoslaviens durch die deutsche Wehrmacht (in German). University of Michigan. ISBN 978-3-7881-1414-5. Retrieved 2024-08-20.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i Arifi, Fejzulla (2022-01-01). "Emërndriturit e Sllupçanit..." Emërndriturit e Sllupçanit, Halid efendiu, Mulla Sadiku dhe Mumin efendiu (in Albanian).
  34. ^ a b c Halimi, Naim (2014). "MASAKRAT PARTIZANO-ÇETNIKE NË KARADAK NË MBARIM TË LUFTËS SË DYTË BOTËRORE". Studime Albanologjike. ITSH: 145, 148. ." Një makër tjetër tmerruese ndaj burrave, pleqve, grave dhe fëmijëve shqiptarë u bë në fshatin Sopot të Kumanovës. Vrasjet nga partizano-çetnikobullgarët u bënë disa ditë në grupe, ndërsa ploja më e madhe ndodhi më 3 e 4 nëntor 1944. Bajram Latifi, Liman Limani dhe Xhevaire Limani, dëshmitarë të masakrës, që i shpëtuan vdekjes, kujtojnë se: me këtë rast janë vrarë dhe masakruar në forma të ndryshme çnjerëzore 64 shqiptarë të fshatit Sopot dhe 4 mysafirë të fshatrave tjerë, gjithsej 68, nga fëmija 11 vjeç deri te plaku 95- vjeçar. Këta dhe dëshmitarët tjerë i tregojnë me emër të vrarët dhe vrastarët. Sipas tyre, të vrarët ishin: Ramadan, Bajram, Esat, Edip, Sahit, Shefki e Riza Saliu, Mustafë Memeti, Mejdi, Abdzl, Shabi, Kadri e Haki Agushi, Fejzulla, Jusuf, Azem, Adem, Bajram, Hasip, Osman, Sali, Baki, Ibrahim, Shaip, Faik, Femi, Nazmi, Niazi, Xhemal, Qemal e Orhan Sylejmani, Memedali, Durmish, Munish, Shukri, Ahmet, Aliriza e Ruzhdi Limani, Halim, Murat e Xhavit Ademi, Xhemailk, Selver, Hamzi, Naip e Agush Latifi, Ramadan e Zeqir Emini, Sejdi, Hysen, Ramadan e Rexhep Sejdiu, Halim, Qazim, Rexhep, Halim B., Rexhep Jetimi, Ibrahim Makolli, Sahit, Ramadan, Hajdin e Ramiz Jaka, Nuredin Iseni, Eshtref Esati, Haxh Bakiu, si dhe bariu nga fshati Shtrezoc, Zija Zymberi." "Kështu veproi edhe Brigada XVII Maqedonase, e cila pas masakrës së Sopotit, kaloi në malësinë e Kumanovës"
  35. ^ a b c d titulli.com. "Lufta e përgjakur më 19 nëntor 1944, ditën e Bajramit në Preshevë". www.titulli.com. Retrieved 2024-10-30.
  36. ^ a b c Kosovari. dituria254. p. 34. Keshtu, ne diten e Bajramit, me 19 shtator 1944, sulmuan forcat partizane dhe hyne ne Luginen e Rainces, por pas me shume se 12 ore luftimesh te ashpra, u thy en nga forcat vullnetare te komanduara nga Hoxhe Lipovica me te tjere. Ngs luftimet mbeten te vrare mbi 100 partizano-cetnike dhe u zu rob nje batalion i Brigades se Dyte te Kosoves prej 206 vetash.
  37. ^ a b "Rrustem Beluli me bombë në xhami për Shqipëri Etnike!". PRESHEVA.AL. 2015-01-13. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  38. ^ Biddiscombe, Prof Perry (2006-11-15). The SS Hunter Battalions: The Hidden History of the Nazi Resistance Movement 1944-45. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-9645-0. A British report suggested that insurgents overran the Yugoslav 17th Brigade near Presevo, killing 1,500 Titoist soldiers.
  39. ^ a b Arifi, Feri (2015). Tanusha në rrjedhat e historisë (in Albanian). ArbëriaDesign. ISBN 978-608-236-029-4.
  40. ^ Iseni, Ndricim (11 May 2019). "Sulë Hotla (1875-1947), Një Jetë Për Shqipërinë". Bashkimi i Shqiperise (in Albanian). Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  41. ^ Bechev, Dimitar (2019-09-03). Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-1962-4.
  42. ^ Die Offensive der bulgarischen Divisionen, die gut ausgerüstet mit Unterstützung zahlreicher Panzer und Jagdflugzeuge deutscher Herkunft im Raum Skoplje angreifen, zwingt die deutschen Kräfte zur Rückzugsbewegung in die östlichen Seitentäler. In der Nacht vom 11./12. November 1944 wird Skoplje von der Heeresgruppe E geräumt.For more see: Janusz Piekałkiewicz (1984) Krieg auf dem Balkan, 1940-1945, Südwest, S. 285, ISBN 3517007900.
  43. ^ Germany and the Second World War. Volume VIII, The Eastern Front 1943-1944 : the war in the East and on the neighbouring fronts. The withdrawal battles in Macedonia.
  44. ^ Livanios, Dimitris, The Macedonian Question: Britain and the Southern Balkans 1939-1949, Oxford University Publishing, 2008, ISBN 0191528722, pp. 118-141.
  45. ^ Karl Hnilicka: Das Ende auf dem Balkan 1944/45 – Die militärische Räumung Jugoslaviens durch die deutsche Wehrmacht, Musterschmidt, Göttingen 1970. (Studien und Dokumente zur Geschichte des Zweiten Weltkrieges, Band 13) ìn German; pp. 90-91; 95.
  46. ^ a b c d e f Tërpeza, Hysen (2004). Hysen Tërpeza: një legjendë për Kosovën (in Albanian). MKRSDÇJ, Departamenti i Çështjeve Jorezidente i Kosovës. pp. 37–39. ISBN 978-9951-8611-0-6.
  47. ^ a b c d Selmani 2011, p. 34.
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Lufta e Gjilanit dhe masakrat ndaj popullsisë shqiptare në fund të vitit 1944 dhe në fillim të vitit 1945 - Fondacioni Hasan Prishtina". Retrieved 2024-11-01.
  49. ^ a b "Rezistenca e armatosur në Karadak kundër forcave komuniste". 2LONLINE (in Albanian). 2022-11-30. Retrieved 2024-10-30.
  50. ^ Gashi, Arber (2018-02-06). "TERRORI I BRIGADAVE KOMUNISTE JUGOSLLAVE NDAJ SHQIPTARËVE". Zani i Arbërit (in Albanian). Retrieved 2024-10-30.
  51. ^ a b c d e f "Rreth 130-140 persona, të moshave të ndryshme, që nga fëmijët, pleqtë e të tjerë, ushtarët e Brigadës 16-të partiz". Memorie.al (in Albanian). 2023-10-26. Retrieved 2024-10-30.
  52. ^ a b c d e f Halimi, Naim (2014). "MASAKRAT PARTIZANO-ÇETNIKE NË KARADAK NË MBARIM TË LUFTËS SË DYTË BOTËRORE". Studime Albanologjike. ITSH: 146. ." Brigada XVI Maqedonase (themeluar më 6 tetor 1944, në Malin e Zi të Shkupit, nga njerëz të brigadës 8-të dhe të XII-të të Preshevës, Bujanocit dhe Vranjës, partizan e çetnikë, serbë, malazez, maqedonas e bullgarë) e komanduar nga Glisha Sharanoviqi, nga tetori deri më 14 nëntor 1944, pasi likuidoi në fshatrat e Shkupit rreth 200 shqiptarë, nën pretekstin se kishin qenë "në shërbim të okupatorit", rrugës për Kosovë, ia mësyri fshatit Bllacë për ta masakruar. Më 1 nëntor 1944 pasi i tuboi të gjithë fshatarët në mesin e fshatit (e ndihmuar edhe nga partizania e Shkupit, Qefser Hasan Shukri) dhe ua mblodhi armët që kishin për ruajtjen e shtëpive dhe të pasurive nga plaçkitës të ndryshëm, grupe(3), grupe,120 bllacas të moshave të ndryshme i pushkatoi te Uji i Tharptë, afër Hanit të Elezit."
  53. ^ a b c d e f Culaj, Lush (2005). Shqiptarët në gjysmën e parë të shekullit XX (in Albanian). Instituti Albanologjik i Prishtinës. ISBN 978-9951-411-15-8.
  54. ^ a b c d e f Ivanov, Pavle Dželetović (1987). 21. SS-divizija Skenderbeg (in Bosnian). Nova Knjiga. p. 252. ISBN 978-86-7335-044-8.
  55. ^ a b c Selimi, Bardhyl (2016). Adem Gllavica (Selimi) tregon: (me rastin e 100 vjetorit të lindjes) (in Albanian). Botimet Ngjyrat e kohës. p. 336. ISBN 978-9928-4327-4-2. Në Kuvendin e Tërpezës Mulla Idriz Gjilani erdhi me autorizime të plota të drejtuesve të grupeve guerilje: Xheladin Kurbalisë, Sylë Zarbincës, Faik Tahirit, Shyt Marecit, Ajet Kosovicës, Qazim Zekëbashës, Ajet Raincës, Sylë Hotlës, Ymer Saçës dhe Hoxhë Lipovicës. Në Kuvendin e Tërpezës, si përfaqësues i viseve që i përfaqësonte Mulla Idrizi, ishte edhe Muharrem Fejza i Hogoshit, i cili në Kuvend vinte me përfaqësuseit e Kaçanikut dhe ish sekretarin e Komunsë së Velekincës, Ndue Pepën. Në përcjellje të personaliteteve politike e ushtarake drejtuese në Tërpezë arritën rreth 400 luftëtarë të armatosur.
  56. ^ a b c d Vuković, Ilija (1985). Autonomaštvo i separatizam na Kosovu (in Bosnian). RO "Nova knj.". p. 215.
  57. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Syla, Sabit; Hoti, Izber (2016). Ripushtimi jugosllav i viseve shqiptare dhe lufta e Drenicës: (1944/1945) (in Albanian). Instituti i Historisë "Ali Hadri". ISBN 978-9951-409-57-5.
  58. ^ Iseni, Ndricim (11 May 2019). "Sulë Hotla (1875-1947), Një Jetë Për Shqipërinë". Bashkimi i Shqiperise (in Albanian). Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  59. ^ Lewin, Erwin. Dokumente zum antifaschistischen Widerstand in Kosova: Die Konferenz von Bujan (31.12.1943-2.1.1944) (PDF) (in German). p. 119. Die nach Vergeltung rufenden Gewehre hallten in den Bergen, Dörfern und Städten wieder. Die Abteilungen von Partisanen und Freiwilligen, angeführt von Fadil Hoxha und weiteren militärischen Führern, fügten den faschistischen Eroberern und den Verrätern im Innern schwere Verluste zu (in Karadaku i Shkupit, Cernaleva, Shëmri, Shar, Gjakova, Prizren, Peja, Ferizaj, Prishtina, Dibra, Peshkopia, Kërçova usw.).
  60. ^ Iseni, Ndricim (11 May 2019). "Sulë Hotla (1875-1947), Një Jetë Për Shqipërinë". Bashkimi i Shqiperise (in Albanian). Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  61. ^ Iseni, Ndricim (11 May 2019). "Sulë Hotla (1875-1947), Një Jetë Për Shqipërinë". Bashkimi i Shqiperise (in Albanian). Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  62. ^ a b c d e f g Selmani 2011, p. 35.
  63. ^ ""Ballë për ballë me UDB-në", si u likuidua Hasan Remniku". 14 August 2016.
  64. ^ NijaZi, Ramadani (2020). Shtegtim në histori – I / Nijazi Ramadani . – Gjilan : Rrjedha, 2020.–libra ; 21 cm. [Libri] I. – (Gjilani në rezistencën kombëtare në juglindje të Kosovës 1941–1951) : (studim dokumentar monografik) – 295 f.ISBN 978-9951-453-24-0. Gjilan: 2020. pp. 277–281. ISBN 978-9951-453-24-0.

Sources

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