Zahran tribe
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| Zahran زهران | |
|---|---|
| Arabian tribe | |
 Emblem of the Royal Zahranid Family of Oman (House of Al Said) | |
| Nisba | Zahranī |
| Location | Al Baha, Hejaz Mountains, Saudi Arabia (origin) |
| Descended from | Zahran ibn Kaʿab ibn Al-Harith |
| Parent tribe | Azd Shanū’ah, Azd |
| Religion | Pre 630 AD (Polytheism) Post 630 AD (Islam) |
| Surnames | Al Zahrani |
Zahran (Arabic: زهران), also known as Banū ʿZahrān ibn Kaʿab,[1] is one of the oldest Arabian tribes in the Arabian Peninsula.[2] It is regarded as one of the largest tribes in Al Bahah Province.
Al Baha is the homeland of Zahran and Ghamid.[3] However, many tribes that descend from Zahran and Azd migrated to Oman and Tanukh (Levant) under leadership of Malik bin Fehm in the 3rd century.[4][5] Oman's modern royal family, Al Said, is said to descend from Zahran through Malik ibn Fehm.[6] Moreover, many currently live in Mecca, Jeddah, Riyadh, and Dammam due to large migration from villages and small cities during the 1960s and 1970s in search of a better life.
Zahran is a well-known tribe before and after Islam. Many of them left their houses, homes, and relatives and joined the Prophet Muhammad in Medina.[3]
Name
[edit]Zahran (Arabic: زهران) is the name of the shared common ancestor of Zahran. Etymological sources indicate that it is of Arabic Semitic origin, meaning "bright" and "pure".[7]
Lineage
[edit]Al-Zahrani is a nisba to
Zahran ibn Ka’ab ibn Al-Harith ibn Ka’ab ibn Abdullah Ibn Mālik ibn Nasr ibn Al-Azd, an Azdite offshoot.[8]
Tribes of Zahran
[edit]The Zahran tribe is currently divided into
[edit]Banu Aws, including: Banu Hassan, Baydan, Balkhazmar, Kinanah (not the Adnanite tribe of Kinanah), Banu Amer, and the allies.
Banu Salim (not the Adnanite tribe of Banu Salim), including: Baltufail, Balmufaddal, Banu Ata, Al Muqbil, Al Sahla, Al Yahmed, Al Saadi, Al Sawada, and Al Mashayikh.
Banu Amr, including: Al Jabr, Al Suwaidi, Banu Jundub, Banu Harir, Banu Bashir, Banu Adwan (not the Adnanite tribe of Adwan), and the Quraysh tribe, who are allies of Banu Makhzum before Islam, and the Ashrafs joined them after Islam (the Hashemites).
Dos, including: Banu Manhab, Al Ayash, Banu Ali, and Banu Fahm (not the Adnanite tribe of Fahm).
Banu Omar Al-Ashaib, including: Banu Omar, Banu Omar Al-Ali, and Banu Omar Ahl Nawan.
Banu Mufrij: Sons of Mufrij bin Malik bin Zahran bin Azd. They live in Iraq.
Contemporary tribes that trace their origins back to Zahran
[edit]• Al-Shehhi - Shihuh and they are descendants of:
Laqit bin Al-Harith bin Malik bin Fahm bin Ghanem bin Dos.
• Al-Blooshi - Balush and they are the descendants of:
Jalal bin Harun bin Abbas bin Muhammad bin Ahmad bin Imadah bin Hamza bin Al-Mukhtar bin Auf bin Abdullah bin Yahya bin Mazen bin Makhashin bin Saad bin Samit bin Majasir bin Salima bin Malik bin Fahm bin Ghanem bin Dos.
Islamic Prophecy
[edit]There are Islamic prophecies with regards to 'End-Times' that have quoted the tribe; like the following by Abu Hurairah:
Abu Hurairah said, “I heard the Prophet say, The Hour will not come until the buttocks of the women of Daws move (quiver) while going around Dhu l-Khalasah”. Dhu l-Khalasah was an idol worshiped by the tribe of Daws and neighboring clans during the Jahiliyyah. (Hadith from Bukhari.) And Dhu l-Khalasah is named after Khalasah: a valley in Zahran’s homeland, specifically in Daws,[9] one of the biggest clans in Zahran.[10]
Recent history
[edit]The author of Kitab Akhbar Makka Lil’Azraqi (Azraqi's Revisioned Book of Reports about Mecca), mentions that the local clans in the region used to re-honor Dhu l-Khalasah in the early 20th century and slay tributes to it. The prominent Saudi geographic researcher: Rushdi Saleh Malhas, dedicated a section under the title "Security Crisis and Return to Dhu l-Khalasah" to comment on the issue of "Dhu l-Khalasah":
"When the security cord in the Arabian Peninsula was diminished in recent times and its residents lacked comfort and tranquility, and poverty and destitution prevailed in the land, souls felt the desire for asceticism and faith, and the need for a refuge to which they dread, so local clans returned to their first Jahiliyyah, by re-honoring Dhu l-Khalasah, clinging to heresies and superstitions."
During the emergence of the third/modern Saudi state between 1341- 1344 Hijri / 1921 – 1925 AD, Dhu l-Khalasah was destroyed by order of king Abdulaziz, otherwise known as Ibn Saud. The order was carried in delegation by Abdulaziz Al Ibrahim, who led a campaign that demolished most of the image cult and threw its ruins into a nearby valley. One of those who engaged in the campaign emphasized that the structure of Dhul-Khalasa was immensely strong, stating that the force of dozens of men was required to move a single stone and that its durability indicates considerate tactful building skills.[11]
Pre-Islamic History
[edit]Oman's first Arabian Settlements
[edit]Zahran's pre-Islamic history is popularly linked to Malik ibn Fehm, who was one of the first Arabians to settle in Oman.[5] This eventually led to conflict between Malik ibn Fehm's Azdite men and the Persians, who claimed Oman's territory, with the latter succumbing in the great Salut Battle (recorded by al-Awtabi), carving the path for the Arabization of Oman.[12] While not much is known about Malik ibn Fehm, his extensive presence in pre-Islamic Arabian poetry and literature denotes that Arabians gained great fame from his raids and wars.[13]
Founding of the Tanukh Confederation
[edit]Malik ibn Fehm went on later to establish the saracen tribal confederation Tanukh (Βασιλεὺς Θανουηνῶν) centered initially in the ancient city of Al-Hira.
The ancient Tanukh tribal confederation was largely taken over by several branches of the large Azd and Quda'a tribes. In the 4th century AD, the Tanukhids became the first Arabian tribal confederation to serve as foederati (allies) in the Roman East.[14] Although Malik ibn Fehm is of dubious historic authenticity,[15] archaeological and epigraphic evidence confirms the existence of his son, Jadhima ibn Malik ibn Fehm.[16][17] Nicknamed 'the Leper' due to his leprosy,[18] a skin disease that causes insensitivity to pain,[19] Jadhima later became the king of Tanukh in the second half of the 3rd century CE.[20]
In medieval historical sources and literature, Jadhima is portrayed as a pivotal figure in the pre-Islamic history of the Arabs, especially in the context of the Roman–Persian Wars over supremacy in the Middle East.[21] However, the historical kernel around which these traditions is impossible to reconstruct today.[22] Numerous traditions around him and his companions and family became the subject of poetry and proverbial wisdom. Such episodes include his boon companions, the marriage of his sister Riqash to Adi, and his marriage to, and death by, al-Zabba (Zenobia).[23] Some fragments of poems are also attributed to him, and he is listed among the pre-Islamic poets by later anthologists.[24] He was succeeded by his nephew Amr ibn Adi, the son of Riqash and Adi.[25]
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Maintenance of the Meccan Kaaba
[edit]Al-Jadara (translation: the Wall-Masons) were a Zahranid family that settled in Mecca.[26][27] They were called "Al-Jadra" because their progenitor, Amer ibn Amr ibn Ja'thama, is said to be the first to reconstruct the walls of the Kaaba after Abraham and Ishmael, earning him the title "Amer the Builder".[28][29]
Alliance with Quraysh & Banu Al Du'al
[edit]Al-Jadara formed an alliance with the Banu Al Du'al in Mecca. This alliance extended to the Quraysh, who were also allies of Banu Al Du'al. A significant marital union occurred when Kilab ibn Murrah of the Quraysh married Fatimah bint Sa’d Al-Jadari, with whom he bore Zuhrah and Qusay.[28][29] Qusay ibn Kilab is best known for being an ancestor of the Islamic prophet Muhammad as well as the third and the fourth Rashidun caliphs, Uthman and Ali, and the later Umayyad, Abbasid, and Fatimid caliphs along with several of the most prominent Hashemite dynasties in the orient.[30]
| Kilab ibn Murrah | Fatimah bint Sa'd | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zuhrah ibn Kilab (progenitor of Banu Zuhrah) maternal great-great-grandfather | Qusai ibn Kilab paternal great-great-great-grandfather | Hubba bint Hulail paternal great-great-great-grandmother | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| `Abd Manaf ibn Zuhrah maternal great-grandfather | `Abd Manaf ibn Qusai paternal great-great-grandfather | Atikah bint Murrah paternal great-great-grandmother | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wahb ibn `Abd Manaf maternal grandfather | Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf (progenitor of Banu Hashim) paternal great-grandfather | Salma bint `Amr paternal great-grandmother | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fatimah bint `Amr paternal grandmother | `Abdul-Muttalib paternal grandfather | Halah bint Wuhayb paternal step-grandmother | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aminah mother | `Abdullah father | Az-Zubayr paternal uncle | Harith paternal half-uncle | Hamza paternal half-uncle | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thuwaybah first nurse | Halimah second nurse | Abu Talib paternal uncle | `Abbas paternal half-uncle | Abu Lahab paternal half-uncle | 6 other sons and 6 daughters | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Muhammad | Khadija first wife | `Abd Allah ibn `Abbas paternal cousin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fatimah daughter | Ali paternal cousin and son-in-law family tree, descendants | Qasim son | `Abd-Allah son | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zainab daughter | Ruqayyah daughter | Uthman second cousin and son-in-law family tree | Umm Kulthum daughter | Zayd adopted son | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ali ibn Zainab grandson | Umamah bint Zainab granddaughter | `Abd-Allah ibn Uthman grandson | Rayhana bint Zayd wife | Usama ibn Zayd adoptive grandson | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Muhsin ibn Ali grandson | Hasan ibn Ali grandson | Husayn ibn Ali grandson family tree | Umm Kulthum bint Ali granddaughter | Zaynab bint Ali granddaughter | Safiyya tenth wife | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Abu Bakr father-in-law family tree | Sawda second wife | Umar father-in-law family tree | Umm Salama sixth wife | Juwayriya eighth wife | Maymuna eleventh wife | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aisha third wife Family tree | Zaynab fifth wife | Hafsa fourth wife | Zaynab seventh wife | Umm Habiba ninth wife | Maria al-Qibtiyya twelfth wife | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ibrahim son | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
- * indicates that the marriage order is disputed
- Note that direct lineage is marked in bold.
Branches
[edit]- Banu Daws comprises three divisions: Banu Manhib, Banu Fahm and Banu Ali.[31][32]
- Banu 'Amr includes four divisions: Banu Bashir, Banu Harir, Banu Jundob, and Banu 'Adwan (Banu 'Adwan occupied Adwan village in Syria and gave the village its name). Which was conquered and sacked by the egyptians Sulyman Agha and his tribe the Kerdasa[33][31][34]
- Banu Aws includes five divisions: Banu Hasan, Bal-Khirmar, Banu Kinanah (not to be confused with Banu Kinanah), Banu 'Amir (not to be confused with Banu 'Amir) and Ahl Baydan.[31]
Zahran in Popular Culture
[edit]- In the American thriller series Designated Survivor, "Ibrahim bin Zahrani" is featured as a Saudi crown prince in a time of political upheaval, caused by president Kirkman's remarks.[citation needed]
- The short drama film "Bakrush" tells part of the story of the Battle of Wadi Quraish, which was led by the knight Bakrush ibn Alas Al-Zahrani, and fought under the banner of the Imam of the first Saudi state.[35]
Zahrani Arabic dialect
[edit]Zahrani Arabic dialect is closely related to standard Arabic language.[2] Ahmed Abdul Ghafur Attar, a Saudi poet and linguist, said in an article that the language of the Hejaz, especially that which is spoken in Belad Ghamdi and Zahran, is close to the Classical Language.[36]
Faisal Ghori (Arabic: فيصل غوري), a famous scholar of Arabic literature, in his book Qabayil Al- Hejaz (Hejazi tribes) wrote: "We can say is that there are some tribes in Arabia whose language today much closer to the classical Arabic language. The tribes of Belad Ghamid and Zahran are a good example of this."[36]
Zahrani tribal governance
[edit]Members of the tribe in Al Baha elected their tribal chief in 2006, the first election of its kind in Saudi Arabia. Mohammad Bin Yahya Al Zahrani won the election.[37][38]
Notable people
[edit]- Abu Hurairah, one of the sahabah (companions) of Muhammad[39][40]
- Ibn Duraid, Abbasid poet[3]
- Fatimah bint Sa’ad, third great grandmother of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad[41]
- Thawabah ibn Salamah, became the first sovereign emir of Córdoba after overthrowing the Ummayad governor of Al-Andalus during the Abbasid Revolution (August, 745 CE)[42]
- Juday al-Kirmani, became the first Abbasid governor of Khorasan after overthrowing the Ummayad governor of Khorasan during the Abbasid revolution (748 CE)[43][40]
- Malik ibn Fehm, pre-Islamic king and founder of Oman and Tanukh[44]
- Āmir Al Jadir (translation: Aamir the wall-mason), is said to be the first to reconstruct the walls of the Kaaba after Abraham and Ishmael and is the father of the clan of Banu Āmir[45]
- Junada ibn Abi Umayya, a Syria-based commander of naval and land forces under the Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I[citation needed]
- Jadhima Al Abrash, king of Tanukh and son of Malik Bin Fehm[44]
- Suleimah ibn Malik, who killed his father, Malik ibn Fehm, then escaped to and ruled Kerman in ancient Persia[44]
- Jamaz ibn Malik, pre-Islamic poet and king[44]
- Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi, Arabian lexicographer and philologist[46]
- Ibn Thamirah, 19th century poet and knight[citation needed]
- Ahmed ibn Sa’eed Al Busaidi, Imam and founder of the Al Busaid Dynasty (House of Al Said)[citation needed]
- Musaddid ibn Msrahid, hadith narrator and imam[47]
- Bakhrush ibn Alas, emir of Zahran and Saudi military commander of the West Arabian Brigade during the Saudi-Ottoman War[48]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "ص225 – كتاب الأنساب للصحاري – مالك بن كعب – المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة". al-maktaba.org. Retrieved 2022-08-02.
- ^ a b Alzahrani, Halimah. "Phonological Description of Zahrani Dialect". p. 2.
- ^ a b c Cuddihy, Kathy (2001). An A to Z of Places and Things Saudi. Stacey International. ISBN 9781900988407.
- ^ "ص259 - كتاب الأنساب للصحاري - خبر انتقال مالك بن فهم الأزدي وخروجه إلى عمان وحربه الفرس وما كان – المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة". al-maktaba.org. Retrieved 2022-07-25.
- ^ a b Caskel, Werner (1966). Ghamharat an-Nasab: Das Genealogische Werk des Hisam Ibn Muhammad al-Kalbi. E.J. Brill. pp. 40–45.
- ^ Al Seiyyabi, Salim. "إسعاف الأعيان في أنساب أهل عمان".
- ^ "معنى إسم زهران في قاموس معاني الأسماء صفحة 1". www.almaany.com. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
- ^ الجزري, ابن الأثير. الباب في تهذيب الأنساب (in Arabic). pp. ج 2، صفحة 82.
- ^ الفيصل (in Arabic). المملكة العربية السعودية، دار الفيصل الثقافية]،. 1986. p. 102.
- ^ "May 1968. – White Rose eTheses Online" (PDF).
- ^ أخبار مكّة، ج 1، ص 381
- ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Cultural Landscape of Bisya & Salut and its Archaeological Remains - Criterion (vi)". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2024-05-24.
- ^ Ibn al-Kalbi, Hisham (1966). Ghamharat an-Nasab: Das Genealogische Werk des Hisam Ibn Muhammad al-Kalbi. E.J. Brill. pp. 40–41.
It is not clear what prompted this and where he obtained it. The Arabs gained great fame from Malik's raids and wars, which is noted in the accounts of his battles with Amr b. Luhay, Zarih, and Zabba (Tab. 766 f., 757 ff. and the above-mentioned places). It is impossible to determine the exact historical core, but the presence of Malik and Amr in the accounts of their wars shows the extent of their influence.
- ^ Mohammad Rihan (30 May 2014). The Politics and Culture of an Umayyad Tribe: Conflict and Factionalism in the Early Islamic Period. I.B.Tauris. p. 43. ISBN 9781780765648.
- ^ Rothstein (1899). Die Dynastie der Lahmiden in al-Hira, ein Versuch zur arabisch-persichen Geschichte zur Zeit der Sasaniden. pp. 40–41.
- ^ Caskel, Werner (1966). Ghamharat an-Nasab: Das Genealogische Werk des Hisam Ibn Muhammad al-Kalbi. E.J. Brill. p. 42.
- ^ Rihan, Mohammad (2014-06-04). The Politics and Culture of an Umayyad Tribe: Conflict and Factionalism in the Early Islamic Period. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-85772-405-2.
- ^ Shahîd, Irfan (1985). Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. p. 377. ISBN 0-88402-116-5.
- ^ Worobec SM (2008). "Treatment of leprosy/Hansen's disease in the early 21st century". Dermatologic Therapy. 22 (6): 518–537. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01274.x. PMID 19889136. S2CID 42203681.
- ^ Shahîd 1985, p. 371, 454.
- ^ Kawar, I. (1965). "Ḏj̲ad̲h̲īma al-Abras̲h̲ or al-Waḍḍāḥ". In Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume II: C–G. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 365. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1907. OCLC 495469475.
- ^ Rothstein 1899, p. 40.
- ^ Kawar 1965, p. 365.
- ^ Shahîd 1985, p. 454.
- ^ Shahîd 1985, p. 36.
- ^ عالم الكتب (in Arabic). Vol. 16. دار ثقيف للنشر والتأليف. 1995. p. 108.
- ^ ʻAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn Maʻīḍ ibn Sadrān; سدران, زهراني، علي بن محمد بن معيض بن (1994). التبيان في تاريخ أنساب رهران (in Arabic). ع. بن. م. بن. م. بن. س. الزهراني،. p. 69 اضافتًا الى الباب الخامس الفصل الأول (انتساب زهران للأزد). ISBN 978-9960-27-742-4.
- ^ a b "إسلام ويب - السيرة النبوية (ابن هشام) - ذكر سرد النسب الزكي - نسب جعثمة- الجزء رقم1". www.islamweb.net (in Arabic). p. 105. Retrieved 2022-01-11.
- ^ a b "الأنساب ج2 - ج - د". islamport.com. أبي سعد عبدالكريم بن محمد بن منصور التميمي. Retrieved 2022-01-11.
- ^ Ibn Hisham. The Life of the Prophet Muhammad. Vol. 1. p. 181.
- ^ a b c Near East/South Asia Report. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1983. p. 17.
- ^ "May 1968. – White Rose eTheses Online" (PDF).
- ^ Rustum, Asad (1940). al-Maḥfūẓāt al-Malakīyah al-Miṣrīyah: bayān bi-wathāi̓q al-Shām wa-mā yusāʻid ʻalá faḥmihā wa-yuwaḍiḥ maqāṣid Muḥammad ʻAlī al-Kabīr (in Arabic). Maṭbaʻat al-Jamiʻah al-Amrīkīyah. p. 252.
- ^ Schumacher, Gottlieb; Oliphant, Laurence; Le Strange, G. (Guy) (1889). Across the Jordan; being an exploration and survey of part of Hauran and Jaulan;. Robarts – University of Toronto. London, Watt.
- ^ "KONOZ Wins Two Golden Palm Awards at Saudi Film Festival". spa.gov.sa (in French). Retrieved 2024-05-27.
- ^ a b Nadwi, Abdullah Abbas (1968). A study of the Arabic dialects of the Ghamid and Zahran region of Saudi Arabia based on original field recording and an examination of the relationship to the neighboring regions (phd). University of Leeds. p. 1.
- ^ "Saudi tribesmen hold first-ever election." Saudi Election Website. October 5, 2006. Archived February 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Dostal, Walter; Kraus, Wolfgang (2005-07-08). Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781850436348.
- ^ "His Name and Genealogy". Al-Islam.org. 29 September 2012. Retrieved 2018-11-12.
- ^ a b Caskel, Werner (1966). Ghamharat an-Nasab: Das Genealogische Werk des Hisam Ibn Muhammad al-Kalbi. E.J. Brill. p. 43.
The poet and bandit Hājiz b. 'Uzaynah, 600, who in one of his poems mentions that the Zahrān and the Azd of pre-Islamic times possessed 'lions' (amīr al-Ghitrif, 24), thus depicting the prominent lineage of the Zahrān. The only clearly identifiable figure is al-Sanfārī from the Hinw (to which he belongs, though some speculate otherwise), while al-Fahdī, the famous philologist who influenced Arabic, Persian, and Turkish metrics, emerged from 213, 32 from Gūdāyil al-Kirmānī, who stood out during the Umayyad dynasty's battles in Khurasan, supporting the Arab Empire's dominance. Under Sulaim, 214, 32, is also Abu Hurairah, 'the cat man,' a well-known companion of the Prophet, and another notable figure from the Zahrān lineage.
- ^ The Life of the Prophet Muhammad (1 ed.). Ibn Hisham. p. 181.
- ^ "فصل: ذكر خلع أبي الخطار أمير الأندلس وإمارة ثوابة|نداء الإيمان". www.al-eman.com. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "ص157 - كتاب جمهرة انساب العرب - جديع الكرماني - الموسوعة الشاملة". islamport.com. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 2022-01-10.
- ^ a b c d "ص225 – كتاب الأنساب للصحاري – مالك بن كعب – المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة". 2020-12-17. Archived from the original on 2020-12-17. Retrieved 2022-07-17.
- ^ عبدالله, عبدالعزيز. معجم رواة الحديث الأماجد من علماء زهران وغامد. p. 36. ISBN 978-9960-34-074-6.
- ^ معجم رواة الحديث الأماجد من علماء زهران وغامد – ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz ibn ʻAbd Allāh Zahrānī – كتب Google. مكتبة نزار مصطفى الباز،. 2021-02-06. ISBN 9789960340746. Retrieved 2022-07-17.
- ^ مغلطاي (2011). إكمال تهذيب الكمال في أسماء (in Arabic) (1 علاء الدين ed.). مغلطاي بن قليج بن عبد الله البكجري المصري الحكري الحنفي.
- ^ "بخروش بن علاس.. قائد معارك الجنوب". جريدة الرياض (in Arabic). Retrieved 2020-10-15.