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This is a list of useful online resources about Phoenicia and related topics; feel free to add more.

Bibliograhy

Front cover from the first issue of Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum

Extant ancient sources

• Eusebius of Caesarea (1903) [4th century AD]. Praeparatio Evangelica [Preparation for the Gospel]. Translated by Gifford, E. H. Archived from the original on 2020-02-12 – via Tertullian.com.
• Lucian, (Lucian of Samosata) (1913) [Second century AD]. Garstang, John (ed.). De dea Syria [On the Syrian goddess]. Translated by Strong, Herbert Augustus. London: London Constable.
• Pseudo Scylax (2019) [350 BC]. "Periplous". Topostext. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
• Silius Italicus, Tiberius Catius; Duff, James Duff (1927). Punica. Vol. 1. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
• Silius Italicus, Tiberius Catius; Duff, James Duff (1927). Punica. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
• Wenamun (2017) [1000 BCE]. "The Report of Wenamun". Ancient History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2020-08-25. Retrieved 2020-08-25.

Archaegology and Archaeological Campaigns

General

• Sader, Hélène (2019-10-31), Doak, Brian R.; López-Ruiz, Carolina (eds.), "The Archaeology of Phoenician Cities", The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean, Oxford University Press, p. 0, ISBN 978-0-19-049934-1, retrieved 2025-01-27

Marat (Amrit)

• Dunand, Maurice; Saliby, Nessib (1985). Le temple d'Amrith dans la pérée d'Aradus (in French). Librairie orientaliste Paul Geuthner. ISBN 9782705303082.

Ruad (Aradus)

• Josette Elayi; M. R. Haykal, eds. (1996). Nouvelles découvertes sur les usages funéraires des Phéniciens d'Arwad. Transeuphratène Supplément. Paris: Gabalda. ISBN 978-2-85021-094-5.

Gebal (Byblos)

• Dunand, Maurice (1937). Fouilles de Byblos: Tome 1er, 1926–1932 (Atlas) [The Byblos excavations, Tome 1, 1926–1932 (Atlas)]. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique (in French). Vol. 24. Paris: Geuthner – via gallica.bnf.fr.
• Dunand, Maurice (1939). Fouilles de Byblos: Tome 1er, 1926-1932. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique (in French). Vol. 24. Paris: Librarie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner.
• Dunand, M. (1950). "Chronologie des Plus Anciennes Installations de Byblos". Revue Biblique (1946-). 57 (4): 583–603. ISSN 0035-0907. JSTOR 44091237.
• Dunand, Maurice (1973). Fouilles de Byblos: L'architecture, les tombes, le matériel domestique des origines néolithiques à l'avènement urbain (in French). Maisonneuve.
• Elayi, Josette (2009). Byblos, cité sacrée (8e-4e s. av. J.-C.). Paris: Gabalda. ISBN 978-2-85021-195-9.
• Lauffray, Jean (2008). Fouilles de Byblos. Tome VI: L'urbanisme et l'architecture: de l'époque proto-urbaine à l'occupation amorite (de l'Énéolithique à l'âge du Bronze II) (in French). Institut Français du Proche-Orient. ISBN 978-2-35159-072-0.
• Montet, Pierre (1928). Byblos et l'Egypte: Quatre Campagnes de Fouilles à Gebeil 1921-1922-1923-1924 (Texte) [Byblos and Egypt: four excavation campaigns in Gebeil 1921-1922-1923-1924 (Text)]. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique (in French). Vol. 11. Paris: Geuthner – via archive.org.
• Montet, Pierre (1929). Byblos et l'Egypte Quatre Campagnes de Fouilles à Gebeil 1921-1922-1923-1924 (Atlas) [Byblos and Egypt: four excavation campaigns in Gebeil 1921-1922-1923-1924 (Atlas)]. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique (in French). Vol. 11. Paris: Geuthner – via archive.org.

Bēʾrūt (Beirut)

• Badre, Leila. “Bey 003 Preliminary Report: Excavations of the American University of Beirut Museum, 1993–1996.” BAAL: Bulletin d’Archéologie et d’Architecture Libanaises 2 (1997): 6–94.
• Josette Elayi; Hala Sayegh, eds. (1998). Les Objets. Un quartier du port phénicien de Beyrouth au Fer III - Perse. Paris: Gabalda.
• Josette Elayi; Hala Sayegh, eds. (2000). Archéologie et histoire. Un quartier du port phénicien de Beyrouth au Fer III - Perse. Paris: Gabalda. ISBN 978-2-85021-125-6.

Kāmid el-Lōz

• Hachmann, Rolf (1983). Frühe Phöniker im Libanon: 20 Jahre deutsche Ausgrabungen in Kāmid el-Lōz (in German). P. von Zabern. ISBN 978-3-8053-0771-0.

SDN (Sidon)

• Contenau, Georges (1920). "Mission archéologique à Sidon (1914)". Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire. 1 (1): 16–55. doi:10.3406/syria.1920.2837. hdl:2027/wu.89096174727.
• Contenau, Georges (1920). "Mission archéologique à Sidon (1914) deuxième partie". Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire. 1 (1): 108–154. doi:10.3406/syria.1920.8092.
• Contenau, Georges (1920). "Mission archéologique à Sidon (1914). Troisième article.La Caverne aux inscriptions". Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire. 1 (1): 198–229. doi:10.3406/syria.1920.8094.
• Contenau, Georges (1923). "Deuxième mission archéologique à Sidon (1920)". Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire. 4 (4): 261–281. doi:10.3406/syria.1923.3007.
• Contenau, Georges (1924). "Deuxième mission archéologique à Sidon II (1920)". Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire. 5 (1): 9–23. doi:10.3406/syria.1924.3094.
• Contenau, Georges (1924). "Deuxième mission archéologique à Sidon III (1920)". Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire. 5 (2): 123–134. doi:10.3406/syria.1924.3037.

Tell el-Burak

• Schmitt, Aaron; Badreshany, Kamal; Tachatou, Evgenia; Sader, Hélène (2018-01-02). "Insights into the economic organization of the Phoenician homeland: a multi-disciplinary investigation of the later Iron Age II and Persian period Phoenician amphorae from Tell el-Burak". Levant. 50 (1): 52–90. doi:10.1080/00758914.2018.1547004. ISSN 0075-8914.

Sarepta

• Anderson, William Paul (1988). Sarepta I: The Late Bronze and Iron Age Strata of Area II, Y : the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania Excavations at Sarafand, Lebanon. Distribution, Département des publications de l'Université libanaise.
• Pritchard, James B. (1975). "Sarepta, a preliminary report of the iron age : excavations of the University museum of the University of Pennsylvania, 1970-72 /". lib.ugent.be. Retrieved 2025-01-26.
• Pritchard, James Bennett (1988). Sarepta IV. The Objects 1rom Area II, X: The University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania Excavations at Sarafand, Lebanon. Université Libanaise.

Temple of Eshmun

• Stucky, Rolf A. (1997). "Le bâtiment aux frises d'enfants du sanctuaire d'Echmoun à Sidon". Topoi. Orient-Occident. 7 (2): 915–927. doi:10.3406/topoi.1997.1754.

ṢR (Tyre)

• Bikai, Patricia Maynor (1978). The Pottery of Tyre. Aris and Phillips. ISBN 978-0-85668-108-0.
• Bikai, Patricia Maynor; Fulco, William J.; Marchand, Jeannie (1996). Tyre: The Shrine of Apollo. National Press (Jordan).

Umm al-Amed

• Dunand, Maurice; Duru, Raymond (1962). Oumm el-'Amed: une ville de l'époque hellénistique aux échelles de Tyr ... (in French). Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient.

Akko & Tell Keisan

• Briend, Jacques; Humbert, Jean-Baptiste (1980). "Tell Keisan (1971-1976): une cité phénicienne en Galilée". Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis. 1. doi:10.5167/uzh-159796.
• Lehmann, Gunnar (2001). "Phoenicians in Western Galilee: First Results of an Archaeological Survey in the Hinterland of Akko". Journal of the Study of the Old Testament. Supplement 331: 65–112.

Carthage

• Moscati, Sabatino; Gemmingen-Roser, Hannelore von (1984). Die Karthager. Völker und Kulturen. Stuttgart & Zürich: Belser. ISBN 978-3-7630-1731-7.
• Parrot, André; Moscati, Sabatino; Chéhab, Maurice H (1997). I Fenici: l'espansione fenicia, Cartagine. Milano: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-88-17-29522-2.

Other Mediterranean dependencies

Sardinia

• Moscati, Sabatino; Bartoloni, Piero (2005). Fenici e cartaginesi in Sardegna. Nuoro: Ilisso. ISBN 978-88-89188-24-8.

Sicily

• Moscati, Sabatino (1998). L' arte della Sicilia punica (nuova ed.). Milano: Jaca Book. ISBN 978-88-16-60230-4.

General and Introduction

• André Lemaire; Josette Elayi, eds. (2014). Phéniciens d'Orient et d'Occident: mélanges Josette Elayi. Cahiers de l'institut du Proche-Orient ancien du Collège de France. Paris: Maisonneuve. ISBN 978-2-7200-1162-7.
• Culican, W. (1992-01-16), "Phoenicia and Phoenician colonization", The Cambridge Ancient History, Cambridge University Press, pp. 461–546, ISBN 978-1-139-05429-4, retrieved 2025-01-27
• Gras, Michel; Rouillard, Pierre; Teixidor, Javier (1989). L'univers phenicien. Paris: Arthaud. ISBN 978-2-7003-0732-0.
• Harden, Donald B. (1962). The Phoenicians. New York. hdl:2027/mdp.39015017487821.
• Herm, Gerhard (1975). The Phoenicians : the Purple Empire of the ancient world. Internet Archive. New York : Futura. ISBN 978-0-7088-1558-8.
• Institut du monde arabe (France) (2007). Fontan, Elisabeth; Le Meaux, Hélène (eds.). La Méditerranée des Phéniciens: de Tyr à Carthage : [Exposition, Institut du monde arabe, 6 novembre 2007-20 avril 2008] (in French). Institut du Monde Arabe. ISBN 978-2-84306-144-8.
• Lipiński, Edward; Baurain, Claude; Alexandropoulos, Jacques, eds. (1992). Dictionnaire de la civilisation phénicienne et punique. Turnhout: Brepols. ISBN 978-2-503-50033-1.
• López-Ruiz, Carolina; Doak, Brian R. (2019). The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-049934-1.
• Markoe, Glenn (2000-01-01). Phoenicians. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22614-2.
• Moscati, Sabatino (1960). Ancient Semitic Civilizations (PDF). Capricorn Books. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-18.
• Moscati, Sabatino (1968). The World of the Phoenicians. London; New York: Weidenfeld and Nicolson ; Praeger. ISBN 978-0-297-17049-5.
• Moscati, Sabatino (1973). The world of the Phoenicians. Internet Archive. London : Cardinal. ISBN 978-0-351-17404-9.
• Moscati, Sabatino (1988). The Phoenicians | I Fenici (First ed.). Mailand: Bompiani. ISBN 978-0-89659-892-8.
• Moscati, Sabatino (1997). I Fenici. Milano: Bompiani. ISBN 978-88-452-3198-8.
• Moscati, Sabatino; Hamilton, Alastair (1999). The world of the Phoenicians. London: Phoenix Giant. ISBN 978-0-7538-0746-0.
• Moscati, Sabatino (2001). Civiltà del mare: i fondamenti della storia mediterranea. La cultura storica (1st ed.). Napoli: Liguori. ISBN 978-88-207-3181-6.
• Moscati, Sabatino (2012). The face of the Ancient Orient: Near Eastern civilization in pre-classical times. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-1-306-35890-3. Retrieved 2020-09-14.
• Rollig, Wolfgang (1983). "On the origin of the Phoenicians" (PDF). Berytus. 31: 79–93. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-11 – via Heidelberg University.
• Sader, Hélène S (2019). The History and Archaeology of Phoenicia. SBL Press. ISBN 978-1-62837-255-7.

History

• Elayi, Josette (2013-06-06). Histoire de la Phénicie (in French). Place des éditeurs. ISBN 978-2-262-04325-4.
• Gilboa, Ayelet (2005). "Sea Peoples and Phoenicians along the Southern Phoenician Coast: A Reconciliation: An Interpretation of Šikila (SKL) Material Culture". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 337 (337): 47–78. doi:10.1086/BASOR25066874. ISSN 0003-097X. JSTOR 25066874.
• Sagona, Claudia (2008). Beyond the Homeland: Markers in Phoenician Chronology. Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-2014-9.

Under Assyria and Persia

• Elayi, Josette (2006). "The Role of the Phoenician Kings at the Battle of Salamis (480 B.C.E.)". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 126 (3): 411–418. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 20064517.
• Elayi, Josette (2017). Sargon II, King of Assyria. Archaeology and biblical studies. Atlanta: SBL Press. ISBN 978-1-62837-177-2.
• Elayi, Josette (2018). Sennacherib, King of Assyria. Archaeology and biblical studies. Atlanta: SBL Press. ISBN 978-1-62837-217-5.
• Moscati, Sabatino (1959). The Semites in ancient history. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-7083-0074-9.
• Lehmann, Gunnar (2021-06-18). "The Emergence of Early Phoenicia". Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology. 1: 272–324. doi:10.52486/01.00001.11. S2CID 236270606.
• Van Lerberghe, Karel; Lipiński, Edward, eds. (1995). Immigration and emigration within the Ancient Near East: Festschrift E. Lipiński. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Leuven: Peeters [u.a.] ISBN 978-90-6831-727-5.

Art, Architecture and Material Culture

General

• Caubet, Annie; Gubel, Éric, eds. (2002). Art phénicien: la sculpture de tradition phénicienne. Catalogue / Département des Antiquités Orientales du Musée du Louvre. Paris: Éd. de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux [u.a.] ISBN 978-90-5349-416-5.
• Ciafaloni, Davide (2015-11-02). "Iconographie et iconologie". In Krings, Veronique (ed.). La civilisation phénicienne et punique: Manuel de recherche (in French). BRILL. pp. 535–549. ISBN 978-90-04-29397-7.
• Feldman, Marian H. (2014-10-30). Communities of Style: Portable Luxury Arts, Identity, and Collective Memory in the Iron Age Levant. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-10561-1.
• Gubel, Eric (1983). "Art in Tyre during the First and Second Iron Age: A Preliminary Survey". In Gubel, Eric; Lipinski, Edward; Servais-Soyez, B. (eds.). Studia Phoenicia. Tome I: Redt Tyrus / Sauvons Tyr. - Tome II: Histoire phénicienne / Fenicische Geschiedenis (in French). Leuven: Peeters Publishers & Booksellers. ISBN 978-90-70192-13-6.
• Markoe, Glenn E. (1990). "The Emergence of Phoenician Art". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (279): 13–26. doi:10.2307/1357205. ISSN 0003-097X. JSTOR 1357205.
• Moscati, Sabatino, ed. (1990). L' arte dei Fenici (1st ed.). Milano: Fabbri. ISBN 978-88-450-3614-9.
• Nunn, Astrid (2000). Der figürliche Motivschatz Phöniziens, Syriens und Transjordaniens vom 6. bis zum 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr (in German). Saint-Paul. ISBN 978-3-7278-1281-1. (on Persian period figurative art)
• Parrot, André (1985). Les Phéniciens: l'expansion phénicienne, Carthage (in French). Gallimard. ISBN 978-2-03-509602-9.

Architecture

Column capital representing a female deity, Cyprus

• Braemer, Frank (1982). L'architecture domestique du Levant à l'Age du fer (in French). Editions Recherche sur les civilisations. ISBN 978-2-86538-035-0.
• Cecchini, S. M. (1994-01-01), "ARCHITECTURE MILITAIRE, CIVILE ET DOMESTIQUE PARTIM ORIENT", La civilisation phénicienne et punique (in French), Brill, pp. 389–396, ISBN 978-90-04-29397-7, retrieved 2025-01-27
• Helas, Sophie (2009-01-01). "Selinunt. Die punischen Häuser". Sophie Helas und Dirce Marzoli (Herausgeber), Phönizisches und punisches Städtewesen, Akten der internationalen Tagung in Rom.
• Rouillard, Pierre, Éric Gailledrat, and Hedi Dridi. “Entre Phéniciens et Ibéres: Le cas de La Fonteta/Rábita à Guardamar del Segura, Alicante.” In Phönizisches und punisches Städtewesen: Akten der internationalen Tagung in Rom vom 21. bis 23. Februar 2007. Edited by Sophie Helas and Dirce Marzoli, 485–497. Mainz am Rhein, Germany: Zabern, 2009.
• Stern, Ephraim. “The Phoenician Architectural Elements in Palestine during the Late Iron Age and the Persian Period.” In The Architecture of Ancient Israel: From the Prehistoric to the Persian Periods. Edited by A. Kempinski and R. Reich, 302–309. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1992.
• Yon, M. (1994-01-01), "L' ARCHÉOLOGIE MONUMENTALE PARTIM ORIENT", La civilisation phénicienne et punique (in French), Brill, pp. 119–131, ISBN 978-90-04-29397-7, retrieved 2025-01-27

Ivory, Bone and Shells

Phoencian ivory, Nimrud, Iraq.

• Cecchini, Serena Maria; Mazzoni, Stefania; Scigliuzzo, Elena, eds. (2009). he Early First Millennium BCE: Chronology, Regional Styles and Iconographic Repertories, Patterns of Inter-regional Distribution Acts of the International Workshop (PDF). Acts of the International Workshop: Pisa, December 9th-11th 2004, Aula Magna Storica, Palazzo La Sapienza, Università degli studi di Pisa. Ricerche di archeologia del Vicino Oriente, 3. ISBN 9788846724939.
• Fontan, Elisabeth; Affanni, Giorgio (2018). Les ivoires d'Arslan Tash: décor de mobilier syrien (IXe-VIIIe siècles avant J.-C.) (in French). Éditions Picard. ISBN 978-2-7084-1040-4.
• Gubel, Eric (1987). Phoenician Furniture. A Typology Based Iron Age Representations with Reference to the Iconographical Context. [Mit Abb.]. Peeters.
• Mallowan, Max Edgar Lucien; Herrmann, Georgina (1974). Ivories from Nimrud (1949-1963). British School of Archaeology in Iraq. ISBN 978-0-903472-02-9.
• Mertzenfeld, Christiane Decamps de (1954). Inventaire Commenté Des Ivoires Phéniciens Et Apparentés Découverts Dans Le Proche-Orient (in French). E. de Boccard.
• Stucky, Rolf A. (1974). The Engraved Tridacna Shells. Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de São Paulo.
• Winter, Irene J. (1976). "Phoenician and North Syrian Ivory Carving in Historical Context: Questions of Style and Distribution". IRAQ. 38 (1): 1–22. doi:10.2307/4200021. ISSN 0021-0889.

Funerary art

• Sader, Hélène (2005). Iron Age funerary stelae from Lebanon. Cuadernos de Arqueología Mediterránea. Barcelona: Edicions Bellaterra. ISBN 978-84-7290-276-3.

Jewelry and Metalwork

Bowl with Egyptian motifs. Phoenician, ca. 9th-8th c. BCE. Bronze

• Barnett, Richard D.; Mendleson, Carole (1987). Tharros, a Catalogue of Material in the British Museum from Phoenician and Other Tombs at Tharros, Sardinia. Trustees of the British Museum.
• Culican, William. “Phoenician Jewellery in New York and Copenhagen.” Berytus 22 (1973): 31–47.
• Gubel, Eric (1992). "Orfèvrerie". In Edward Lipiński; Claude Baurain; Jacques Alexandropoulos (eds.). Dictionnaire de la civilisation phénicienne et punique. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 332–334. ISBN 978-2-503-50033-1.
• Pisano, Giovanna Quattrocchi (1974). I gioielli fenici di Tharros nel Museo nazionale di Cagliari (in Italian). Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche.
• Pisanu, Giuseppe (2015-11-02). "L'art: Orfèvrerie". In Krings, Veronique (ed.). La civilisation phénicienne et punique: Manuel de recherche (in French). BRILL. pp. 494–500. ISBN 978-90-04-29397-7.

Masks

Grinning mask, Cagliari

• Culican, W. (1975), "Some Phoenician masks and other terracottas", Berytus. Archaeological studies, 24.1975-76, pp. 47–87, Abb, retrieved 2025-01-27
• Orsingher, Adriano (2018). "Ritualized faces: the masks of the Phoenicians". In Berlejung, Angelika; Filitz, Judith E. (eds.). The Physicality of the Other. Masks as a Means of Encounter. Orientalische Religionen in der Antike. Tübingen. pp. 265–305.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Numismatics, sigillography and metrology

Silver Shekel of Tyre

• Contenau, Georges (1940). "Les Cylindres-Sceaux orientaux". Journal des Savants. 2 (1): 65–77.
• Elayi, Josette; Elayi, A. G (1989). La monnaie à travers les âges. Paris: Idéaphane. ISBN 978-2-906838-02-4.
• Elayi, Josette; Elayi, A. G. (1993). Trésors de monnaies phéniciennes et circulation monétaire: Ve - IVe siècles avant J.-C. Supplément ... à Transeuphratène. Paris: Gabalda. ISBN 978-2-85021-060-0.
• Elayi, Josette; Elayi, Alain G. (1997). Recherches sur les poids phéniciens. Supplément à Transeuphratène. Paris: Gabalda. ISBN 978-2-85021-102-7.
• Elayi, Josette; Elayi, Alain G (2004). Le monnayage de la cité phénicienne de Sidon à l'époque perse: Ve - IVe s. av. J.-C.. t. 2. t. 2. Peeters Publishers & Booksellers. ISBN 978-2-85021-158-4.
• Elayi, Josette; Elayi, Alain G. (2009). The coinage of the Phoenician city of Tyre in the Persian period (5th - 4th cent. BCE). Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Leuven: Peeters [u.a.] ISBN 978-90-429-2202-0.
• Elayi, Josette; Elayi, Alain G. (2014). Phoenician coinages. Transeuphratène Supplément. Paris: Gabalda. ISBN 978-2-85021-229-1.
• Elayi, Josette (2018). The history of Phoenicia. Atlanta: Lockwood Press. ISBN 978-1-937040-81-9.

Pottery

Cinerary urn with Phoenician incised inscription BT LB' (House of LB') from Rashidieh (Tyre, Lebanon)

• Bettles, Elizabeth A. (2003). Phoenician amphora production and distribution in the southern Levant: a multi-disciplinary investigation into carinated-shoulder amphorae of the Persian period (539 - 332 BC). BAR International Series. Oxford: Archaeopress. ISBN 978-1-84171-550-6.

• Bikai, Patricia M. (1978). "The Late Phoenician Pottery Complex and Chronology". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 229 (229): 47–56. doi:10.2307/1356486. ISSN 0003-097X. JSTOR 1356486.
• Bikai, Patricia Maynor (1978). The Pottery of Tyre. Aris and Phillips. ISBN 978-0-85668-108-0.
• Bikai, Patricia Maynor (1987). The Phoenician Pottery of Cyprus. A.G. Leventis Foundation with the assistance of the J. Paul Getty Trust. ISBN 978-9963-560-05-9.
• Ciasca, Antonia (1994). "La céramologie". In Edward Lipiński; Claude Baurain; Jacques Alexandropoulos (eds.). Dictionnaire de la civilisation phénicienne et punique. Turnhout: Brepols. ISBN 978-2-503-50033-1.
• Lehmann, Gunnar (1996). "Untersuchungen zur späten Eisenzeit in Syrien und Libanon: Stratigraphie und Keramikformen zwischen ca. 720 bis 300 v.Chr". Altertumskunde des Vorderen Orients. Münster. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. Retrieved 2025-01-27.

Religion and funerary practices

Detail of the Ahiram sarcophagus showing a group of four women in mourning

• Aubet, María Eugenia; Abillamaa, R. (2004). The Phoenician Cemetery of Tyre-Al Bass: Excavations, 1997-1999. Ministère de la Culture, Direction Générale des Antiquités.
• Aubet, Maria Eugenia (2006). "Burial, symbols and mortuary practices in a Phoenician tomb". In Herring, Edward; Lemos, Irene S.; Lo Schiavo, Fulvia; Vagnetti, Lucia; Whitehouse, Ruth; Wilkins, John (eds.). Across Frontiers: Etruscans, Greeks, Phoenicians & Cypriots: Studies in Honour of David Ridgway and Francesca Romana Serra Ridgway. Accordia Research Insititute, University of London. pp. 37–47. ISBN 978-1-873415-29-0.
• Aubet, Maria Eugenia (2014). "The phoenician cemetery of Tyre-Al Bass II. Archaeological seasons 2002-2005 Volume 1 | WorldCat.org". BAAL Bulletin d'Archéologie et d'Architecture Libanaises (in French). Hors série 9. Beirut: Ministère de la Culture, Direction Générale des Antiquités. Retrieved 2025-01-27.
• Brody, Aaron J. (2018-06-13). "Each Man Cried Out to His God": The Specialized Religion of Canaanite and Phoenician Seafarers. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-36919-1.
• Cusí, E. Díes (1994-01-01), "ARCHITECTURE FUNÉRAIRE", La civilisation phénicienne et punique, BRILL, pp. 411–425, doi:10.1163/9789004293977_034, ISBN 978-90-04-29397-7, retrieved 2025-01-27
• Dayagi-Mendels, Michal (2002). Hurowitz, Ann Roshwalb (ed.). The Akhziv Cemeteries: the Ben-Dor Excavations, 1941–1944. Vol. 15. Antiquities Authority. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1fzhdn4. JSTOR j.ctt1fzhdn4.
• Frede, Simone (2000). Die phönizischen anthropoiden Sarkophage (in German). P. von Zabern. ISBN 978-3-8053-2938-5. (Anthropoid sacrophagi)

• Garbati, Giuseppe (2022-12-31), "Death at the Centre of Life: Some Notes on Gods and the Dead, Temples and Tombs in the Phoenician Context", Naming and Mapping the Gods in the Ancient Mediterranean, De Gruyter, pp. 431–456, doi:10.1515/9783110798432-023, ISBN 978-3-11-079843-2, retrieved 2024-11-19
• Lembke, Katja (2001). Phönizische anthropoide Sarkophage (in German). P. von Zabern. ISBN 978-3-8053-2662-9. (Anthropoid sacrophagi)
• Lipiński, Edward (1995). Dieux et déesses de l'univers phénicien et punique. Studia Phoenicia. Leuven: Peeters [u.a.] ISBN 978-90-6831-690-2.
• Lipiński, Edward (2009). Resheph: a Syro-Canaanite deity. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Leuven: Peeters [u.a.] ISBN 978-90-429-2107-8.
• Mazar, Eilat (2001). "The Phoenicians in Achziv, the southern cemetery : Jerome L. Joss expedition final report of the excavations 1988-1990 /". lib.ugent.be. Retrieved 2025-01-27.
• Mazar, Eilat (2004). The Phoenician family tomb n. 1 at the northern cemetery of Achziv (10th-6th centuries BCE): Sam Turner Expedition, final report of the excavations. Barcelona: Edicions Bellaterra. ISBN 978-84-7290-266-4. OL 21237116M.
• Moscati, Sabatino (1991). Gli adoratori di Moloch: indagine su un celebre rito cartaginese. Arte, storia, archeologia (1st ed.). Milano: Jaca Book. ISBN 978-88-16-66004-5.
• Teixidor, Javier (1977). The Pagan God. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-7139-1.
• Teixidor, Javier (1979). The Pantheon of Palmyra: With 1 frontispiece, 1 map and 35 pl. (Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'empire romain. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-05987-0.

Geography

• Lipiński, Edward (2004). Itineraria Phoenicia. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Leuven: Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-1344-8.

Linguistics, epigraphy and paleography

Son of Safatba'al inscription

• Académie des inscriptions & belles -lettres (France ) Commission du Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum, Jean-Baptiste Chabot (1905). Répertoire d'épigraphie sémitique (in French). University of Michigan. Imprimerie nationale.
• Aistletitner, J. (1954). "Ein opfertext aus Ugarit (1929 N o 2)" [A sacrificial text from Ugarit]. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae (in German). 4 (1/3): 259–270. ISSN 0001-6446. JSTOR 23682605.
• Bruston, Ch. (1921). "Les plus vielles inscriptions Cananéennes" [The oldest Canaanite inscriptions]. Revue Archéologique (in French). 14: 49–80. ISSN 0035-0737. JSTOR 23908291.
• Dunand, Maurice (1945). Byblia grammata: documents et recherches sur le développement de l'écriture en Phénicie (in French). na.
• George Albert Cooke (1903). A Text-book of North-Semitic Inscriptions: Moabite, Hebrew, Phoenician, Aramaic, Nabataean ... The Clarendon Press.
• Lipiński, Edward (2015). Peuples de la mer, Phéniciens, Puniques: études d'épigraphie et d'histoire méditerranéenne. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Leuven: Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-3161-9.
• Moscati, Sabatino (2011). An introduction to the comparative grammar of the Semitic languages: phonology and morphology. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-00689-7.

Punic wars

• Moscati, Sabatino (1994). Introduzione alle guerre puniche: origine e sviluppo dell'impero di Cartagine. Storia. Torino: Soc. Ed. Internaz. ISBN 978-88-05-05412-1.
• Moscati, Sabatino; Fantar, Mohamed Hassine (1996). L'Empire de Carthage. Paris: Mediterranee. ISBN 978-2-84272-006-3.

By Period

Persian era

• Elayi, J. (1989). Sidon: cité autonome de l ́Empire perse. Paris: Éd. Idéaphane. ISBN 978-2-906838-03-1.

Hellenistic Phoenicia

• Nitschke, Jessica (2015). "What is Phoenician about Phoenician material culture in the Hellenistic period ?". Topoi. Orient-Occident. 13 (1): 207–238.

Early, open source

Ernest Renan - Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum

Renan, Ernest (1864). Mission de Phénicie. TEXTE / dirigée par M. Ernest Renan [Mission of Phoenicia directed by Ernest Renan: Text] (in French). Paris: Imprimerie impériale. Archived from the original on 2021-10-06. Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 1, Tomus 1 (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France). Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 1, Tomus 1, (Tabulae) (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France). Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 1, Tomus 2 (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France). Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 1, Tomus 2, (Tabulae) (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France). Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum 2atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 1, Tomus 2, (Tabulae) (in Latin). Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France). Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 1, Tomus 2, Fasc 3 (Tabulae) (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France). Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 1, Tomus 2, Fasc 2 (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France). Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 1, Tomus 2, Fasc. 4 (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France). Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 1, Tomus 2, Fasc 4 (Tabulae) (in Latin). Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France). Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 2, Tomus 1 (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France). Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 2, Tomus 1, (Tabulae) (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France). Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 2, Tomus 2 (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France). Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atque digestum. Atlas - Pars 1, Tomus 2, Fasc 3 (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 4, Tomus 1 (in Latin). Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France). Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 4, Tomus 1, (Tabulae) (in Latin). Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France). Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 4, Tomus 2, Fasc 1, (Tabulae) (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France). Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 4, Tomus 2, Fasc 2, (Tabulae) (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France). Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 4, Tomus 2, Fasc 3&4, (Tabulae) (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France). Renan, Ernest (1881). Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum ab Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humanorium conditum atgue digestum. Atlas - Pars 4, Tomus 3, Fasc 2, (Tabulae) (in Latin). Paris: Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France).

• On monuments: Conder, C. R. (Claude Reignier); Kitchener, Horatio Herbert Kitchener; Palmer, Edward Henry; Besant, Walter (1881–1883). The survey of western Palestine : memoirs of the topography, orography, hydrography, and archaeology. Robarts - University of Toronto. London : Committee of the Palestine exploration fund.

• 
  Perrot, Georges; Chipiez, Charles (1885). History of Art in Phoenicia and Its Dependencies. Vol. 1. London: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 978-3-337-86626-6.
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  Johnston, Thomas Crawford (1892). Did the Phoenicians discover America. Geographical Society of California special bulletin. San Francisco: Geographical Society of California.
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  Gardner, Percy (1918). A History of Ancient Coinage, 700-300 B.C. Clarendon Press.
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  Ashmore, William (1896). The first text book in comparative religion. Philadelphia, American Baptist publication society.

Other Resources

Journals, Conference Reports, Series and Others

• Atti del Congresso Internazionale di Studi Fenici e Punici (Since 1983)
• "Rivista di Studi Fenici (Since 1973)". open.rstfen.cnr.it. Retrieved 2025-01-26.
• "Collezione di Studi Fenici". Rivista di Studi Fenici. Retrieved 2025-01-26.
• "Folia Phoenicia". www.libraweb.net. Retrieved 2025-01-26.
• UMR 7192 "Near East - Caucasus: languages, archaeology, cultures" is a French CNRS mixed research unit specializing in ancient Near Eastern languages, archeology, and cultures.
• Official UMR 7192 website
• "Al-Mashriq (Børre Ludvigsen Digital Archive)". American University of Beirut. Retrieved 2025-01-27.
• "Archaeology and History in Lebanon". www.ahlebanon.com. Archived from the original on 2021-01-15. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
• "American University of Beirut - Digital Documentation Center (Børre Ludvigsen Digital Archive)". American University of Beirut. Retrieved 2025-01-27.

Websites

• "Dizionario Enciclopedico Della Civiltà Fenicia - An Encyclopedia Of The Phoenician Civilization". www.decf-cnr.org. Retrieved 2025-01-26.
• International Confederation “The Phoenicians’ Route”. "La Rotta dei Fenici" [The route of the Phoenicians]. La Rotta Dei Feinici. Retrieved 2020-11-25.