White gaze
The white gaze is the assumption that the default reader or observer is coming from a perspective of someone who identifies themselves as white, or that people of color sometimes feel need to take into account the white reader or observer's reaction.[1] Various authors of color describe it as a voice in their heads that reminds them that their writing, characters, and plot choices are going to be judged by white readers, and that the reader or viewer, by default, is white.[1][2][3][4]
Description
[edit]Toni Morrison wrote and spoke influentially about rejecting the white gaze.[5] In an analysis of whiteness in American literature, Morrison said, "What happens to the writerly imagination of a black author who is at some level always conscious of representing one's race to, or in spite of, a race of readers that understands itself to be 'universal' or race-free?"[1] In the documentary Toni Morrison: The Pieces I Am, she calls it “The little white man that sits on your shoulder and checks out everything you do or say. You sort of knock him off and you’re free."[2]
Penguin Blacktop children's writer L. J. Alonge described it in terms of writing "a scene about two kids trying to dine-and-dash, something I'd done, and stop to wonder if I was playing into narratives about 'black criminality.' I'd try to write a scene about a kid getting into a fight, something else I'd done, and feel like I was fuelling ideas about 'black-on-black violence.'"[1]
Representations
[edit]The Pulitzer prize-winning play Fairview, by Jackie Sibblies Drury, focuses on the white gaze; the play's title is a play on the phrase.[6] Hannah Miao, reviewing it, describes the White gaze as "being watched from a lens of otherness that is sometimes violently obvious, and sometimes so subtle that you find yourself wondering whether you made it up entirely. It is fetishization and repulsion, appropriation and persecution, misrepresentation and erasure, all at once."[7][8]
A 2018 exhibit at California Institute of Integral Studies called White Gaze investigated "the role of photography, and specifically the images of National Geographic, in reinforcing racist hierarchies in the cultural imaginary of the West".[9]
In the USA vs. in Africa
[edit]Dana Williams, president of the Toni Morrison Society, noted that the concept was a Western construct, and that in the mid-20th century African writers wrote stories on their own terms.[2] In the US at the same time, according to Williams, black writers writing about black subjects "were always thinking about it in the context of race and white people reading".[2]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d "Writing Past The White Gaze As A Black Author". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
- ^ a b c d "Go beyond Toni Morrison with these 7 books that stare down the white gaze". PBS NewsHour. 2019-07-12. Retrieved 2020-09-14.
- ^ Demirtürk, E. Lâle (2009-12-01). "Black Bodies, White Gazes: The Continuing Significance of Race". MELUS. 34 (4): 221–222. doi:10.1353/mel.0.0061. ISSN 0163-755X. S2CID 162349036.
- ^ Wallowitz, Laraine (2008). "Chapter 9: Resisting the White Gaze: Critical Literacy and Toni Morrison's "The Bluest Eye"". Counterpoints. 326: 151–164. ISSN 1058-1634. JSTOR 42980110.
- ^ "Morrison speaks on evil, language and 'the white gaze'". Cornell Chronicle. Retrieved 2020-09-14.
- ^ Holdren, Sara (2018-06-17). "Reviewing Fairview, a Play That Almost Demands That I Not Do So". Vulture. Retrieved 2020-09-14.
- ^ Miao, Hanna (17 October 2019). "'Fairview' and tackling the white gaze". The Chronicle. Retrieved 2020-09-14.
- ^ "Fairview review – a daring challenge to the white gaze". the Guardian. 2019-12-05. Retrieved 2020-09-14.
- ^ "WHITE GAZE: Michelle Dizon". www.ciis.edu. Retrieved 2020-09-14.
Further reading
[edit]- Ilmi, Ahmed (2011). "The White Gaze vs. the Black Soul". Race, Gender & Class. 18 (3/4): 217–229. ISSN 1082-8354.