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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your messages on discussion pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically insert your username and the date. If you need help, check out Wikipedia:Questions, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question on this page and then place {{helpme}} before the question. Again, welcome! —C.Fred (talk) 22:09, 27 March 2009 (UTC)[reply]
Hi! Yeah, after seeing more of the site I decided to post it. English external links are preferred, but in some cases non-English external links work as well. WhisperToMe (talk) 16:58, 10 June 2009 (UTC)[reply]
Interactions between tocopherols, tocotrienols and carotenoids during autoxidation of mixed palm olein and fish oil.... nutritionally interesting mixtures of palm oil and fish oils can be stabilized satisfactorily, thereby allowing simple distribution of fish oils. The more refined yellow palm olein stabilized fish oil better than did red palm. Fish oil may interfere with absorption of vit E.
With respect to above in AF447 section of my talk page, the following may help understand the extent of problems and opportunities to learn from Wikipedias in other languages; Language barrier can be overcome.Topic title listed in Language barrier :
Same Topic in Different Language Wikipedia- Divergence & Similarities in Study of any Subject ..include also opportunities to learn and cross feed.
Different language Wikipedia pages for the same topic for e.g. the English page AF447 and the French page [1] and respective talk pages are likely to have divergence and similarities in evolution of study of any subject at hand; ability to cross contribute the content save Language barrier needs further study by active contributors of their respective language pages. ...Language is no barrier. Auto-translation programs can be used e.g. Bing Translator as possibly preferred for a such study for Side by Side feature of ability to view two languages, the original and machine translation to understand the gist; auto-translation is no substitute for a professional human translator.
Any page in any Wikipedia should have a machine auto-translation feature to help understand atleast the gist of the article; existing links on all pages in languages are for the the original pages in those respective languages. Importance of translation of all the articles that Wikipedia has in different languages is emphasised; machine auto-translation feature on any page and talk pages in any langnguage Wikipedia would suffice and for intensive study human translators available in Wikipedias would help. Meta.Wikipedia Translation Requests. Machine auto-translation is no substitute for human translation; meaning and context are often inaccurate or lost in the former.Patelurology2 (talk) 18:27, 8 July 2009 (UTC)[reply]
TRANSLATION TEMPLATE PROGRAM FOR ANY PAGE ANY LANGUAGE--possibilties
As a member of the Aviation WikiProject or one of its subprojects, you may be interested in testing your skills in the Aviation Contest! I created this contest, not to pit editor against editor, but to promote article improvement and project participation and camraderie. Hopefully you will agree with its usefulness. Sign up here, read up on the rules here, and discuss the contest here. The first round of the contest may not start until September 1st-unless a large number of editors signup and are ready to compete immediately! Since this contest is just beginning, please give feedback here, or let me know what you think on my talkpage. - TrevorMacInniscontribs03:41, 23 August 2009 (UTC)[reply]
Current divisions: Halar, Gohilwad, Sorath, Zalawad colours in link above might be approximate and any revision thoughts encouraged.
Current colors at Girls' school also to be described if different. Likewise Prefectorial colours and stripe system if changed needs to described; past blue Prefectorial badge system for the Principal's house ceased circa 1963-64; prefectorial badges were bright red with golden stripes.
Past Divisions Mac and Mayne: the badge colours were different in different houses with
MAC: Senior bright red, Junior darker red, Prep dark blue
Mayne: Senior yellow , Junior green, Prep light blue
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|Image = University-Hospital-Cleveland.JPG
|Caption = Front view of Lerner Tower
|Logo =
|Location =
|Region = Cleveland
|State = Ohio
|Country = United States
|HealthCare = Private
|Type = Academic
|Speciality = Multispecialty
|Affiliation= Case Western Reserve University
|Beds = 1032[3]
|Founded = 1866
|CEO = Thomas F. Zenty, III
|Employees = 25,000
|Closed =
|Website = http://www.uhhospitals.org/ University Hospitals Case Medical Center
|Wiki-Links = List of hospitals in the United States|}}--->
<shushrushahospital@yahoo.com>
mailto:shushrushahospital@yahoo.com
Email links
Are a good way of getting feedback from your site.
To add a email link just add a 'mailto:' to the <a href></a> tag, like so
<a href="mailto:you@youraddress.com">Email me</a>
Which looks like this: Email me (Note email address is a made up one)
The writer, Hanif Haji Majid Salat was born on 24th January 1953 in Saurashtra ... and very strict atmosphere of a public school, Rajkumar College of Rajkot. ...
www.explore-quran.com/intro_hanif salat.htm
http://www.explore-quran.com/intro_hanif%20salat.htm*
Shushrusha Citizens' Co-operative Hospitalis located in Shivaji Park, Mumbai. Shushrusha stands tall to be the first in Asia for Hospital Co-operative initiative; Doctors' Co-operatives are long standing. The contribution of Mission, Voluntary, Government and Private Hospitals, is well recognised.
The term Shushrusha (lit. "desire to hear") covers a range of meanings from:
The devotee's homage to god, or the obsequious service of a being.
Attentive in an ingratiating or servile manner.
Characterized by or showing servile complaisance or deference.
Servilely compliant or deferential: obsequious in service.
Shushrusha was founded in 1966 by the late Dr. V.S. Ranadive with the objective of providing excellent healthcare facilities at an affordable price. The late Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi inaugurated the hospital in 1969. From a humble beginning, the hospital grew into a full-fledged Medical Institute.
In 1971, shortly after, Dr Ranadive passed away, hospital entered a phase of slackening of patient flow; Dr Nandu S Laud, MS (Ortho), the current Chairman, gradually rejuvenated; fund raising and expansion of member base was exemplary. Since then, the hospital had not looked back.
The vision statement of this hospital is eloquently resonating in the following Sanskrit shloka:
Health care today is beyond the reach of citizenry, especially lower income group. Family income of 10% is spent on emergency health care and old age problems. The emergency and specialty care is well beyond the reach of an average citizen. The awareness to create financial capability is shockingly lacking.
Shushrusha Citizens’ Co-operative Hospital is a unique experiment offering total health care, including super-specialty care at affordable cost based on the principle of health care as a right without exploitation with self participation; health care governed by
four A's fulfilling the objective of the National Human Rights Commission Recommendation is principleCentral.
.......... Accessible, Available on Demand, Affordable and Accountable.
The members of the Co-operative society, run the hospital for the people. Management involves participation of competent medical administrative experts and emplyees. This is the essence of co-operative movement in its true sense in providing medical care.
The hospital has grown progressively form 80 bed to 130 with an ICU with 17 beds and modern state-of-the-art technology throughout the facility.
Latest diagnostic facilities such as imaging equipments e.g. Ultrasound with Doppler, Ventilators for critical care, Operating Microscopes, Dialysis Unit, Blood Gas Analysers, Cardiac Monitoring equipments, EEG/EMG and ancillary aids complement the facility.
Specialized operations for spinal injuries and brain tumours, lungs, intestine, breast, speciality surgical treatment for Cancer, Trauma, Sport injuries, Joint replacement, Micro-surgeries of limb Reimplants and Reconstruction, are all available at reasonable cost. Coronary Angiography, Interventional Cardiology and Cardiac surgery amongst other facilities are on the horizon.
The hospital provides the community service by conducting free camps in the field of Ophthalmology, Cardiology, Skin, Paediatric, Cancer Detection etc. and specialised camp for the deaf, mute and the mentally challenged.
The hospital caters to the health and medical care of all citizens. Care is concessional for members upto 50% in all the services, free medical check-up for senior citizens, subsidy is also available to spouse and children upto two and members enjoy fixed rates for operations of all specialities.
Encouraged by this successful experiment at Shivaji Park, Dadar, Mumbai, the Management has decided to extend this experiment to one of the busy suburbs of Mumbai, Vikhroli, with replication of the model.
Medical tourism is being investigated. Shushrusha Citizens’ Co-operative Hospital is registered with all existing TPAs and Insurance Companies. ISO Certification is in the works. The hospital proposes to attract people from abroad, who would find it much less expensive to have the medical care, combined with tourism, and return fully cured healthy as true Ambassadors. Shushrusha prpoposes to extend in-patient and domiciliary cover and treatment to elderly parents of Indians diaspora abroad.
The unique aspect of this hospital is that this is the only hospital in Mumbai, and probably the first in India, which falls under the cooperative sector.[4] This experiment was necessitated by the fact that private medical facilities charge exorbitantly for services rendered and the public hospitals lack hygiene and they are badly managed. In such a situation, this hospital envisages providing “The Third Force” – institutions where the health of the patient is more important than financial resources.
To avail of the services of this hospital, citizens have to first become members of the cooperative society which runs this hospital. Membership is open to citizens of Greater Mumbai and Thane Districts. A person who is legally competent to contract can become a member by paying a non-refundable amount of Rs 1000 towards the Shareholders’ fund (one time) plus an entrance fee of Rs 5. No dividend or bonus is payable on the amount paid. This membership is transferable to another person, voluntarily, after a period of two years or, automatically and irrespective of minimum holding period, to an heir/nominee of the member upon the death of member.
The cooperative society is governed by a Board of Directors comprising of 25 members elected by the members of the society every 5 years. Even an institution, firm, or body may become a member (as an institutional member) of this hospital by paying Rs 200,000.
1. Operation Theatre Complex - With Laminar Air Flow System; three Operation Theaters.
2. Intensive Care Unit - Equipped with 16 Philips Monitors, 13 Ventilators, 21 Pulse-Oximeters, 2 Defibrillators, 1 Bi- pap, and 12 Syringe Pumps. 17 Beds.
E.C.G. / Cardio Pulmonary Function Laboratory / Stress Test
3. Neonatal Intensive Care Unit - With Ventilators, Warmer & Photo Therapy Units
4. Artificial Kidney Dialysis - With 6 dialysis machines
5. Emergency Medical Service Department - With Transport Ventilators Defibrillators & other Life Support Systems
6. Out Patient Department - With 15 well equipped consulting rooms for various disciplines
7. Blood Bank - 24 hours open. Blood Component Therapy also available.
8. Optometry Department
9. Audiometry & Speech Therapy
10. Physiotherapy Department - With al electrical and exercise modality
11. Diet Department - With 2 full time dieticians.
12. Pathology - 24 hours Open
13. Radiology Department - Digital X- Ray Machine, Multislice CT Scan, Ultra Sonography
14. Neurology - EEG/ EMG/ ENG
15. Pediatric Ward
16. General Ward
17. Deluxe Ward - A/C & Non A/C categories, Three-in-One, Two-in-One & Single Rooms.
- All rooms equipped with Intercom, Telephone, Color TV, and attached Toilet, Round-the-clock hot water.
18. Online computerization
19. Patient friendly services
Additional Services for the Community:
Shushrusha Hospital regularly conducts workshops, day care centres and camps for the public, such as eye camps, disaster management workships, camps for diabetics, etc.
Traditionally, regular camps under Community Services to render medical aid to the poor and needy patients are held. Following Camps were organized and have received overwhelming response from the citizens.
Community Welfare Camps held in various fields with free care.
Cataract Detection and surgery Camp.
Diabetic Camp.
Healthy Baby Competition.
Day Care Centre for senior citizens at Damnodar hall, Parel.
Disaster Management at Kirti College.
Cuts and Burns in the Kitchen at Kohinoor College of Catering.
Dr. V. S. Ranadive Memorial Eye, Skin and Paediatric Check-up Camp at Hopital.
Smile Train Project, in association with New York Chapter. Cleft Lip, Cleft Palate and related deformities conducted free of cost to all the patients admitted. During the year 161 operations free of cost in all respects have been performed. Patient’s relatives coming from tribal areas have also been served free food during their stay at the hospital. Opinion of the hospital is a jewel in the crown. The outlook of the children was transformed; Institution will be remembered forever.[5]
Blood Donation Camps are conducted to meet demand. Shushrusha Blood Bank Registry, a voluntary donor endeavor is being developed as per new FDA rules. This registration would help the family to procure blood at a short notice, as a right, without hassles. It would also help the community by affording blood and blood substitutes during disaster and natural calamities.
Socially Responsibility Activities: Efforts to reach out to street children to provide subsidized care by Social Service department. Likewise, other groups needing help are being identified.
Neuro Rehabilitation Clinic for the patients with Parkinsons Disease and other Movement Disorders is able to reach the needs of the community.
Free consultation and information on Cancer are provided in association with V Care and Intas Bio-pharmaceutical Limited.
Meetings to offer guidance and help to senior citizens have been regularly held at our hospital in association with the Shivaji Park Police Station and Health Department of Municipal Corporation.
Swaasthya, the monthly health magazine, has gained popularity. The magazine is as much a product of the members' feedback as the topics written by medical staff. Here, the dictum of education is a two way street applies; health professionals learn also from the patients. Continuing Education of health Professionals follows matra of Knowing the Whole, so that defective 'part' can be detected; the core competency is emphasized for health professional education.
Participated in “Wealth of Health” Exhibition held under the auspices of Loksatta and Vama Events at Ravindra Natya Mandir.
Prevalence of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Its Association With Cardiovascular Disease Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients, Targher et al. and Hu et al. Ctritc: M Talim, Shushrusha Hospital [14]
Balance between n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in foods: M Talim [15]
and paste it in Google Translate Box on the translation program page in the translate page box in the blue Google translate link above the instruction or here. Google Auto-Translate: choose your language
Aβ is formed after sequential cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein, a transmembraneglycoprotein of undetermined function. APP can be processed by α-, β- and γ-secretases; Aβ protein is generated by successive action of the β and γ secretases. The γ secretase, which produces the C-terminal end of the Aβ peptide, cleaves within the transmembrane region of APP and can generate a number of isoforms of 39-43 amino acid residues in length. The most common isoforms are Aβ40 and Aβ42; the shorter form is typically produced by cleavage that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum, while the longer form is produced by cleavage in the trans-Golgi network.[8] The Aβ40 form is the more common of the two, but Aβ42 is the more fibrillogenic and is thus associated with disease states. Mutations in APP associated with early-onset Alzheimer's have been noted to increase the relative production of Aβ42, and thus one suggested avenue of Alzheimer's therapy involves modulating the activity of β and γ secretases to produce mainly Aβ40.[9]
[10] study also raises some concerns about therapeutic efforts to block or reverse the formation of Aβ fibrils. The risk/benefit ratio of this approach might critically depend on the extent to which it also diminishes the pool of pathogenic Aβ oligomers. Within the obvious constraints of mouse-to-human extrapolations, our data caution against any strategies that decrease Aβ fibrils at the cost of augmenting pathogenic Aβ oligomers. They also raise the possibility that promoting fibril formation in ways that bypass oligomer formation or rapidly sequester oligomers into more inert fibrils might be of therapeutic benefit. Additional studies are needed to further test these hypotheses.
Brain tissue has ACE enzyme, which takes part in local RAS and converts Aβ42 (which aggregates into plaques) to Aβ40 (which is thought to be less toxic) forms of beta amyloid. The latter is predominantly a function of N domain portion on the ACE enzyme. ACE inhibitors that cross the blood–brain barrier and have preferentially selected N-terminal activity may therefore cause accumulation of Aβ42 and progression of dementia.
Study indicates that intrasynaptic (o = Oligomeric ) oAβ42, but not oAβ40, acutely inhibits transmission at the squid giant synapse. This inhibition is molecularly tied to a cascade of events involving CK2 activation and the rapid clathrin-independent endocytosis pathway. The reduction of FAT induced by oAβ42 showed in the accompanying article, in combination with our results showing a dramatic acute inhibition of synaptic transmission after intrasynaptic injection of oAβ42, represent novel findings concerning AD synaptic failure now clearly associated with a reduction of synaptic vesicle pools and transmitter release.
Effective therapeutic intervention in progressive neurological disorders depends on a clear understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with the disease in question. In this manuscript we have shown that dysregulation of CK2 by oAβ is capable of inhibiting the vital neuronal process of FAT. Therefore, we propose that pharmacological regulation of CK2 activity represents a promising target for therapeutic intervention in AD, particularly when combined with treatments that help manage GSK3 activity as well.Disruption of fast axonal transport is a pathogenic mechanism for intraneuronal amyloid beta
Amyloid plaque is dynamic reservoir of toxicity reverting to toxic species: amyloid plaques, although apparently biologically inert, should not be considered as inert remnants of the aggregation process, as the amyloid fibrils they contain can, under certain conditions, be rapidly reverted to toxic species. In that sense, the amyloid plaques should rather be considered as reservoirs of toxicity.
Clearance of amyloid-beta in Alzheimer’s disease: progress, problems and perspectives [11]
captopril, fosinopril, lisinopril, perindopril, ramipril, and trandolapril were classified as crossing the blood-brain barrier (centrally active), while benazepril, enalapril, moexipril, and quinapril were classified as not (noncentrally active).
need to consider lipophilicity, BBB crossing and lipophilicity driven widespread effects in brain vs limited say in Amyloid, C & N domain ratio in relation to Amyloid degradation
Further, functionally can be grouped according to ability to cross Blood Brain Barrier- implication currently being studied for ability to affect dementia.
List:
BBB Crossing ACE
Lisinopril
Perindropril
Ramipril
Trandolapril
Captopril
Fosinopril
BBB Non Crossing ACE
Benzapril
Enalapril
Moexipril
Imidapril
Other Antihypertensives, and even all ACE Inhibitors, possibly indirectly via RAAS feedback some of the effects on dementia and related complex - Construct: deemntia and BP dynamics and possibly incorporating known circadian rythm affecting Beta amyloid.
Centrally Active ACE Inhibitors
Captopril
Fosinopril
Lisinopril
Perindopril
Trandolapril
Zofenopril
Non-Centrally Active ACE Inhibitors
Benazepril
Enalapril
Moexepril
Quinapril
Ramipril
Note: Finer meaning of difference in above two categories... coming.
2019: Now the factor needing to be addressed for choice to prevent decrease dementia-- mainly addressing Amyloid construct and again mainly concentrating effort on the clearance of amyloid; the formation and all and other non ACE factors will be dealt with separately: a question is posed a priori ... Is ACE inducible or affectable by non-Ace inhibitors?
C and N domain differentials of all clinically used ACE- Lisinopril may be better than Captopril as detailed a decade ago below in this page
The slot at the site of action.. how the ACE inhibitor fits in the slot matters
BBB Crossing ACE Inhibitors are the subjects under this construct-- Lipophillic vs hydrophillic... is a continuum. Question a Priori now secundum... Lowering the BP by any means activates RAAS putting it on high including ACE at least at renal level...? Does that ACE or the brain ACE gets affected -- a la is that like induction of even central ACE? -- NEEDS THINKING CAP! At least ARB inhibitors are effective at decreasing bad effects of amyloid complex.
Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).
The lactotripeptides Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro produced by the probioticLactobacillus helveticus or derived from casein have been shown to have ACE-inhibiting and antihypertensive functions.[12][13]</ref> --->
Conclusions ACE activity increased in the brains of AD rats. Perindopril improved learning and memory in AD rats, which correlated with decreased ACE activity and delayed AD pathogenesis
Several ACE inhibitors are on the market. Here is a list
of some by generic name followed by brand name(s).
Conclusions ACE activity increased in the brains of AD rats. Perindopril improved learning and memory in AD rats, which correlated with decreased ACE activity and delayed AD pathogenesis
BBB crossing ACE inhibitors/Centrally active ACE inhibitors include
Brain tissue has ACE enzyme, which takes part in local RAS and converts Aβ42 (which aggregates into plaques) to Aβ40 (which is thought to be less toxic) forms of beta amyloid. The latter is predominantly a function of N domain portion on the ACE enzyme. ACE inhibitors that cross the blood–brain barrier and have preferentially selected N-terminal activity may therefore cause accumulation of Aβ42 and progression of dementia.
Brain has ACE enzyme which takes part in local RAAS and converts Aβ42 ( plaquogenic ) to Aβ40( more soluble and removal ) forms of Beta amyloid ; latter is predominantly a function of N domain portion on the ACE enzyme; Inhibition of ACE with ACE Inhibitors, especially Blood Brain Barrier crossing and with preferentially select N terminal activity would cause accumulation of Aβ42 which is plaquogenic possibly causing progression of dementia ( if plaque is the cause vs downstream fragments of degradation to Aβ40 and further smaller fragments which are considered inflammatory and possibly even more damaging; preferential C domain active BBB crossing ACE would likely have less of this ( latter ) effect.
A Concept Being Invoked Here: Various studies and thoughts about Amyloid dementia and possibly other similar situation are possibly governed by the following conceptual algorithm.
A dam fills up and possibly spills in catchment area which normally may be dry and causes damage to shoreline: The tissue Surrounding the plaque may be damaged likewise. What teleological, possibly beneficial, purpose this plaque serves?
The dam, then, soon overflows and the overflow may be contained along the canal/river within the bank : No damaging effect is noticeable to the tissue surrounding this drainage path ie if controlled degradation of Aβ42 ( plaquogenic ) to Aβ40( more soluble and removal ) forms of Beta amyloid, as it is removed faster than it is produced, unless even transients are damaging enough.
The canal/river then spills to its bank if the inflow is heavier : The spillage from fragments may be damaging if not removed fast enough or the rate of production is higher than removal, unless even transients are damaging enough..
THUS: Rates of formation and degradation are the key issues and various studies need to be viewed/ reevaluated in this light. What teleological, possibly beneficial, purpose this plaque serves?
[12] study also raises some concerns about therapeutic efforts to block or reverse the formation of Aβ fibrils. The risk/benefit ratio of this approach might critically depend on the extent to which it also diminishes the pool of pathogenic Aβ oligomers. Within the obvious constraints of mouse-to-human extrapolations, our data caution against any strategies that decrease Aβ fibrils at the cost of augmenting pathogenic Aβ oligomers. They also raise the possibility that promoting fibril formation in ways that bypass oligomer formation or rapidly sequester oligomers into more inert fibrils might be of therapeutic benefit. Additional studies are needed to further test these hypotheses
Mass spectral fragmentation reactions of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: n interesting dissociation process (rearrangement) unique to one of the compounds, lisinopril, has been investigated using isotopic labeling experiments and exact mass measurements. The general nature of the process has been probed through both the positive and negative ion analyses of fourteen related compounds exhibiting structural homolog
Vascular protective effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and their relation to clinical events. ACE inhibitors augment endothelium-dependent relaxation to bradykinin, while those to acetylcholine remain unaffected, at least in the time frame of the published studies, i.e. 3-6 months. In patients with coronary artery disease, however, paradoxical vasoconstriction to acetylcholine is markedly reduced after 6 months of ACE inhibition. After myocardial infarction ACE inhibitors reduce the development of overt heart failure, the occurrence of reinfarction and cardiovascular death in hypertensive patients. These effects have also been demonstrated in a subgroup analysis of the SOLVD (Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction) trial. Thus, in summary, ACE inhibitors are an important class of drugs providing cardiovascular protection in patients with increased cardiovascular risk.
BBB Crossing Statins and effecton brain, RAAS ACE ARBS Dementia
Statins and cognitive changes in elderly patients-The lipophilic (fat soluble) statins tend to cross the blood-brain barrier to a greater degree than hydrophilic (water soluble) statins. Based on the evidence, hydrophilic statins such as pravastatin (Pravachol) and rosuvastatin (Crestor) seem to be better choice of statin to minimize risk for cognitive complications.
Dynamics & Flux Between Amyloid β fragments Beta amyloid & Blood Pressure & Autonomous System- Dementia as a Case Study
in edit mode
Brain has ACE enzyme which takes part in local RAAS and converts Aβ42 ( plaquogenic ) to Aβ40( more soluble and removal ) forms of Beta amyloid ; latter is prdominentally a function of N domain portion on the ACE enzyme; Inhibition of ACE with ACE Inhibitors, especially Blood Brain Barrier crossing and with preferentially select N terminal activity would cause accumulation of Aβ42 which is plaquogenic possibly causing progression of dementia ( if plaque is the cause vs downstream fragments of degradation to Aβ40 and futher smaller fragments which are considered inflammatory; preferential C domain active BBB crossing ACE would likely have less of this ( latter ) effect.
A Concept Being Invoked Here: Various studies and thoughts about Amyloid dementia and possibly other similar situation are possibly governed by the following conceptual algorithm.
A dam fills up and possibly spills in catchment area which normally may be dry and causes damage to shoreline: The tissue Surrounding the plaque may be damaged likewise. What teleologic, possibly beneficial, purpose this plaque serves?
The dam, then, soon overflows and the overflow may be contained along the canal/river within the bank : No damaging effect is noticeable to the tissue surrounding this drainage path ie if controlled degradation of Aβ42 ( plaquogenic ) to Aβ40( more soluble and removal ) forms of Beta amyloid, as it is removed faster than it is produced, unless even transients are damaging enough.
The canal/river then spills to its bank if the inflow is heavier : The spillage from fragments may be damaging if not removed fast enough or the rate of production is higher than removal, unless even transients are damaging enough..
THUS: Rates of formation and degradation are the key issues and various studies need to be viewed/ reevaluated in this light. What teleologic, possibly beneficial, purpose this plaque serves?
[13] study also raises some concerns about therapeutic efforts to block or reverse the formation of Aβ fibrils. The risk/benefit ratio of this approach might critically depend on the extent to which it also diminishes the pool of pathogenic Aβ oligomers. Within the obvious constraints of mouse-to-human extrapolations, our data caution against any strategies that decrease Aβ fibrils at the cost of augmenting pathogenic Aβ oligomers. They also raise the possibility that promoting fibril formation in ways that bypass oligomer formation or rapidly sequester oligomers into more inert fibrils might be of therapeutic benefit. Additional studies are needed to further test these hypotheses
Most of the ACE inhibitors on the market today are non-selective towards the two active sites of ACE because their binding to the enzyme is based mostly on the strong interaction between the zinc atom in the enzyme and the strong chelating group on the inhibitor. The resolution of the 3D structure of germinal ACE, which has only one active site that corresponds with C-domain of the somatic ACE, offers a structural framework for structure-based design approach. Although N- and C-domain have comparable rates in vitro of ACE hydrolyzing, it seems like that in vivo the C-domain is mainly responsible for regulating blood pressure. This indicates that C-domain selective inhibitors could have similar profile to that of a current non-selective inhibitors. Angiotensin I is mainly hydrolyzed by the C-domain in vivo but bradykinin is hydrolyzed by both active sites. Thus, by developing a C-domain selective inhibitor would permit some degradation of bradykinin by the N-domain and this degradation could be enough to prevent accumulation of excess bradykinin which has been observed during attacks of angioedema. C-domain selective inhibition could possibly result in specialized control of blood pressure with less vasodilator-related adverse effects. N-domain selective inhibitors on the other hand give the possibility of opening up novel therapeutic areas. Apparently, the N-domain doesn’t have a big role in controlling blood pressure but it seems to be the principal metabolizing enzyme for AcSDKP, a natural haemoregulatory hormone.[14][15][16]
The vasopeptidase inhibitor omapatrilat inhibits both neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). The in vitro and in vivo inhibitory potency of omapatrilat and the specific ACE inhibitor fosinopril toward the 2 active sites of ACE (called N- and C-domains) was investigated with the use of 3 substrates: angiotensin I, which is equally cleaved by the 2 ACE domains; hippuryl-histidyl-leucine, specific synthetic substrate of the C-domain in high- salt conditions; and a newly synthesized specific substrate of the N-domain designed by acetylating the lysine residue of AcSDKP. In vitro, omapatrilat was 5 times more potent than fosinoprilat in inhibiting angiotensin I hydrolysis. Omapatrilat inhibited similarly both N- and C-domain hydrolysis, whereas fosinoprilat was slightly more specific for the N-domain. The in vivo selective inhibitory potency of single oral doses of 10 mg omapatrilat and 20 mg fosinopril were investigated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study in 9 mildly sodium-depleted normotensive subjects. In accordance with the in vitro results, fosinopril appeared to be more specific for the N-domain than the C-domain in vivo, since plasma and urine AcSDKP concentrations were significantly higher than those observed with omapatrilat. This study shows that it is possible to assess separately in vitro and in vivo the selectivity of ACE or ACE/neutral endopeptidase inhibitors. A differential selectivity may explain some peculiar properties observed with some ACE inhibitors.
Structure of angiotensin I-converting enzyme. The inhibitor complex does provide insights into the network of hydrogen-bonding and ionic interactions in the active site as well as the mechanism of ACE substrate hydrolysis. The three-dimensional structure of ACE now paves the way for the rational design of a new generation of domain-selective ACE inhibitors.
Potency For C domain ( BP ) ..................... T> L > E > C Lisinopril, Enalaprilat, Captopril
Potency For N domain(Aß42-40 converting inhibition) T> C > E > L
T= Trandolapril
ACE Inhibiting BP activity is solely in C domain where.........Lisinopril is the strongest C: L>E>C
Aß42-40 converting inhibition is solely in N domain where Captopril is the strongest...... N: C>E>L
Aβ42-to-Aβ40-converting activity is solely found in the N-domain of ACE and the angiotensin-converting activity is found predominantly in the C-domain of ACE. The N-linked glycosylation is essential for both Aβ42-to-Aβ40- and angiotensin-converting activities and that unglycosylated ACE rapidly degraded. The domain-specific converting activity of ACE suggests that ACE inhibitors could be designed to specifically target the angiotensin-converting C-domain, without inhibiting the Aβ42-to-Aβ40-converting activity of ACE or increasing neurotoxic Aβ42.
Dynamics & Flux Between Amyloid β fragments Beta amyloid & Blood Pressure & Autonomous System- Dementia as a Case Study
Brain has ACE enzyme which takes part in local RAAS and converts Aβ42 ( plaquogenic ) to Aβ40( more soluble and removal ) forms of Beta amyloid ; latter is predominantly a function of N domain portion on the ACE enzyme; Inhibition of ACE with ACE Inhibitors, especially Blood Brain Barrier crossing and with preferentially select N terminal activity would cause accumulation of Aβ42 which is plaquogenic possibly causing progression of dementia ( if plaque is the cause vs downstream fragments of degradation to Aβ40 and further smaller fragments which are considered inflammatory; preferential C domain active BBB crossing ACE would likely have less of this ( latter ) effect.
A Concept Being Invoked Here: Various studies and thoughts about Amyloid dementia and possibly other similar situation are possibly governed by the following conceptual algorithm.
A dam fills up and possibly spills in catchment area which normally may be dry and causes damage to shoreline: The tissue Surrounding the plaque may be damaged likewise. What teleological, possibly beneficial, purpose this plaque serves?
The dam, then, soon overflows and the overflow may be contained along the canal/river within the bank : No damaging effect is noticeable to the tissue surrounding this drainage path ie if controlled degradation of Aβ42 ( plaquogenic ) to Aβ40( more soluble and removal ) forms of Beta amyloid, as it is removed faster than it is produced, unless even transients are damaging enough.
The canal/river then spills to its bank if the inflow is heavier : The spillage from fragments may be damaging if not removed fast enough or the rate of production is higher than removal, unless even transients are damaging enough..
THUS: Rates of formation and degradation are the key issues and various studies need to be viewed/ reevaluated in this light. What teleologic, possibly beneficial, purpose this plaque serves?
[14] study also raises some concerns about therapeutic efforts to block or reverse the formation of Aβ fibrils. The risk/benefit ratio of this approach might critically depend on the extent to which it also diminishes the pool of pathogenic Aβ oligomers. Within the obvious constraints of mouse-to-human extrapolations, our data caution against any strategies that decrease Aβ fibrils at the cost of augmenting pathogenic Aβ oligomers. They also raise the possibility that promoting fibril formation in ways that bypass oligomer formation or rapidly sequester oligomers into more inert fibrils might be of therapeutic benefit. Additional studies are needed to further test these hypotheses
The upregulation of ACE activity can be a novel therapeutic strategy for AD.
Centrally Active ACE Inhibitors May Help Prevent Dementia -coming soon -! can? non central ACE & possibly other Non ACE antihypertensives, be more preventive? Why recent study finds otherwise? FACTORS IN CONSTRUCT. ACE Degrades/converts Amyloid Aβ42 ( fibrillogenic, plaque forming ! ) to favorable Aβ40 more soluble possibly 'removable', but inflammatory in situ (and further smaller fragments which are considered inflammatory and possibly even more damaging ), amyloid & Central acting (BBB crossing) ACE Inhibitors thus likely to increase dementia; anti-inflammatory effects of ACE Inhibitors likely to decrease dementia, Acute effect of ACE on Ach likely to increase short term acuity confusing the picture for evaluation
The following Construct development in progress and involve all these and more points in hypothesis development.
Centrally acting ACE Inhibitors have acute Ach effects helping in mental acuity short term during which measurement may be biased and the long term effect of amyloid Aβ42 accumulation may be masked in testing; favorable anti-inflammatory effect not withstanding, long term more Aβ42 is deposited or not converted to more soluble, disposable or removable Aβ40. Vascular Aβ42 vs Aβ40 to be considered and could be important along with the favorable anti-inflammatory effect.
Acute, Chronic and Chronic with short term non use ( washed off ) use of ACE considering short term acuity enhancing effects of Ach.
Difference between Aβ42 ? more in nerves and ? Aβ40 more in vessel
Aβ42 vs Aβ40
Pleomorphism and genetics of ACE
RAAS -Systemic vs Local and interactions and cross influence
ALL above to be considered in both below: along with congruency of the two studies with each other and restrospective congruency with prior knowledge base of studies and general understanding of the science.
Currently reported study in Archives of Intl Med July 09-BBB crossing ACE reduce Dementia needs explanation.... Standby
Current AII AT1 Inhibitors -Sartan--retrospective VA study expl and corroboration standby......
Alzheimer's-beta amyloid, tau protein,-- Drug Rember, Methylene Blue
Alzheimer's researchers are divided on whether the disease is caused by 'beta amyloid' (a peptide found in Alzheimer brains) or by 'tau protein' (normally used for cellular scaffolding, but can aggregate out of control and destroy neurons). Today in Chicago a new drug has been announced that stops tau aggregation and appears to have halted Alzheimer's-related decline in 300 clinical trial patients. The drug is known as 'rember.
http://www.physorg.com/print136426165.html
Angiotensin receptor blockers are lower incidence, progression of Alzheimer's disease
July 28th, 2008 in Medicine & Health / Diseases
Researchers at Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM) have, for the first time, found that angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)—a particular class of anti-hypertensive medicines—are associated with a striking decrease in the occurrence and progression of dementia. Data from this study will be presented this weekend (July 27) at the 2008 International Conference on Alzheimer's disease in Chicago.
Using data from the Decision Support System Database of the U.S. Department of Health System Veterans Affairs (with information on more than 5 million people), researchers looked at records from patients using ARBs, and compared them with subjects who had a similar health status, but were taking different medications. They found patients taking ARBs had about a 35-40 percent lower chance of getting Alzheimer's disease or dementia.
The researchers also examined patients who were already suffering from Alzheimer's disease or dementia, and found those subjects had up to a 45 percent lower chance of developing delirium, being admitted to nursing homes or dying. Patients who appeared to benefit particularly well from use of ARBs were those who had experienced strokes before or during the course of their illness.
According to the researchers these results suggest that ARBs might protect against developing Alzheimer's disease and dementia. "For those who already have dementia, use of ARBs might delay deterioration of brain function and help keep patients out of nursing homes," said lead presenter Benjamin Wolozin, MD, PhD, a professor of pharmacology at BUSM. "The study is particularly interesting because we compared the effects of ARBs to other medications used for treating blood pressure or cardiovascular disease. This suggests that ARBs are more effective than other blood pressure and cardiovascular medications for preventing Alzheimer's disease or dementia," he added.
Although the researchers are unsure why ARBs might be so beneficial, they believe one possibility suggested by prior studies on animal models is that ARBs help prevent nerve cell injury from blood vessel damage or help promote nerve cell recovery after blood vessel damage. Damage to blood vessels is thought to reduce brain capacity and promote dementia, so reducing this damage might prevent the occurrence or progression of dementia.
Source: Boston University
Dynamics & Flux Between Amyloid β fragments Beta amyloid & Blood Pressure & Autonomous System- Dementia as a Case Study
Brain has ACE enzyme which takes part in local RAAS and converts Aβ42 ( plaquogenic ) to Aβ40( more soluble and removal ) forms of Beta amyloid ; latter is predominantly a function of N domain portion on the ACE enzyme; Inhibition of ACE with ACE Inhibitors, especially Blood Brain Barrier crossing and with preferentially select N terminal activity would cause accumulation of Aβ42 which is plaquogenic possibly causing progression of dementia ( if plaque is the cause vs downstream fragments of degradation to Aβ40 and further smaller fragments which are considered inflammatory and possibly even more damaging; preferential C domain active BBB crossing ACE would likely have less of this ( latter ) effect.
A Concept Being Invoked Here: Various studies and thoughts about Amyloid dementia and possibly other similar situation are possibly governed by the following conceptual algorithm.A dam fills up and possibly spills in catchment area which normally may be dry and causes damage to shoreline: The tissue Surrounding the plaque may be damaged likewise. What teleological, possibly beneficial, purpose this plaque serves?
The dam, then, soon overflows and the overflow may be contained along the canal/river within the bank : No damaging effect is noticeable to the tissue surrounding this drainage path ie if controlled degradation of Aβ42 ( plaquogenic ) to Aβ40( more soluble and removal ) forms of Beta amyloid, as it is removed faster than it is produced, unless even transients are damaging enough.
The canal/river then spills to its bank if the inflow is heavier : The spillage from fragments may be damaging if not removed fast enough or the rate of production is higher than removal, unless even transients are damaging enough..
THUS: Rates of formation and degradation are the key issues and various studies need to be viewed/ reevaluated in this light. What teleological, possibly beneficial, purpose this plaque serves?
ACE-I vs angiotensin II receptor antagonists vs Vasopeptidase inhibitor (VPI)
Treatment with losartan reversed interstitial fibrosis and the expression of collagen 1alpha (I) and transforming growth factor-beta1 in the hearts of cTnT-Q(92) mice. These findings suggest that losartan has the potential to reverse or attenuate interstitial fibrosis, a major predictor of sudden cardiac death, in human patients with HCM.
EPA DHA have dual effects via different basic ion channel level activity; facilitates and opposes arrhythmias by the differing mechanisms...
summation: circulating epa dha cause arrthymis but less so if already incorporated in tisue of heart-- slow progressive incorporation may help sudden- if noy used to fish oil-- would cause arrthymias
Polyunsaturated fatty acid active eicosanoid pathways and downstream products including Resolvins
Rate limiting steps.. absolute amount of respective Omega 3 needed to bring about corresponding step inhibition of Omega series on defined amount of latter... conceptually maximum permissible omega 6 amounts at each step considering prior statement... competitive inhibition... benefits and harm of products of each stem at individual step and collectively with slip-slop cross interaction of the step products as well as further derivatives e.g. aspirin triggered e.g. Resolvin etc in both normal physiology, patho-physiology, pharmaco and dietary inter-action both in normality as well as disease(s)
The following triglyceride vegetable oils account for almost all worldwide production, by volume. All are used as both cooking oils and as SVO or to make biodiesel. According to the USDA, the total world consumption of major vegetable oils in 2007/08 was:[17]
Used in cooking, cosmetics, soaps and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps
Note that these figures include industrial and animal feed use. The majority of European rapeseed oil production is used to produce biodiesel, or used directly as fuel in diesel cars which may require modification to heat the oil to reduce its higher viscosity. The suitability of the fuel should come as little surprise, as Rudolf Diesel's original engine to ran on peanut oil as well as mineral oil.
Other significant triglyceride oils include:
Corn oil, one of the most common cooking oils. As of 2006, the US produced about 1.09 million metric tons [18] of corn oil, which is used for cooking oil, salad dressing, margarine, mayonnaise, prepared goods like spaghetti sauce and baking mixes, and to fry prepared foods like potato chips and French fries.
Below are topics that can be linked to VIT E - possibly in one of the pages as appropriate expanding the pages cross referencing without undue burden on context of the pages!
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Vitamin_E&limit=500 - see the roster and try find Cytochrome P450 IF IT HAS BEEN LINKED - IF NOT AND SIMILAR NUMEROUS ITEMS ARE ALSO LINKABLE SOME HAVING ONEWAY MENTION IN AN ARTICLE THAT IS RELATED IN SOME WAY BUT NOT CROSS-LINKED AS IN TRADITIONAL WHAT LINKS--- SO A NEED FOR "WHAT CAN BE LINKED HERE" EXISTS... THE CATEGORY CAN BE FUTHER DEFINED AS WHICH DIRECTION MENTION FOR LINKABILITY EXIST AND LINKING AND INSERTING RELEVANT RELATED CONTENT DETERMINES WHERE THE VOID EXIST AND WHICH PAGE IT IS TO BE INSERTED -- IT IS POSSIBLE THAT THE WHAT CAN BE LINKED CAN BE ON ANY OF THE TWO PAGES AND A MERE MENTION ON ONE PAGE AS TO THE NAME OF OTHER IS ENOUGH OF A PROPMT FOR THE EDITOR TO CONNECT WITH THE OTHER PAGE
Following are lists of selected substrates, inducers and inhibitors of CYP3A4. Where classes of agents are listed, there may be exceptions within the class.
a Strong inhibitor causes at least a 5-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or more than 80% decrease in clearance.[39]
a Moderate inhibitor causes at least a 2-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or 50–80% decrease in clearance.[39]
a Weak inhibitor causes at least a 1.25-fold but less than 2-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or 20–50% decrease in clearance.[39]
The inhibitors of CYP3A4 are the following substances.
Strong inhibitors
boceprevir,[83]
protease inhibitors:
ritonavir,[39][40][84]
indinavir,[39]
nelfinavir,[39]
saquinavir;[39]
some macrolide antibiotics:[84]
clarithromycin,[83][85][86][39][40][87][88]
erythromycin[88] (although FDA lists it as a moderate inhibitor, and inhibitor of P-glycoprotein, defined as those increasing the AUC of digoxin to ≥1.25-fold);[83]
telithromycin
ceritinib
mibefradil (used for the treatment of hypertension and chronic angina pectoris)
nefazodone (antidepressant)
ribociclib
tucatinib
chloramphenicol (antibiotic)[89]
some azole antifungals:
ketoconazole,[39][40]
itraconazole,[83][39][40]
posaconazole,[90]
voriconazole;[90]
cobicistat,[90]
green tea extract,[91][92][93]
grape seed extract,[91][92][93]
dillapiole (compound present in dill plants),[94][95]
apigenin (compound present in plants such as celery, parsley, and chamomile)[96]
Artemisia annua[97]
Moderate inhibitors
amiodarone (class III antiarrhythmic),[90]
aprepitant,[83] (antiemetic)
ciprofloxacin,[83]
conivaptan,[83]
crizotinib,[83]
rutin (in vitro)[98][99] (dietary flavonoid),
tofisopam,[83]
some calcium channel blockers:
verapamil,[83][39][90]
diltiazem;[39]
some azole antifungals:[84]
fluconazole,[39]
miconazole;[100]
bergamottin[101][39] (constituent of grapefruit juice),
cyclosporine,[90]
donedarone,[90]
fluvoxamine,[90]
imatinib,[90]
valerian.[102]
Weak inhibitors
berberine[103][104][105][106] (an alkaloid found in plants such as berberis or goldenseal),
buprenorphine (analgesic),[107]
cafestol (in unfiltered coffee)[108]
cilostazol,[90]
cimetidine,[90]
fosaprepitant,[90]
lomitapide,[90]
orphenadrine,
omeprazole[39] (proton pump inhibitor),
quercetin,[109][39]
ranitidine,[90]
ranolazine,[90]
tacrolimus,[90]
ticagrelor,[90]
valproic acid,[110]
amlodipine,[65]
azithromycin (macrolide antibiotic).[88]
Inhibitors of unspecified potency
bergaptol (a furocoumarin in citrus),[111]
cannabidiol,[112]
dithiocarbamate[39] (functional group),
flavonoids,[113]
mifepristone[39] (abortifacient),
norfloxacin[39] (fluoroquinolone antibiotic),
some non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors:[114]
delavirdine;[39]
gestodene[39] (hormonal contraceptive),
star fruit,[39][115]
milk thistle,[116]
niacin[117] (nicotinic acid) and its form – niacinamide (nicotinamide), collectively called as Vitamin B3,
ginkgo biloba,[118]
sesamin[119] (a lignan constituent in sesame seeds and oil),
piperine,[120]
isoniazid,[121]
serenoa.[122]
Inducers
Strong and moderate CYP3A4 inducers are drugs that decrease the AUC of sensitive substrates of a given pathway where CYP3A4 is involved by ≥80 percent and ≥50 to <80 percent, respectively.[83][123] Weak inducers decrease the AUC by ≥20 to <50 percent.[123]
The inducers of CYP3A4 are the following substances.
Indoles in cruciferous vege, esp Indole-3-carbinol(I3C) in stomach converts to ligand Diindolylmethane (DIM)and Indole[3,2-b] carbazole(ICZ)
Catabolism of tryptophan and such by microbiome; lactobacilli give indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), tryptamine (TA) and 3-methyle indole. Tryptophanase in bact gives indole then converts in liver to indoxyl-3-sulfate(I3S) and indole-3-propionic acid (IPA)
Flavonoids from fruits & vegetables e.g. quercetin & resveratrol
Butyrate & other short chain fatty acids (SCFA). 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid(5-HIAA), a serotonin metabolite, signals through AhR in B cells.
ligand products persist through 24 hrs and cross BBB
Lentil - to use this article on lentil to develop the article using Wikipedia's "What Links here" feature and this will illustrate the power of Wikipedia; in essence, knowledge is connected by various points whether it be cause and effect which would be understandable and possibly derivable ( just by looking at the tile of the subject in "What Links here" table from prior knowledge of the subject -- the feature becomes so powerful to quickly gather various ideas exploding one's knowledge repository- the author reads indexes for rapid review of any subject and where new thing appear can go and read that) just by a prompt of the words/titles( which are Wikipedia article page names ) being presented in "What Links here". Developing article can take various differing route ( say if project given to 100 developer- if "What Links here" is used there may be lot of similar info incorporated but the form of the article will differ based on incorporation other presentation aids such as tables and such and which also can be found in Wikipedia as an example from other articles or if the article is not found it can be developed-- see section just below as boxes and link as the section name - other differing attributes are ideas around subject which are priceless ( such as this section paragraph or that all article should have translated names in various languages of the world possibly with audio also ) whether Wikipedia is used or not ultimate aim is also to recognize that Wikipedia is an on-going welcoming improvement construct; even if article is totally developed with information from outside sources the said "What Links here" is an important attribute and should be visited and all connected articles be improved as well with the newly developed article; can't wait re-hash that the value of the "What Links here" is so great that the newly developed article will need to be revised most of the time even if just launched with the new connections of "What Links here" unless no new connections were found or attached which would be rare and possibly a mistake most of the time. "What Links here" Ruleth!
Dal - is not linked in the what Links here table in Lentil article, possibly, as an adopted Indian language name into English lexicon-- consider that as an example that needs linkage improvement and compare the two article which are for some common subject commonality and presentations and content ideas which can be crossed between articles as to the various differing points and attributes e.g. tables of nutritional content is given in one and the worm disease affecting agriculture in other etc.
Languages of Wikipedia copy from left column-- spelt wheat page-- need a table with lang in coumn#1 and the topic and/or word of the page- so at least 3 columns are defined. Italiano : https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticum_spelta -- so, 3 or more column table is needed on all pages of food nutrition and such where the page topic and/or the word translated to other languages & this table gets link in all such language pages- the original word or tittle of topic in two different columns as applicable be indicated--- all pages will have the same link and any lang that needs addition be added to the master title link for uniformity. See further below for a table which can be modified: Has 40 major lang groups each with >45 million speakers. See in edit mode
Alemannisch
العربية
Asturianu
Български
Brezhoneg
Català
Cebuano
Čeština
Dagbanli
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Эрзянь
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Hornjoserbsce
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Lombard
Magyar
Македонски
مصرى
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
Nedersaksies
日本語
Norsk bokmål
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Татарча / tatarça
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Walon
Winaray
粵語
中文
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Vitamin_E&limit=500 - see the roster and try find Cytochrome P450 IF IT HAS BEEN LINKED - IF NOT AND SIMILAR NUMEROUS ITEMS ARE ALSO LINKABLE SOME HAVING ONEWAY MENTION IN AN ARTICLE THAT IS RELATED IN SOME WAY BUT NOT CROSS-LINKED AS IN TRADITIONAL WHAT LINKS--- SO A NEED FOR "WHAT CAN BE LINKED HERE" EXISTS... THE CATEGORY CAN BE FUTHER DEFINED AS WHICH DIRECTION MENTION FOR LINKABILITY EXIST AND KINKING AND INSERTING RELEVANT RELATED CONTENT DETERMINES WHERE THE VOID EXIST AND WHICH PAGE IT IS TO BE INSERTED -- IT IS POSSIBLE THAT THE WHAT CAN BE LINKED CAN BE ON ANY OF THE TWO PAGES AND A MERE MENTION ON ONE PAGE AS TO THE NAME OF OTHER IS ENOUGH OF A PROPMT FOR THE EDITOR TO CONNECT WITH THE OTHER PAGE
Lentil - to use this article on lentil to develop the article using Wikipedia's "What Links here" feature and this will illustrate the power of Wikipedia; in essence, knowledge is connected by various points whether it be cause and effect which would be understandable and possibly derivable ( just by looking at the tile of the subject in "What Links here" table from prior knowledge of the subject -- the feature becomes so powerful to quickly gather various ideas exploding one's knowledge repository- the author reads indexes for rapid review of any subject and where new thing appear can go and read that) just by a prompt of the words/titles( which are Wikipedia article page names ) being presented in "What Links here". Developing article can take various differing route ( say if project given to 100 developer- if "What Links here" is used there may be lot of similar info incorporated but the form of the article will differ based on incorporation other presentation aids such as tables and such and which also can be found in Wikipedia as an example from other articles or if the article is not found it can be developed-- see section just below as boxes and link as the section name - other differing attributes are ideas around subject which are priceless ( such as this section paragraph or that all article should have translated names in various languages of the world possibly with audio also ) whether Wikipedia is used or not ultimate aim is also to recognize that Wikipedia is an on-going welcoming improvement construct; even if article is totally developed with information from outside sources the said "What Links here" is an important attribute and should be visited and all connected articles be improved as well with the newly developed article; can't wait re-hash that the value of the "What Links here" is so great that the newly developed article will need to be revised most of the time even if just launched with the new connections of "What Links here" unless no new connections were found or attached which would be rare and possibly a mistake most of the time. "What Links here" Ruleth!
Dal - is not linked in the "What Links Here" table in Lentil article-- consider that as an example that needs linkage improvement and compare the two articles which are for some common subject commonality and presentations and content ideas which can be crossed between articles as to the various differing points and attributes e.g. tables of nutrition content is given in one and the worm disease affecting agriculture in other etc.
A prolific editor and administrator, Bhadani is among the top ten Wikipedians by number of edits across the English Wikipedia. Congratulations to Bhadani for also making the most number of edits among Indian Wikipedians!
Wikipedia's India quiz remains a hotspot of the community by continuing to attract old and new Wikipedians. You are invited to join in and have fun!
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To stop receiving this newsletter, or to receive it in a different format, please list yourself in the appropriate section here. Delivered automatically by -- TinuCherian BOT - 15:19, 18 July 2009 (UTC)[reply]
In typesetting technical literature, it is a commonly made mistake to use the German letter ß as a replacement for the β. The two letters resemble each other superficially, but they are unrelated. This substitution looks extremely unprofessional to the eyes of German or Greek readers.
The Unicode number for β is U+03B2, and with β or β the β is coded in HTML. The internal version, ϐ, is encoded as U+03D0 in Unicode or ϐ in HTML. S
This article is missing information about places which produce more honey than Mexico or Corsica. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page.(November 2009)
Hello. I noticed you recently created , the page WikiProject Aviation/Contest/Submissions/Pateurology2, in the article space by mistake. This may have been a typographical error, but in case it was not, let me summarise what you did incorrectly. In Wikipedia, every page is in a namespace. The namespace is by default "Article", otherwise known as "Main". You created your page in the articlespace, because you neglected or misspelled the namespace prefix "Wikipedia:" before the name of your page. Even as minute a detail as this can cause problems. In the future, please be careful of this. Don't worry about the page - I have moved it into the correct namespace, and marked the resultant redirect for deletion. If you have questions, please feel free to ask them on my talkpage, or go to the help desk. Thank you. Intelligentsium02:19, 5 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]
Thank you for you help with aircraft articles but can I ask you not to create re-directs from aircraft type articles to the aircraft company as you have done with Short Biplane No. 1 and others. The red link helps us to know which articles have not been created and creating the redirect as you have can be misleading. If you have any questions then please ask at WP:AIRCRAFT, Thanks. MilborneOne (talk) 15:50, 8 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]
If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding {{hangon}} to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. ▒ Wirεłεşş ▒ Fidεłitұ ▒ Ćłâşş ▒ Θnε ▒―Œ ♣Łεâvε Ξ мεşşâgε♣19:47, 25 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]
I have reverted the edit that converted this page to a redirect. I suspect that it was done as a sort poor-man's deletion after I removed the speedy deletion tag. I don't see that such a redirect makes sense. Either the page should be brought up at WP:AFD and community consensus sought for the deletion, or it should be retained.
Many list-of-people articles limit themselves to "notable" people, in this case it would be "notable alumni". This is generally taken to mean people that have an article on Wikipedia, or who ought to or might have an article. You might want to consider recasting the list in this way.
The notability and significance of this list is at best marginal by Wikipedia standards IMO. You may well see the list nominated for deletion at WP:AFD, if it is, the outcome could go either way.
I will add a link from the school article to the list.
Please not that admins have no greater authority as editors than any other editor, but it is always best to discuss rather than fight. The list talk page would be a good place to discuss such issues. DES(talk)19:59, 29 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]
Admin Comment Note many of the "notable alumni" are simply bluelinks because they are piped to a city or name. For instance, Tedder of Portland. tedder (talk) 21:37, 29 December 2009 (UTC)
My Comment: Hoping this comment is appropriate and allowed Place name used for temporary link for the place which each of those are/were rulers/Kings of the place pending creation of specific page.
....while numerous people in it are apparently notable enough to be included on Wikipedia, this is a rather trivial article and it would be more logical to create a Rajkumar College Alumni category instead, into which the relevant people can be added. KaySL (talk) 20:01, 29 December 2009 (UTC)
My comment: Agree with title Rajkumar College Alumni ( category ).
Merge any missing notable alumni and list of principals back to Rajkumar College, Rajkot. The red linked people should not be merged. TerriersFan (talk) 22:21, 31 December 2009 (UTC)
My comment: Agree, red linked notables not be merged. This page was created to avoid the clutter on the main page of The Rajkumar College, Rajkot; page created after at least four pages were started under my Usepage feature. On starting of deletion proceedings other pages were started at same location; community effort will be largely by the Alumni; discussion mode on talk page will need to be used and the alumni will be informed about other instructional matters through talk page as well as Alumni E-mailgroup circuit.
...if the college is notable enough for an article here -- and I think it is -- then a list of notable and somewhat notable alumni is a reasonable extension of that article. The page could be improved but I see no need to delete it. DES (talk) 20:30, 29 December 2009 (UTC)
My comment: Improvements are being attempted to this page around general aspects of Alumni; intent for creation of this page was to separate the list from page save the most notable category which righly has been left by the first Admin on main page, so that clutter can be avoided and also link to page preparation page under my userspace can be established; I infer that the latter cannot be linked as per guidelines?;it was de-linked by the first Admin. Anyway, Alumni capable of completion of these page will now have a started page ready to input; my first attempt months ago to start first page was met with Auto-deletion, then the Userspace feature came to attention; upto that time all the material gathered was somewhere else; casting a page gives avenue to completion someday; not all likely to be completed soon; inertia ruleth supreme and current limited manpower in background further help from all the Alumni will be needed considering Alumni In Memoriam; institution is 130 years old.
See also talk pages of college and the list page for recent postings regarding above.
Bipolar refers to the heading of table at the top and at the bottom: comes handy if in a print run half the table is printed so that header or the trailer table info is sufficient to decipher the info
The ACE inhibitors have different strengths with different starting dosages. Dosage should be adjusted according to the clinical response.
[50][51][52]
ACE inhibitors dosages for hypertension
Dosage
Note: bid = 2 times a day, tid = 3 times a day, d = daily Drug dosages from Drug Lookup, Epocrates Online.
Name
Equivalent daily dose
Start
Usual
Maximum
Benazepril
10 mg
10 mg
20–40 mg
80 mg
Captopril
50 mg (25 mg bid)
12.5–25 mg bid-tid
25–50 mg bid-tid
450 mg/d
Enalapril
5 mg
5 mg
10–40 mg
40 mg
Fosinopril
10 mg
10 mg
20–40 mg
80 mg
Lisinopril
10 mg
10 mg
10–40 mg
80 mg
Moexipril
7.5 mg
7.5 mg
7.5–30 mg
30 mg
Perindopril
4 mg
4 mg
4–8 mg
16 mg
Quinapril
10 mg
10 mg
20–80 mg
80 mg
Ramipril
2.5 mg
2.5 mg
2.5–20 mg
20 mg
Trandolapril
2 mg
1 mg
2–4 mg
8 mg
Name
Equivalent daily dose
Start
Usual
Maximum
Note: bid = 2 times a day, tid = 3 times a day, d = daily Drug dosages from Drug Lookup, Epocrates Online.
ACE inhibitors dosages for hypertension
MH370 WIND SPEED ALONG STRAIGHT PATH 1941 TO 2241 AND 0011
Hi Patelurology2! This note is to inform you that your Aviation Contest submissions page has been archived from the previous round! You are now free to add submissions for this round! Note: This next round will run from January through February, so feel free to update your submission page with work from both months! Thanks, and happy editing! (Note: I will not be watching this space. If you have any questions, feel free to ask at the Contest discussion page. -SidewinderX (talk) 14:11, 3 February 2010 (UTC)[reply]
Alumni are requested to list notables in the format below; follow the example of the few visible entries, when you are inserting data. Use the link above to access the page for inserting entries.
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A tag has been placed on ( List of ) Alumni, Principals and Teachers of The Rajkumar College,Rajkot- RKCians requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is an article with no content whatsoever, or whose contents consist only of external links, a "See also" section, book references, category tags, template tags, interwiki links, a rephrasing of the title, or an attempt to contact the subject of the article. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content. You may wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.
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WP:IND Newsletter is back! It's been nearly a year since the last edition, but we hope to bring out issues on a more regular basis now. The India Wikiproject was set up to increasing coverage of India-related topics on Wikipedia, and over the past few months the focus has been on improving article quality. A number of the project's featured articles underwent featured article reviews over the past year. Of these, Darjeeling and Flag of India survived the review process, while the rest were demoted. During the same period, Gangtok, Harbhajan Singh, Darjeeling and Mysore were featured on the main page respectively on August 20, September 17, November 6 and December 29, 2009. Meanwhile, articles on topics as diverse as Political history of Mysore and Coorg (1565–1760), Marwari horse and Iravan were promoted as featured articles, and respectively appeared on the main page on March 25, May 17 and May 28, 2010. Consequently, the number of FA-class articles under the project's scope dropped from 67 in August 2009 to 63 in June 2010. The number of good articles, however, saw a more than 40% increase, from 91 to 130 during the same period, while the number of featured lists saw a 33% increase from 12 to 16.
Due to the recent policy changes regarding unreferenced Biographies of Living People (BLPs), an effort was started in January 2010 to source all unreferenced BLPs coming under Wikiproject India. 1200 such articles were identified initially and more were added to the list later. Due to the sourcing effort, the number of Indian unreferenced BLPs is down to 565 currently. During February-April 2010, There was a large scale disruption of Kerala related articles by a Thrissur based IP vandal. Editing from a dynamic IP BSNL connection, the vandal changed dates of birth, death and ages of a number of Malayalam and Tamil film actors. Later he added a few international biographies to his list. He also marked some living people like Arvind Swamy as dead. A month long range block was imposed on his IP range two times and each time he came back to vandalise dates once the block expired. Currently the range has been blocked for three months till September 11, 2010.
This picture, shot in India, won the Commons:Picture of the Year contest 2009. Translations of the description in Indian languages are solicited.
Wikipedians in Bangalore have been organising periodic meetups over the past year, in collaboration with the Centre for Internet and Society. The next meetup is scheduled for July 18, 2010. Indian and other Wikipedians from all Wikipedias in various languages are welcome to attend.
A discussion is underway here to reach a consensus regarding the use of Indian number names (lakh, crore etc.) in Wikipedia articles. Please participate and add your comments.
Some unintended vandalism is going on at the Assamese Wikipedia by the sole active editor. This is a request for Assamese-conversant Wikipedians to help resolve the issue.
A discussion is in progress here in order to determine whether non-Western (including Indian) forms of classical music should be referred to by the nomenclature of art music instead of classical music. Please participate and add your comments.
Watchlist the Articles for Deletions page for India related discussions. Opinions from more Indian Wikipedians are required in many of the discussions.
If you've just joined, add your name to the Members section of WikiProject India. You'll get a mention in the next issue of the Newsletter and get it delivered as desired. Also, please include your own promotions and awards in future issues. Don't be shy!
Lastly, this is your newsletter and you can be involved in the creation of the next issue (Issue 2 – (July 2010)). Any and all contributions are welcome. Simply let yourself be known to any of the undersigned, or just start editing!
Looking forward toward more contributions from you!
Although having the newsletter appear on everyone's userpage is desired, this may not be ideal for everyone. If, in the future, you wish to receive a link to the newsletter, rather than the newsletter itself, you may mention it at WikiProject India Outreach Department
Dec 4, 2009 ... New York. IT could easily have turned out ... At the first meet- ing of the Indian Public Schools' ... sul General of India in New York . RKCian in attendance.
Mr. Pramod Sharma who taught at the Doon School, Dehra Dun, Mayo College, Ajmer and also at ... Ajmer and the Chairman of the Indian Public Schools Conference. ... “I am very happy to be joining the excellent medical team at New York ... Meet Miss Mumbai. Model-Actress Tisca Arora-Chopra, who is currently seen as ...
iskaa.org/whatsnew.htm - Cached
Nov 18, 2009 ... Alumni of Indian Public Schools Meet in New York ... School, Doon School,Mayo College, Daly College and others met for a Unique Pan Public .. RKC Rajkot included
Rohtang Pass 13054ft, Nakee La 15547, La Chaling la 16616, Taklang La 17582, Leh 17582ft
Highetst point on this hightest motorable road on earth is 39 Km beyond Leh : Leh to NUBRA VALLEY passes over KHARDUNG LA (the highest motorable road in the world) at 5602 M / 18,390 Ft, around 39 km from Leh.
After a missed issue, the WP:IND newsletter is back on track to being a regular bimonthly feature. The Indian WikiProject has seen plenty of online and off-line action, both in English as well as other Indian languages, and we now have a bigger, better format that intends to feature content and news from the English as well as other Indian language Wikipedias.
Reaching out to Indians has been the theme of the Indian Wikiproject over the past couple of months, aiming to involve a greater number of Indians in editing both the English and Indian language Wikipedias. To this end, efforts to set up the Indian chapter of Wikimedia have moved into their final stages, and registration of the society is currently pending. An effort is underway to push for "WikiMarathons" at meetups, where attendees will be encouraged to edit the English and/or Indian language Wikipedias. This is intended to popularise Wikipedia editing among the general public. In addition, a bot to post DYK's from the Indian Wikiproject to Twitter was created and launched by User:Logicwiki.
What's New?
Regrettably, the number of Featured Articles has dropped from 63 in June to 58 at the end of October 2010. Several FAs came up for review and were delisted, while Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India was saved. Meanwhile, Chalukya Dynasty appeared on the main page on July 9, 2010. Hearteningly, the number of Good Articles increased from 130 to 136 during the same period, while the number of Featured Lists remained constant at 16.
The date change vandal mentioned briefly in the previous issue made a reappearance when the range block on his IP range expired in September. Consequently the block was extended till September 2011.
In October there was a heated discussion in the India project noticeboard regarding the copyright status of the Indian party symbols. The discussion was triggered by the deletion of Wiki San Roze's party symbol images by Hammersoft as copyright violations. No resolution was reached, partly because of our inability to explain to Hammersoft how election symbols in India differ from party logos. Comments are requested from anyone with a background in Indian copyright law to clarify this issue.
The Bengali Wikisource, which contains the literary works of many prominent writers of Bengali language including Rabindranath Tagore, has crossed the 5,000 pages milestone. According to List of Wikisource page, Bengali Wikisource is now at rank 21 among 56 Wikisource based on number of content pages.
The uploading of Tamil technical words donated by Tamil Virtual University to the Tamil Wiktionary was completed in October. The words were donated by the Government of Tamil Nadu due to lobbying efforts by Tamil Wikipedians during the runup to the World Classical Tamil Conference 2010 (WCTC) in June. Nearly 70,000 words were uploaded increasing the word count in Tamil Wiktionary from 1,20,000+ to 1,90,000+. This has brought Tamil to the 10th place (from 17) in the list of largest wiktionaries and has earned it a place in the Wiktionary front page logo. In addition, Tamil Wikipedians set up a stall at the WCTC and introduced Tamil Wiki projects to people from all walks of life.
The Hindi Wikipedia and its sister wiki projects migrated to the new vector interface on September 1, 2010. In addition, Hindi is the first (and so far the only) Indian language to be incorporated into the WikiBhasha translation and contribution toolkit developed by Microsoft Research.
Mumbai and Delhi held their first meetups in September, where Wikimedia Board members Barry Newstead and Bishakha Datta met up with Wikipedians and other interested members of the public in these cities. A month later, Hyderabad also held its first meetup.
Arun Ram, Shiju Alex and Barry Newstead releasing the Wikimedia India community newsletter at the nineteenth Bangalore meetup on 24 September 2010.
Wikipedians in Bangalore continued their tradition of meeting up regularly at the Centre for Internet and Society, with the nineteenth meetup in September featuring Barry and Bishaka as attendees, and marking the release of the community newsletter. Along with Delhi and Mumbai, Bangalore is reported to be one of the three cities in contention for the Indian office of the Wikipedia Foundation.
The first Wikimarathon, where Wikipedians and members of the public were encouraged to contribute to Wikimedia projects onsite, was held simultaneously at the meetups in Bangalore and Chennai on November 14, 2010. Wikipedians in Delhi also held a meetup the same day.
The Malayalam Wikipedia held several academies in different parts of Kerala over the past few months.
This interesting discussion on the quality of editing in India-related articles has been underway for on the noticeboard a few days. Feel free to join in and express your opinion.
If you've just joined, add your name to the Members section of Wikipedia:WikiProject India. You'll get a mention in the next issue of the Newsletter and get it delivered as desired. Also, please include your own promotions and awards in future issues. Don't be shy!
Lastly, this is your newsletter and you can be involved in the creation of the next issue. Any and all contributions are welcome. Simply let yourself be known to any of the undersigned, or just start editing!
This newsletter incorporates content from the WikiMedia India Community Newsletter, September 2010.
Looking forward to more contributions from you!
Although having the newsletter appear on everyone's userpage is desired, this may not be ideal for everyone. If, in the future, you wish to receive a link to the newsletter, rather than the newsletter itself, you may mention it at WikiProject India Outreach Department
I stumbled upon the following link associated with one of page under my page protection and just released ( at : http://www.google.com/search?q=User%3APatelurology2%2FThe+White+eagle&btnG=Search&hl=en ) as searched under Google and showed Huggle/Whitelist as a page where I was listed ( searched by control F function on a cryptic page). Seems this is a list of contributors who have been deemed to be non-vandals. This page and associated pages need translation in many languages and you can dissemenate this info.
You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.
Hi. The draft as it currently stands is unacceptable because it is inherently promotional in tone. Were this moved to article space, the most likely scenario is that it would be speedy deleted under criterion G11: unambiguous advertising or promotion. I suggest you look at articles for individual hospitals in Category:Hospitals to get a better sense of the tone expected. Every article on this project needs to stick to the fundamental principles of neutral point of view and a lot of work is necessary before the current draft satisfies these requirements. Furthermore, material should be attributable to a reliable published source that is independent of the subject. This is not the case in the first half of the current draft. Best, Pichpich (talk) 16:14, 3 May 2011 (UTC)[reply]
Apology Patelurology2 but I have had to remove your last post at Talk:Air France Flight 447 as it has stopped subsequent messages from displaying. If you would like to check the code and preview before you re-add it again, thanks. MilborneOne (talk) 13:31, 4 June 2011 (UTC)[reply]
AF447 Integration of Time-line information from multiple sources
Work in progress: pending addition of box(es) for source and reliability symbols before merginging mainly ACARS events inserted first but are separated enbloc.
Events are tagged to time of occurence; collation done from different source and listed events are from different time period; though, this difference has significance, it is not separated by the time of recognition of the event, e.g. before or after finding and studying the black boxes, would be a major demarcation. Respecting the postulating learned opinion at the time of expression of that opinion from whatever information is then available to formulate that opinion and is presented as was expressed at one time; the same opinion could change based on newly found information subsequently; sequential interpretation of this is needed on ongoing basis. Even as this investigation winds down to a conclusion, the said conclusion may be revisable in the future based on then available new information, technology etc akin to the concept of DNA analysis of modern era aiding reexamination of past investigations.
AF447 Collation & Integration of Time-line information from multiple sources.
Events : Initially can keep one column, but logically separate columns for separate data source would be desirable.
Comments
22:29
Departed Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport on 31 May 2009 at 19:03 local time (22:03 UTC), with a scheduled arrival at Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport approximately 11 hours later.[1]: take-off weight 232.8 t (for a MTOW of 233t), including 70.4 t fuel.
On 11 Jun 2009 11:37:35 -0700 (PDT)written by Rick as follows: BEA posted a reconstructed flight path:
reconstructed flight path
Reverse engineered a couple of the locations using Google Earth:
0130Z 157.1 nm, 471 kts
0150Z 77.4 nm, 464 kts
0200Z 75.7 nm 454 kts
0210Z
"could use this to revise your extrapolated positions. could never find the source of the 0214Z position that was in Aviation Herald - now think it was wrong all along. The 0210Z in the BEA flight plan is a very close match to the SAR map final location posted in your forum (Crash location). So the SAR teams have been using the BEA 0210Z location all along. It looks like AF447 flew straight into this storm."
0130Z - 1 39.500'S 32 59.000'W
0150Z - 0 39.943'N 31 45.392'W
0200Z - 1 48.654'N 31 9.109'W
0210Z - 2 57.192'N 30 35.309'W
near waypoint INTOL (1°21′39″S 32°49′53″W / 1.36083°S 32.83139°W / -1.36083; -32.83139), located 565 km (351 mi) off Natal, on Brazil's north-eastern coast.
The crew reported that they expected to use airway UN873 and enter Senegalese-controlled airspace at waypoint TASIL (4°0′18″N 29°59′24″W / 4.005°N 29.99°W / 4.005; -29.99) within 50 minutes, and that the aircraft was flying normally at flight level 350 (a nominal altitude of 35,000 ft/11,000 m) and at a speed of 467 knots (865 km/h; 537 mph).[1]
01:48
left Brazil Atlantic radar surveillance at 01:48
01:50-01:58
Air France Flight 447 crossed through an area of tropical showers and/or weak thunderstorms with weak to moderate updrafts and a high likelihood of turbulence. The flight penetrated one cell at about 0150 UTC and then entered a cluster of cells beginning at 0158 UTC.
AF447 crossed through three key thunderstorm clusters: a small one around 0151Z, a new rapidly growing one at about 0159Z, and finally a large multicell convective system (MCS) around 0205-0216Z. At 0200Z- according to AF aircraft transmission, entered a "thunderous zone with strong turbulence."
Captain woke the second co-pilot and said "[…] he’s going to take my place". takes 4 min Est. to cockpit ? walking distance path? -the same path the Captain will take on return, possibly in half the time or sooner becauase of urgency, with attitude pitch changed: see later
Captain attended the briefing between the two co-pilots, during which the PF said, in particular "the little bit of turbulence that you just saw[…] we should find the same ahead […] we’re in the cloud layer unfortunately we can’t climb much for the moment because the temperature is falling more slowly than forecast" and that "the logon with Dakar failed". The Captain left the cockpit.
AF447 crossed through three key thunderstorm clusters: a small one around 0151Z, a new rapidly growing one at about 0159Z, and finally a large multicell convective system (MCS) around 0205-0216Z. At 0200Z- according to AF aircraft transmission, entered a "thunderous zone with strong turbulence."
AF447 crossed through three key thunderstorm clusters: a small one around 0151Z, a new rapidly growing one at about 0159Z, and finally a large multicell convective system (MCS) around 0205-0216Z. At 0200Z- according to AF aircraft transmission, entered a "thunderous zone with strong turbulence."
The PF called the cabin crew, telling them to watch out because turbulence was coming up. "It'll move about a bit more than at the moment," he said....in about 2 min later
The PNF said "you can maybe go a little to the left" and the plane began a slight turn to the left. Turbulence increased slightly and the crew decided to reduce speed.
The suspected zone of strongest cells was reached at 0208 UTC, which corresponds with the beginning of a track deviation, and another cell appeared to be reached at 0210 UTC, which corresponded with the time of autopilot disconnect. The flight was suspected to be within areas of showers and precipitation up until the time of impact, and the descent below FL250 into the critical -10 to -20 deg C zone probably involved some degree of clear icing on control surfaces, though it is uncertain whether this affected recovery of the aircraft, especially due to the short accumulation time that would be involved.
The autopilot and auto-thrust disengaged and the PF said, "I have the controls." The airplane began to roll to the right and the PF tried to raise the nose up and to the left. The stall warning sounded twice in a row. Recorded parameters show a sharp fall in speed.
The PNF said "so, we've lost the speeds" then "alternate law . . . " The plane started to climb. The PF tried to bring the nose down and rolled alternatively left and right.
Note 1: The angle of attack is the angle between the airflow and longitudinal axis of the airplane.
This information is not presented to pilots.
Note 2 : In alternate or direct law, the angle-of-attack protections are no longer available but a
stall warning is triggered when the greatest of the valid angle-of-attack values exceeds a certain
threshold.
The airplane’s pitch attitude increased progressively beyond 10 degrees and the plane started
to climb. The PF made nose-down control inputs and alternately left and right roll inputs. The
vertical speed, which had reached 7,000 ft/min, dropped to 700 ft/min and the roll varied
between 12 degrees right and 10 degrees left. The speed displayed on the left side increased
sharply to 215 kt (Mach 0.68). The airplane was then at an altitude of about 37,500 ft and the
recorded angle of attack was around 4 degrees.
switching [from normal law] to alternate flight control law.
2:10:29 -2:10:41
FLAG ON CAPT PFD SPD LIMIT- FLAG ON F/O PFD SPD LIMIT
Disappearance of the display of the characteristic speeds (in particular VLS [low speed limit] and green dot [most economical speed]) on the Captain and First Officer [primary flight displays] PFDs, with display of the SPD LIM flag at the bottom of the speed scales.This message indicates the unavailability of the [flight management and guidance envelope computer] FMGEC’s characteristic speed calculation function.
2:10:34
At 2:10 the the geographic coordinates of F=GZCP was N2.98 W30.59
2:10:34E
The last two numbers of the all codes, not shown, are "06" and refer to warnings or failures that occurred above 800ft MSL. The WN########## and FLR########## date and time stamps were removed as the times are given by the satellite that received the transmission from F-GZCP. 2The messages were at least five or six seconds apart, which can be explained by the limited rate of communication by satellite.3Note: A position report message (AOC type) was received at 2 h 10 min 34 s, between two maintenance messages. 4According to BEA the message is not fully explained. 5There are two possible reasons for the longer gaps: either the aircraft did not have any messages to transmit, or it no longer had the means for doing so (loss of satellite communication performance, for example).. 6Italicised text are quotes from the 07-02-2009 BEA Interim report.[53]7The gap observed between the message sent at 2 h 13 min 14 s and the one sent at 2 h 13 min 45 s is due, at least in part, to a temporary interruption in the communication link between the aircraft and the satellite
2:10:47
AUTO FLT A/THR OFF- Autoflight system - autothrust spontaneously shut off
02:10:50
The PNF tried several times to call the captain back.
The stall warning was triggered again. The PF continued trying to pull the nose up. Altitude reached its maximum of about 38,000 ft. The thrust levers were positioned
in the TO/GA detent and the PF maintained nose-up inputs. The recorded angle of attack, of
around 6 degrees at the triggering of the stall warning, continued to increase. The trimmable
horizontal stabilizer (THS) passed from 3 to 13 degrees nose-up in about 1 minute and
remained in the latter position until the end of the flight.
Around fifteen seconds later, the speed displayed on the ISIS increased sharply towards 185 kt;
it was then consistent with the other recorded speed. The PF continued to make nose-up
inputs. The airplane’s altitude reached its maximum of about 38,000 ft, its pitch attitude and
angle of attack being 16 degrees.
Note: The inconsistency between the speeds displayed on the left side and on the ISIS lasted a little less
than one minute.
"At 2 h 10 min 51s, the stall warning was triggered again. The thrust levers were positioned in the TO/GA detent and the PF maintained nose-up inputs. The recorded angle of attack, of around 6 degrees at the triggering of the stall warning, continued to increase. The trimmable horizontal stabilizer (THS) passed from 3 to 13 degrees nose-up in about 1 minute and remained in the latter position until the end of the flight."by ...Insider : a sign name & further in link
Captain walks to the cockpit: feeling the pitch/attitude, deceleration/acceleration, descent/ascent: equilalent info of the said seat of the pants feel. Time walked or in upright postion to cockpit ( once out of bed )?estimate but actual BEA estimate needed.
actual BEA estimate needed: Captain walks in 2:11:40 see below
2:10:54
NAV TCAS FAULT- Navigation system - indicates that the [Terrain crash avoidance system] TCAS is inoperative.
2:11:00 -2:11:15
Disappearance of the Flight Director on the PFDs, Captain and First Officer sides, and display of the red FD flag
2:11:21
F/CTL RUD TRV LIM FAULT
..unavailability of the rudder deflection limitation calculation function. The limitation value remains frozen at the current value at the time of the failure.
02:11:40
The captain re-entered the cockpit. In the following seconds, all the recorded speeds became invalid and the stall warning stopped. The altitude was about 35,000 ft but the plane was descending at about 10,000 ft per minute.
..transmitted by the FCDC2 (EFCS2), means that the FCPCs (or PRIMs) triggered one of the speed monitoring processes: they have detected a decrease of more than 30 kt in one second of the “polled” speed value. The three ADRs were considered valid by the EFCS2 at the time the monitoring was triggered, because the prior rejection of an ADR would have generated a class 2 fault message and there would therefore have been an asterisk in front of the source. In this case, the “polled” value is the median value. Flight control systems are now operating under 'alterate law 2'.
2:11:55
EFCS1 X2, EFCS2X... FCPC2 (2CE2)/ WRG:ADIRU1 BUS ADR1-2 TO FCPC2,HARD
Source:Captain's Electronic Flight Control System (EFCS 1). indicates that [First Officer's flight control primary computer] FCPC 2 no longer considers as valid the information that is delivered to it by ADR 1 (via bus 2).
02:12:02
The PF said "I don't have any more indications," and the PNF said "we have no valid indications." At that moment, the thrust levers were in the IDLE detent and the
engines’ N1’s were at 55%.( see below: Around fifteen seconds later, the PF made pitch-down inputs. In the following moments, the angle of attack decreased, the speeds became valid again and the stall warning sounded again.)(|vancoursun,[ http://www.bea.aero/fr/enquetes/vol.af.447/point.enquete.af447.27mai2011.en.pdf BEA timeline](Cvr:Around fifteen seconds later, the PF pulled the nose down. The angle of attack decreased, the speeds became valid again and the stall warning sounded again )
2:12:10 - 2:12:16
FLAG ON CAPT PFD FPV-FLAG ON F/O PFD FPV
Disappearance of the FPV (bird) on the PFDs, Captain and First Officer sides, and display of the red FPV flag.
02:12:17E
Around fifteen seconds later, the PF pulled the nose down. The angle of attack decreased, the speeds became valid again and the stall warning sounded again.
the EFCSs have rejected an ADR, and then identified an inconsistency between the two remaining ADRs on one of the monitored parameters.
2:13:08
ISIS 1... ISIS(22FN - 10FC) SPEED OR MACH FUNCTION- Source: integrated standby information system (ISIS).
internal failure at the level of the CAS or Mach elaboration function or CAS or Mach values that are outside certain limits.
2:13:14
IR2 1, EFCS1X, IR1, IR3... ADIRU2- Source: inertia reference 2 (A component of the First Officer's ADIRU).
2:13:14-2:13:45
gap between reports
gap observed between the message sent at 2 h 13 min 14 s and the one sent at 2 h 13 min 45 s is due, at least in part, to a temporary interruption in the communication link between the aircraft and the satellite
02:13:32
The PF said the plane's altitude was nearing 10,000 feet. About 15 seconds later, simultaneous inputs by both pilots on the sidesticks were recorded and the PF said "go ahead, you have the controls." Last words in Cvrvancoursun
2:13:45
F/CTL PRIM 1 FAULT- Flight control
This message indicates that FCPC1 (PRIM 1) has stopped functioning. This shutdown could be the result of a command or of a failure.
2:13:51
F/CTL SEC 1 FAULT- Flight control
This message indicates that [Captain's flight control secondary computer] FCSC1 (SEC 1) has stopped functioning. This shutdown could be the result of a command or of a failure.
2:14:14
MAINTENANCE STATUS ADR 2-Source: First officer's Air data reference which is part of ADIRU-2
2:14:20
FMGEC1(1CA1), INTERMITTENT- Autoflight system - an intermittent fault in the captain's flight manangement guidance envelope computer, occurs for less than 2.5 seconds.
2:14:26
ADVISORY CABIN VERTICAL SPEED- Cabin Airhandling system - Flashing of the cabin vertical speed indicator on the SD’s PRESS page.
indicates a cabin altitude variation greater, as an absolute value, than 1,800 ft/min for five seconds.
02:14:28
The recordings stopped.The last recorded values were a vertical speed of
-10,912 ft/min, a ground speed of 107 kt, pitch attitude of 16.2 degrees nose-up, roll angle of
5.3 degrees left and a magnetic heading of 270 degrees.
ETA TASIL- ENTRY POINT IN Senegalese-controlled airspace
The last verbal contact with the aircraft was at 01:33 UTC, when it was near waypoint INTOL (1°21′39″S 32°49′53″W / 1.36083°S 32.83139°W / -1.36083; -32.83139), located 565 km (351 mi) off Natal, on Brazil's north-eastern coast. The crew reported that they expected to use airway UN873 and enter Senegalese-controlled airspace at waypoint TASIL (4°0′18″N 29°59′24″W / 4.005°N 29.99°W / 4.005; -29.99) within 50 minutes
The last two numbers of the all codes, not shown, are "06" and refer to warnings or failures that occurred above 800ft MSL. The WN########## and FLR########## date and time stamps were removed as the times are given by the satellite that received the transmission from F-GZCP. 2The messages were at least five or six seconds apart, which can be explained by the limited rate of communication by satellite.3Note: A position report message (AOC type) was received at 2 h 10 min 34 s, between two maintenance messages. 4According to BEA the message is not fully explained. 5There are two possible reasons for the longer gaps: either the aircraft did not have any messages to transmit, or it no longer had the means for doing so (loss of satellite communication performance, for example).. 6Italicised text are quotes from the 07-02-2009 BEA Interim report.[53]7The gap observed between the message sent at 2 h 13 min 14 s and the one sent at 2 h 13 min 45 s is due, at least in part, to a temporary interruption in the communication link between the aircraft and the satellite
Autoflight system - autopilot spontaneously shut off
0
2:10:16
2262 010
AUTO FLT REAC W/S DET FAULT
Autoflight system - unavailability of the reaction to wind shear detection function6
-
2:10:23
2791 005
F/CTL ALTN LAW
Flight control - switching [from normal law] to alternate flight control law.
-
2:10:29
2:10:41
2283 002
2283 012
FLAG ON CAPT PFD SPD LIMIT
FLAG ON F/O PFD SPD LIMIT
Disappearance of the display of the characteristic speeds (in particular VLS [low speed limit] and green dot [most economical speed]) on the Captain and First Officer [primary flight displays] PFDs, with display of the SPD LIM flag at the bottom of the speed scales.This message indicates the unavailability of the [flight management and guidance envelope computer] FMGEC’s characteristic speed calculation function.
-3
2:10:34
#0210/+2.98-30.59
At 2:10 the the geographic coordinates of F=GZCP was N2.98 W30.59
-3
2:10:47
2230 025
AUTO FLT A/THR OFF
Autoflight system - autothrust spontaneously shut off
-
2:10:54
3443 005
NAV TCAS FAULT
Navigation system - indicates that the [Terrain crash avoidance system] TCAS is inoperative.4
-
2:11:00
2:11:15
2283 001
2283 011
FLAG ON CAPT PFD FD
FLAG ON F/O PFD FD
Disappearance of the Flight Director on the PFDs, Captain and First Officer sides, and display of the red FD flag
-5
2:11:21
2723 020
F/CTL RUD TRV LIM FAULT
..unavailability of the rudder deflection limitation calculation function. The limitation value remains frozen at the current value at the time of the failure.
..transmitted by the FCDC2 (EFCS2), means that the FCPCs (or PRIMs) triggered one of the speed monitoring processes: they have detected a decrease of more than 30 kt in one second of the “polled” speed value. The three ADRs were considered valid by the EFCS2 at the time the monitoring was triggered, because the prior rejection of an ADR would have generated a class 2 fault message and there would therefore have been an asterisk in front of the source. In this case, the “polled” value is the median value. Flight control systems are now operating under 'alterate law 2'.
99
2:11:55
2793 34*
EFCS1 X2, EFCS2X... FCPC2 (2CE2)/ WRG:ADIRU1 BUS ADR1-2 TO FCPC2,HARD
Source:Captain's Electronic Flight Control System (EFCS 1). indicates that [First Officer's flight control primary computer] FCPC 2 no longer considers as valid the information that is delivered to it by ADR 1 (via bus 2).4
-
2:12:10
2:12:16
3412 001
3412 011
FLAG ON CAPT PFD FPV
FLAG ON F/O PFD FPV
Disappearance of the FPV (bird) on the PFDs, Captain and First Officer sides, and display of the red FPV flag.
-5
2:12:51
3410 400
NAV ADR DISAGREE
the EFCSs have rejected an ADR, and then identified an inconsistency between the two remaining ADRs on one of the monitored parameters.
161
2:13:08
3422 00*
ISIS 1... ISIS(22FN - 10FC) SPEED OR MACH FUNCTION
Source: integrated standby information system (ISIS). internal failure at the level of the CAS or Mach elaboration function or CAS or Mach values that are outside certain limits.
178
2:13:14
3412 34*
IR2 1, EFCS1X, IR1, IR3... ADIRU2
Source: inertia reference 2 (A component of the First Officer's ADIRU).4
-
2:13:45
2790 025
F/CTL PRIM 1 FAULT
Flight control - This message indicates that FCPC1 (PRIM 1) has stopped functioning. This shutdown could be the result of a command or of a failure.
2157
2:13:51
2790 004
F/CTL SEC 1 FAULT
Flight control - This message indicates that [Captain's flight control secondary computer] FCSC1 (SEC 1) has stopped functioning. This shutdown could be the result of a command or of a failure.
-
2:14:14
3410 360
MAINTENANCE STATUS ADR 2
Source: First officer's Air data reference which is part of ADIRU-2
244
2:14:20
2283 34*
AFS 1... FMGEC1(1CA1), INTERMITTENT
Autoflight system - an intermittent fault in the captain's flight manangement guidance envelope computer, occurs for less than 2.5 seconds.4
-
2:14:26
2231 002
ADVISORY CABIN VERTICAL SPEED
Cabin Airhandling system - Flashing of the cabin vertical speed indicator on the SD’s PRESS page. .. indicates a cabin altitude variation greater, as an absolute value, than 1,800 ft/min for five seconds.
-
*Failures appear on gold background
1The last two numbers of the all codes, not shown, are "06" and refer to warnings or failures that occurred above 800ft MSL. The WN########## and FLR########## date and time stamps were removed as the times are given by the satellite that received the transmission from F-GZCP. 2The messages were at least five or six seconds apart, which can be explained by the limited rate of communication by satellite.3Note: A position report message (AOC type) was received at 2 h 10 min 34 s, between two maintenance messages. 4According to BEA the message is not fully explained. 5There are two possible reasons for the longer gaps: either the aircraft did not have any messages to transmit, or it no longer had the means for doing so (loss of satellite communication performance, for example).. 6Italicised text are quotes from the 07-02-2009 BEA Interim report.[53]7The gap observed between the message sent at 2 h 13 min 14 s and the one sent at 2 h 13 min 45 s is due, at least in part, to a temporary interruption in the communication link between the aircraft and the satellite
Let me clarify my comments on AF447 talk page. I dont think the two should be meshed together. The FDRs and FVRs should not be meshed together either. The reason is that the ACARS in reporting errors in both the sensor and ADIRU system at the basal level of computational systems of the AC. The data on the FDR is often unreliable as a result. There are several sources of data, some data that was obtained from the external ports (e.g. pitots) is unreliable. The BEA reports gives us information that the aircraft could not distinquish a true stall situation (AOA too high) relative to false stall. The pilots statements are reliable indicators of the state of aircraft. There are several perplexing statements in that report. With alternate law and direct law the copilot dialed that trim elevation to the maximum setting and continued the pull back the aircraft (this would have changed the horizontal G-forces substantially).
ACARS is reporting, not the direction of the error, but that something unexpected happened that needed to be looked into later. Some of these were equipment failures if not temporary under the environment that they were subjected. The data recorder is not actively filtering out bad data, but the pilots are seeing both good and bad data. At a couple of points they remark they have lost all indicators, and we should take that as they say it, the altimeter may have been reported properly on the recorder (i dont know if this is GPS or altimeter data), but the pilots may have been seeing something else. The pilots actions are not in accord with the flight data, they appear to be responding do a different set of circumstance of which we are not aware of. Indicators of this are the fact that the aircraft is trimmed to max (can only occur under direct law), and the stick is constantly being nosed-up, even when downsticking cause the stall horn, indicating that pilots were trying to intentionally dissipating alot of kinetic and thermodynamic energy in the aircraft manually, to do a belly flop on the atlantic. Either they were completely unaware of the deceleration and loss of altitude, as the report superficially suggests or something else, unreported, had happened to the aircraft. The critical thing is that if we take the BEA FDR at face value the aircraft slowed from 540 MPH to 120 MPH in approximately 40 seconds that is a 0.45 g horizontal deceleration that would not be missed by the pilots unless something else explains this. Thus the deceleration was either intentional or the speed data was never accurate until close to hitting the atlantic. As for the altimeter data, I don't know if the BEA is reporting GPS or pressure altimetry. They do report a GS close to the ground, but IAS = GS at sea level and 0 winds, whereas GPS AS (GS) is GS at all
levels.
The most important thing that will be confusing to the reader, it appears and is interpreted by the BEA that the aircraft is in a permanent stall (from 38,000 feet to the point it crashed); however the stall horn only sounds occasionally. It appears to be the case because the stall indicator is dependent on a minimum IAS of 60 knts, and at a AOA of 40 degrees, even with unblocked pitot tubes the AC was incapable or producing a consistent stall signal. Thus multiple interpretive signals are not reporting accurately to the FDR.
Personally I would not put alot into a comprehensive table until the BEA can reconcile the ACARS, VDR, FDR and pilot actions.PB666yap01:14, 24 June 2011 (UTC)[reply]
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^Aihara; Kajimoto, O; Hirata, H; Takahashi, R; Nakamura, Y (2005). "Effect of powdered fermented milk with Lactobacillus helveticus on subjects with high-normal blood pressure or mild hypertension". Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 24 (4): 257–65. PMID16093403.
^Cite error: The named reference ncbi.nlm.nih.gov was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Acharya_2003 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Dive, V.; et al. (2004), "Review: Phosphinic peptides as zinc metalloproteinase inhibitors.", Cellular and Molecular Life Science, 61: 2010–2019 {{citation}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
^ Gerogiadis, D.; Guniasse, P.; Cotton, J.; Yiotakis, A.; Dive, V. (2004), "Structural Determinants of RXPA380, a Potent and Highly Selective Inhibitor of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme C-domain.", Biochemistry, 43: 8048–8054, doi:10.1021/bi049504q
^ abc"US National Nutrient Database, Release 28". United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. All values in this table are from this database unless otherwise cited or when italicized as the simple arithmetic sum of other component columns.
^"Avocado oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
^Ozdemir, Feramuz; Topuz, Ayhan (June 2004). "Changes in dry matter, oil content and fatty acids composition of avocado during harvesting time and post-harvesting ripening period". Food Chemistry. 86 (1): 79–83. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.08.012.
^"Brazil nut oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
^ abcdKatragadda, Harinageswara Rao; Fullana, Andrés; Sidhu, Sukh; Carbonell-Barrachina, Ángel A. (May 2010). "Emissions of volatile aldehydes from heated cooking oils". Food Chemistry. 120 (1): 59–65. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.070.
^"Canola oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
^"Coconut oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
^"Palm oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
Done
Antigua and Barbuda
Australia
Bahamas
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belize
Botswana
Brunei
Cameroon
Canada
Cyprus
Dominica
Ghana
Grenada
Guyana
India
Jamaica
Kenya
Kiribati
Lesotho
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Malta
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Nauru
New Zealand
Nigeria
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Rwanda
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Solomon Islands
South Africa
Sri Lanka
Eswatini
Tanzania
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tuvalu
Uganda
United Kingdom
Vanuatu
Zambia
Commonwealth
Hello. I noticed you recently created , the page WikiProject Aviation/Contest/Submissions/Pateurology2, in the article space by mistake. This may have been a typographical error, but in case it was not, let me summarise what you did incorrectly. In Wikipedia, every page is in a namespace. The namespace is by default "Article", otherwise known as "Main". You created your page in the articlespace, because you neglected or misspelled the namespace prefix "Wikipedia:" before the name of your page. Even as minute a detail as this can cause problems. In the future, please be careful of this. Don't worry about the page - I have moved it into the correct namespace, and marked the resultant redirect for deletion. If you have questions, please feel free to ask them on my talkpage, or go to the help desk. Thank you. Intelligentsium 02:19, 5 November 2009 (UTC)
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