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Garhajis

Garhajis
جرهجس

Regions with significant populations
Languages
Somali, Arabic
Religion
Islam (Sunni, Sufism)
Related ethnic groups
Ayub, Habar Jeclo, Arap, Habar Awal

The Garhajis (Somali: Garxajis, Arabic: جرهجس, Ismail Shiekh Isaaq ibn Ahmad al-Hashimi) is an aristocratic Somali clan and the largest sub-clan of the Isaaq. They are the traditional holders of the Isaaq Sultanate.The Garhajis is comprised of two major sub-clans , the Habar Yoonis and Eidagalla. They are traditionally Nomadic Pastoralists and are renowned for their martial prowess and skills in poetry.

Distribution

The Garhajis inhabit the Togdheer , Woqooyi Galbeed , Saaxil , Sool and Sanaag regions of Somaliland. They also inhabit the Degehbur , Wardheer and Aware zones in the Haud region of Ethiopia

History

Middle ages (Conquest of Abbysinia)

Historically the Garhajis took part in the conquest of Abyssinia and were part of the Adal Sultanate and are mentioned in the famous "Futuh Al-Habash" as the Habar Magaadle along with the Habar Awal , Arab and Ayub clans.

1870's -1940's (Rayyad Wars)

During this period the Garhajis were fighting an expansionist war against the Daarood clans and gained many new territroy in the Haud region, these battles are today known as the Rayyad or Guba Wars. It was a volatile era that gave birth to some of the best known Somali poetry.

In 1877 the Garhajis under the leadership of Sultan Hersi Aman conquered Daroor and subjugated the rer Haroun of the Ogaden clan , during the battle they captured and subsequently executed their Sultan.. The Habar Yoonis then proceeded to expand into Doolo region and took control of watering wells , grazing land and looted thouands of camels from the Cabdille , Makahil, Ali and Haroun sub clans of the Ogaden , forcing them to leave their homeland and flee south to Hiiraan. This particular series of conquests was what initiated famous the chains of poems known as "Guba" in which Ali dhuh a Daarood poets laments and berates the Ogadenis for losing so much land and exchanges heated poems with the Ogaden and Habar Yoonis.

Ali duh - Dhulbahanta

Doqonkii Ogaadeen ahaa Doollo laga qaadye
Loo diid Dannood iyo hadduu degi lahaa Ciide
Nimanbaa dalkoodiyo xukuma labadi daaroode
 Makaahiilku doy uma kaceen degeya Hiiraane
Daacuunku meeshuu ku leyn uma dalluumeene
Daal iyo hadhuudh kuma cuneen degelkii Haarweyne
Habar-Yoonis bay uga durkeen degeladoodiiye

Historian Siegbert Uhlig commenting on the poem says " From a historical point of view Ali dhuhs peom explicitly details the large gains in traditionally Ogaden teritory and wells , and the looting of Ogaden camels by the isaq..He details the scatterring of the Ogaden clan , their forced migration southwards seeking refuge in the feverish river valleys , and even turning to hunting and farming- measures that were again considered very shameful usually only undertaken by slaves and low-caste Somalis and utterly demeaning for the once great pastoral Ogaden clan.

In the following poem Yawle boasts of looting Ogaden camels , taking their lands and causing them to flee.

Yawle - Habar Yoonis

Cosobkiyo hadduu geelayagu, Caado kor u dhaafo
Ogaadeen ciqaabkiyo nabsiga, iyo culuqu waw yiille
Iyagaba raggii caagganaa, looma caabudane
Cumar Dheere iyo baa la diley, culimadoodiiye
Cadad maleh intuu Reer Ugaas, cunay waraabuuye.

Markuu Cali ku maansoonayey, ee ciil la hoganaayey
Cabdille iyo Makaahiil miyaan, ciidan laga waayin
Miyaanaan Cammuud iyo Wardheer, calan ka laalaadin
Miyaannaan Biciidyahan cantaray, curub ka kawsiinnin
Miyaan Caliyo Haaruun ka qixin, cidhifki Laamaale

Cabaadkii Ogaadeen miyaanu, ciidda mari waayin
Cusbaale iyo Xananley miyaan, coodan lagu qaybsan
Miyaanaan caroofiga xeryaha, cayn walbuu gelinnin
Curdankiyo sagaarada miyaan, caydhu ku ekaannin?
Intii aan Talyaanigu cammirin, cidhifyadaa kaynta
Miyaannaan cadceed iyo cadceed, celinnin Daaroodka?

Daarood Ku xaar

Another famous poetic chain was composed during this era , the chain came to be known as "Daarood ku Xaar" which roughly translate to "where the Daarood defecated". The event the poem describes took place during world war 2 when Ogaden , Marehan and Majeerteen italian soldiers in a surprise attack raided camels from the Reer Caynaanshe sub clan of the Habar Yoonis in Danood. The soldiers successfully raided the Camels which numbered in the thousands and headed off to Ogaden country. The Habar Yoonis were divided on whether or not to pursue the group as their adversaries were numerically superior and well armed. They soon came to a decision to ambush them at dawn. The Reer Caynaanshe caught up with the soldiers in the early hours of the morining and attacked. The soldiers fled in confusion as they never anticipated the attack. They were pursued and subsequently massacred. One of the Reer caynaanshe warriors noticed that some of the enemy had defecated themselves, suggesting the cause was a mixture of Camels milk and terror. As is the tradition of Somalis to compose victory poems after battle , Habar Yonis poets composed many poems and they are collectively known as "Daarood Ku xaar".

Cilmi Liig (Habar Yoonis)

"Annagoo Dannood iyo fadhina, dacalladii Heeryo

Iyadooy dukaanleey u taal, duudda Habar Yoonis

Iyadoo shir lama dayn karee, damallo loo waabay

Iyadooy dablaydii korjoog, debedda meereyso

Iyaduu dalaysane ratigu, doobta karinaayo

Na soo doonte nimankii qalbigu, doorsanaan jiraye

Intay weerar nagu daadiyeen, daafad loo eriye

Dumarkuna ka dhereg Uustarkay, dib u qubaayeene

Doomaar ka dheer Shiciradday, dir u lahaayeene

Daba jilicdu waatay wax badan, diidday nabaddiiye

Daarood-ku-xaar bay lafii, daadsanyiin weliye.

Darod-ku-xaar"

Maxamed Aadan Caws “Yawle”, HY

Gabaygan wuxuu ka mid ahaa silsiladdii Daarood-ku-xaar.

Toorrida kuwii lala dhiciyo teerigii waranka

Kuwii shiihska lagu taagayee jaaha laga toogtay

Tusbax go’ay sidiisii kuwii tarabka loo laayey

Tafaariiqda nimankii guryaha lagu tadcaaraayey

Toddobaatan iyo dhawr kalaan teella loo dhigane

Waa tii ay tasoobeen sidii tiradi xoolaaye

Tumbushooda waatii la dhigay teedki Gumarroode

Daaroodka lagu taamayaa tacaddi weeyaane

Toddobaatan Geeliyo ninkii tira laxaad dhiibey

oo midab Tiriigleey arkoo tahan ku faallooday

Oo Guga aroos loo turqiyo tanafas eegaayey

oo xaajadiisii tognayd wiil ka kala tuuray

Oo gabayga loo tirinayaa tacaddi weeyaane

Quruumaha tartamayee u kacay tab iyo leexleexa

Nin waliba wixii uu tabcaday taw la soo yidhiye

Tumaal buu ahaa Muuse Dhiil taajna loo xidhaye

Waatay dhammaan taabaceen tala-xumaaliiye

Talyaaniga Triipoli haddii maalin laga taabay

Tagoogada waxaa looga xidhay tacaddi weeyaane

Tanac-tanacdu waa inan-gumeed tamaradiisiiye

Tol haddii u lee yahay waxbay tari lahaayeene

Marna haddanu dhawr tooganayn tookha haw miyine?

Tiiraanyadiisa ha qabo ee ha u tiraabina’e

Hana toosin waa gama’sanyay tuugga Habarwaaye Daarod-ku-Xaar"

Zeila

The Habar Yoonis also briefly controlled Zeila with Shermarke Ali Saleh of the Musa Carre taking over Zeila with Canons and HY muskuteers , solidifying and consolidating his power by controlling the trade routes deep into Ogaden territory.

Dervish period

Somali civil war and the SNM