Jump to content

User:The Equalizer/Overseas cities

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
City status is granted by the monarch on advice from government ministers, which since 2022 has been Charles III

British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies cities are the remnants of the former far-reaching British Empire, which was a vast holding of many regions, countries, protectorates and territories. A number of notable settlements within England and constituent countries of the grouping from the medieval period onwards were granted city status by the British monarch. This is a honorific title only granting no additional privileges, but it could confer a sense of increased local pride, additional prestige along with international notability and recognition to an area.

Primarily from the 20th century many territories gained independence, and there was a reduction in the number of cities remaining within the Empire. These did not form part of the modern United Kingdom except for Ireland, and later Northern Ireland. Today, the British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies continue to not form part of the UK, but the power to designate cities in these locations continues to remain vested ultimately with the present sovereign. There are (to 2022) presently four cities in the Overseas Territories, and one on a Crown Dependency.[1]

Current overseas cities

[edit]
City Year granted
or confirmed 		Cathedral
(until 1863) / occasion 		Territory/Dependency Status Image Population (Census)
Gibraltar 1842[2][3] Cathedral of the Holy Trinity Gibraltar, southwestern Europe

Map

British Overseas Territory 32,688 (2022)
Jamestown 1859[4] St Paul's St Helena,
Ascension and Tristan da Cunha,
South Atlantic Ocean

Map

British Overseas Territory 629 (2016)
Hamilton 1897[5][6] Awarded for Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee Bermuda,
North Atlantic Ocean

Map

British Overseas Territory 854 (2016)
Stanley 2022[3] Awarded for Queen Elizabeth II's Platinum Jubilee Falkland Islands,
South Atlantic Ocean

Map

British Overseas Territory 2,460 (2016)
Douglas
(Manx: Doolish) 		2022[3] Awarded for Queen Elizabeth II's Platinum Jubilee Isle of Man,
Irish Sea

Map

Crown Dependency 26,677 (2021)

Map of cities in Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies

[edit]
class=notpageimage|
Location of cities in Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies:
Cities in Overseas Territories

History

[edit]

British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies cities began as settlements in foreign lands controlled by England during medieval times from the 12th century as English overseas possessions, later from 1707 after union with Scotland becoming termed as the British Empire comprising Crown Colonies, which after a reduction of these due to countries being granted independence, became known as the British Dependent Territories from 1981, and this was further renamed into the present British Overseas Territories in 2002 and Crown Dependencies. As these sometimes far-flung lands became established, locals and British settlers from the most notable settlements began to request privileges as a validation of their importance, and city status was one of the more dignified honours handed out to a select few communities, other title types including becoming a borough.[2]

In England where city status began, a number of settlements which contained a cathedral initially were regarded as important places, especially after the Norman Invasion, with Norman leaders requesting that bishops base these within a recognisable location closer to the population. Later on, many of these notable towns were formally given city status with either a city charter and later using letters patent. Certain overseas territories such Ireland began to follow this trend until the later 1800s, after which the designation became disassociated to cathedrals and other merits came into play, such as population size.[2]

Ireland and Northern Ireland

[edit]
Further information: City status in Ireland

The first English overseas expansion occurred as early as 1169, when the Norman invasion of Ireland began to establish English possessions in Ireland, with it initially styled as a lordship and later a dependent kingdom, before full union with the UK in 1800. City status there tended historically to be granted by royal charter. The criteria depended less on the presence of a cathedral, and there are many towns in Ireland with Church of Ireland cathedrals that have never been called cities. In 1923 Ireland was partitioned and became an independent state; Northern Ireland continues to be a part of the UK.

France

[edit]
Further information: Communes of France § Chartered cities, and France in the Middle Ages § Cities and towns

Prior to the commune status that cities in France presently hold, in medieval times French Normans from the House of Normandy, English Angevin and Plantagenet kings held large swathes of territory such as the Duchy of Normandy as part of the wider Angevin Empire for which the ownership was continually disputed and culminated in the Hundred Years War. Normandy was held until 1204 but forfeited to French kings, and remaining French land was held with them being feudal tenants-in-chief, so any control of city privileges continued to lay with French nobility and monarchs.

During the period a number of towns were given charters with varying levels of self-government and status. The grant of city status was much like England, generally based on cathedral status. This was sometimes confirmed by the use of city seals[7] which were not necessarily connected to the presence of a church, although France was one of the more highly populated European countries of the period and had many cathedrals, by which more heavily inhabited areas were more likely to be given privileges.[8]

Crown colonies and British overseas expansion

[edit]

As the English empire expanded into the New World and parts of the old at the end of the medieval age, there were calls from these early communities for self-governance and charters were issued occasionally, sometimes by local governors which were ratified by monarchs.[9] Unlike England, these early grants did not depend on the settlement having an ecclesiastical centre. Although many settlements had begun to build churches, the Church of England had not begun to create overseas dioceses until 1787, and the Colonial Office were given the power to declare cities in Crown colonies by letters patent when appointing bishops. The first place in this period to have a diocese in place before a grant of city status was Quebec City.[2] Later, Gibraltar, Jamestown in St Helena along with several others were bestowed the status at the same time as the establishment of the diocese with diocesan letters patent instead of city status letters patent.[3]

However, after a number of court cases, from 1863 the Privy Council ruled that the Church of England did not have jurisdiction over overseas dioceses in many circumstances, and therefore deprecating this short-lived tradition of royal grant establishing bishop sees at the same time as granting city status in the Empire,[10] causing concerns on the patents issued; Goulburn in Australia for example found itself declared a city twice - once by letters patent in 1863 and once by law in 1885 after doubts arose to its status.[11][12] As core colonies obtained local legislatures and dominions formed responsible government administrations (primarily those in present-day Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa), they adapted the laws of settlement incorporation and city status to be based on measures such as size of population and local revenue.[13] Sensing the wind of change, creation of cities in the UK carried on based on dioceses until 1888 when the practice was discontinued, and later foreign cities such as Hamilton, Bermuda were granted the status by petitioning monarchs via officials or on royal occasions such as jubilees.[6]

List of British Empire cities before independence
British Empire city Year Present country Citations Notes
Gorgeana 1641 USA [14] Renamed York, Maine and reverted to a town after being annexed by Massachusetts colony in 1652[15]
New York 1686 USA [16] Was a city (New Amsterdam) under the Dutch from 1653[17][18]
Albany 1686 USA [19] Created a city by the Dongan charter
Chennai (Madras) 1688 India [20]
Philadelphia 1701 USA [21]
Annapolis 1708 USA [17][22][23]
Williamsburg 1722 USA [24][25] First US non-governor charter[26][27][28]
Saint John, New Brunswick 1785 Canada [29][30]
Kingston 1802 Jamaica [31]
Montreal 1832 Canada [32][33][34]
Quebec City 1832 Canada [35][36]
Toronto 1834 Canada [37][38]
Adelaide 1840 Australia [39][40]
Halifax 1841 Canada [41][42][43]
Sydney 1842 Australia [44][45] Confirmed in 1885[12]
Georgetown 1842 Guyana [2]
St John's 1842 Antigua and Barbuda [2]
Bridgetown 1842 Barbados [2]
Hobart Town 1843 Australia [46]
Kingston, Ontario 1846 Canada [47]
Hamilton, Ontario 1846 Canada [48]
Melbourne 1847 Australia [49][50]
Fredericton* 1848 Canada [51][52]
Victoria 1849 Hong Kong [53]
Charlottetown* 1855 Canada [54][55][56]
London* 1855 Canada [57][58]
Ottawa* 1855 Canada [59][60]
Perth 1856 Australia [61]
Christchurch 1856 New Zealand [62]
Nelson 1858 New Zealand [63]
New Westminster* 1860 Canada [64][65][66]
Nassau 1861 Bahamas [2]
Cape Town 1861 South Africa [67]
Victoria* 1862 Canada [68][69][70]
Dunedin* 1862 New Zealand [71]
Goulburn 1863 Australia [11][72][10][73] Confirmed in 1885[12]
Wellington* 1870 New Zealand [74]
Auckland* 1871 New Zealand [75][76]
Mumbai (Bombay) 1872 India [77][78]
Winnipeg* 1874 Canada [79]
Vancouver* 1886 Canada [80]
Victoria, Gozo (Rabat) 1887 Malta [81] Granted for the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria
Calgary* 1894 Canada [82][83]
Brisbane* 1902 Australia [84]
Port of Spain 1914 Trinidad & Tobago [85][86]
Johannesburg* 1928 South Africa [87]
Pretoria* 1931 South Africa [88]
Harare (Salisbury)* 1935 Zimbabwe [89][90][91]
Nairobi 1950 Kenya [92][93]
Singapore 1951 Singapore [94][95]
George Town, Penang 1957 Malaysia [96]
Lusaka 1960 Zambia [97]
Port Louis 1960 Mauritius [98]
Kampala 1962 Uganda [99][100] Grant by letters patent on day of independence

(brackets) contain former place names which the original grant may refer to

* a select number of notable cities granted the status by responsible government administrations (given the status by local legislature without royal prerogative) but prior to independence are indicated

Post British Empire

[edit]

The definition of the remaining overseas lands were changed to label them either British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies from 1981. The last sizeable populated city of these was Victoria, Hong Kong with its parent territory reverting to China in 1997, leaving relatively small resident populations in the remaining cities. Since the second Millennium, competitions have been arranged by the government to grant the status to UK settlements and this power remains delegated to it and the monarch. In 2021, submissions for city status were invited to mark the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II, with Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories being allowed to take part for the first time.[101] The applicants were George Town (in the Cayman Islands), Gibraltar, Stanley (in the Falkland Islands), Douglas and Peel (both in the Isle of Man).[102] It was later discovered that Gibraltar had been previously named a city, researchers at The National Archives confirming that Gibraltar's city status was still in effect, with the territory missing from the official list of cities for the past 140 years.[103] Stanley and Douglas were later granted the honour, making a total of five cities.[104]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ O'Connor, Mary (20 May 2022). "Platinum Jubilee: Eight new cities created in Queen's honour". BBC News. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Beckett, J V (2005). City status in the British Isles, 1830–2002. Historical urban studies. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-5067-7.
  3. ^ a b c d "Government re-affirms city status of Gibraltar". GOV.UK. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  4. ^ "Jamestown ⋅ Saint Helena Island Info ⋅ About St Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean". sainthelenaisland.info. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  5. ^ Tucker, Terry (1983). Bermuda: Today and Yesterday, 1503-1980s. p. 112.
  6. ^ a b "Welcome to Hamilton, Bermuda". www.cityofhamilton.bm. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  7. ^ BEDOS-REZAK, BRIGITTE. "TOWNS AND SEALS: REPRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICATION IN MEDIEVAL FRANCE, DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, COLLEGE PARK - BULLETIN JOHN RYLANDS LIBRARY" (PDF).
  8. ^ Hallam & Everard 2001, pp. 1–2, 8–9, 140, 142.
  9. ^ McBain, Howard Lee (1925). "The Legal Status of the American Colonial City". Political Science Quarterly. 40 (2): 187. doi:10.2307/2142273. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 2142273.
  10. ^ a b "Title: ADJOURNMENT - Goulburn Sesquicentenary - Database: Senate Hansard". p. 2087. Senator STEPHENS (New South Wales) (19:05): Last Thursday, 14 March, Goulburn held a huge community celebration of its sesquicentenary. I was delighted that the Senate unanimously supported a motion of recognition of this event and that the Prime Minister sent a message of goodwill to the city because Goulburn holds the unique distinction of being proclaimed a city on two occasions. The first, unofficial, proclamation was claimed by virtue of royal letters patent issued by Queen Victoria on 14 March 1863 to establish the Diocese of Goulburn. It was a claim made for ecclesiastical purposes, as required by the traditions of the Church of England. The letters patent also established St Saviour's Church as the cathedral church of the diocese. This was the last time that letters patent were used in this way in the British Empire, because they had been significantly discredited for use in the colonies and were soon to be declared formally invalid and unenforceable in this context. Several legal cases had already established that the monarch had no ecclesiastical jurisdiction in colonies possessing responsible government, and this in fact had been granted to New South Wales in 1856—seven years earlier. So the letters patent held authority only over those who submitted to it voluntarily, and then only within the context of the church. It had no legal or civil authority or implications. So Goulburn was again officially proclaimed a city on 20 March 1885, removing any lingering doubts as to its status.
  11. ^ a b "14 Mar 1863 - Goulburn proclaimed a City". NSW Government Records and Archives. 14 March 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  12. ^ a b c "Government Gazette Proclamations and Legislation". New South Wales Government Gazette. 20 March 1885. Retrieved 20 March 2024. Cities: Armidale, Bathurst, Goulburn, Grafton, Newcastle, Sydney.
  13. ^ "PROCLAMATION". Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales. 17 July 1907. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  14. ^ "York | Maine: An Encyclopedia". 8 May 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  15. ^ "History & Archaeology - Town of York, Maine".
  16. ^ York (N.Y.), New (April 2011). The charter of the city of New-York.
  17. ^ a b "Charles Town's Growing Pains". Charleston County Public Library. 9 March 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  18. ^ "A Charter for New Amsterdam: February 2, 1653". NYC Department of Records & Information Services. 2 February 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  19. ^ "History of Albany, NY". www.albany.org. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  20. ^ "Welcome to Greater Chennai Corporation". chennaicorporation.gov.in. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  21. ^ Johnson, Clint (2006). Colonial America and the American Revolution: The 25 Best Sites. ASDavis Media Group. p. 93. ISBN 9780976601326.
  22. ^ "History of Annapolis | Annapolis, MD". www.annapolis.gov. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  23. ^ "Archives of Maryland, Volume 0027, Page 0358 - Proceedings and Acts of the General Assembly, March, 1707-November, 1710". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  24. ^ "History of City Government | Williamsburg, VA". www.williamsburgva.gov. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  25. ^ "Founders Online: [Diary entry: 31 October 1768]". founders.archives.gov. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  26. ^ "Williamsburg, City of". www.lva.virginia.gov. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  27. ^ Williamsburg--The Old Colonial Capital. JSTOR. The William and Mary Quarterly. 1 July 1907.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  28. ^ "Why There Are No Towns or Counties in Southeastern Virginia". www.virginiaplaces.org. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  29. ^ "An Act Respecting the Royal Charter of the City of Saint John, SNB 1967, c 81".
  30. ^ Saint John (N.B.) (1811). The charter of the city of Saint John in the province of New Brunswick [microform]. Canadiana.org. Saint John [N.B.] : Printed by William Durant & Co. ... ISBN 978-0-665-48078-2.
  31. ^ The Laws of Jamaica: 1799-1803 -COMPREHENDING ALL THE ACTS IN FORCE Passed between the FORTIETH Year of the Reign of KING GEORGE THE THIRD And the FORTY FOURTH Year of the Reign of KING GEORGE THE THIRD. Vol. 4th (2nd ed.). ALEXANDER AIKMAN AND SON. 1812. p. 144. An act for constituting a corporation for better ordering and managing the police of the town and parish of Kingston and for other purposes relative to the said parish of Kingston with proper and adequate powers... Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty of the City and Parish of Kingston
  32. ^ "Bill to incorporate the City of Montreal, Prov LC, 1832". PrimaryDocuments.ca. 1 January 1832. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  33. ^ "An Act to incorporate the City of Montreal. | British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867". bnald.lib.unb.ca. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  34. ^ "First charter of Montréal - Democracy in Montreal - Archives de Montréal". www2.ville.montreal.qc.ca. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  35. ^ Bélanger, Claude. "Quebec History". faculty.marianopolis.edu. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  36. ^ "An Act to incorporate the City of Quebec. | British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867". bnald.lib.unb.ca. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  37. ^ "Resources on Former Municipalities". City of Toronto. 18 September 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  38. ^ "An Act to extend the Limits of the Town of York; to erect the said Town into a City; and to Incorporate it under the name of the City of Toronto. Passed 6th March, 1834. | British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867". bnald.lib.unb.ca. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  39. ^ "Election of the first city council 1840". City of Adelaide. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  40. ^ "Adelaide Municipal Corporation Act (No 4 of 4 Vic, 1840)". classic.austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  41. ^ "Act of Incorporation" (PDF).
  42. ^ "The First Mayor of Halifax - A pompous Gentleman". www.theedkins.co.uk. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  43. ^ "Acts of the General Assembly of the province of... - An act to incorporate the city of Halifax - Canadiana". www.canadiana.ca. p. 86. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  44. ^ "history of sydney".
  45. ^ "History of City of Sydney council". City of Sydney. 18 September 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  46. ^ "LATEST IN℡LIGENCE". Launceston Examiner. 18 January 1843. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  47. ^ "An Act to Incorporate the Town of Kingston as a City. 18th May, 1846. | British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867". bnald.lib.unb.ca. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  48. ^ "An Act to alter and amend the Act incorporating the Town of Hamilton, and to erect the same into a City. 9th June, 1846. | British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867". bnald.lib.unb.ca. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  49. ^ "History of Melboune" (PDF).
  50. ^ "Diocese of Melbourne [cartographic material] / drawn & engraved by J. Archer - Catalogue | National Library of Australia". catalogue.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  51. ^ "About Fredericton (History)". City of Fredericton. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  52. ^ "An Act to incorporate the City of Fredericton. Passed 30th March 1848. | British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867". bnald.lib.unb.ca. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  53. ^ "HONG KONG SHENG KUNG HUI ARCHIVES - 香港聖公會檔案館 - ORIGINAL LETTERS PATENT CREATING BISHOPRIC OF VICTORIA -- 1849". archives.hkskh.org. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  54. ^ Toolkit, Web Experience (31 August 2015). "Historic Milestones". www.princeedwardisland.ca. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  55. ^ "City History". www.charlottetown.ca. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  56. ^ "The acts of the General Assembly of Prince Edwa... - Canadiana - An Act to Incorporate the Town of Charlottetown, April 17th, 1855". www.canadiana.ca. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  57. ^ "Learn about the History of London, Ontario". Tourism London. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  58. ^ "Charter and by-laws of the city of London : - Canadiana". www.canadiana.ca. p. 16. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  59. ^ Powell, James. "The Corporation of Bytown - The Historical Society of Ottawa". www.historicalsocietyottawa.ca. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  60. ^ "An Act to erect the Town of Bytown into a City under the name of the City of Ottawa. Assented to 18th December, 1854. | British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867". bnald.lib.unb.ca. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  61. ^ "History of the Council". perth.wa.gov.au. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  62. ^ "Council history". Christchurch City Council. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  63. ^ "Nelson becomes a City". www.theprow.org.nz. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  64. ^ "New Westminster | Royal City, Fraser River, Fraser Valley | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 1 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  65. ^ "New Westminster Neighbourhoods Historical Context Statements" (PDF).
  66. ^ "Douglas, Chief Factor Governor Vice-Admiral Sir James to Lytton, Sir Edward George Earle Bulwer 17 August 1859, CO 60:5, no. 10046, 40". bcgenesis.uvic.ca. 17 August 1859. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  67. ^ Africa), Cape Town (South (1863). The Act and Regulations for the Municipality of Cape Town, Together with the Rules of Order for the Boards of Commissioners and Wardmasters. S. Solomon & Company.
  68. ^ "History". www.victoria.ca. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  69. ^ "1862: a year of change". Times Colonist. 29 July 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  70. ^ Plasterer, Herbert P. (1967). Fort Victoria : from fur trading post to capital city of British Columbia, Canada. p. 37. An act to incorporate the city of Victoria passed the Council on July 22nd, 1862, and received the assent of Governor James Douglas on August 2, 1862: "Whereas, it is expedient that the District commonly known as Victoria Town should be incorporated. Be it enacted by the Governor, on Her Majesty's behalf, by and with the consent of the Legislative Council and Assembly of Vancouver Island and its Dependencies." - By this act Victoria became "The Queen City of the Pacific possessions of Her Majesty, Queen Victoria.' 'The Victoria Colonist, August 18, 1862.
  71. ^ Council, Dunedin City. "Dunedin City Council history - Dunedin City Council". www.dunedin.govt.nz. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  72. ^ "Celebrate Goulburn's 160th Birthday". www.goulburn.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  73. ^ "DIOCESE OF GOULBURN". New South Wales Government Gazette. 24 March 1864. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  74. ^ "1865 - 1890". Wellington City Council. 16 September 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  75. ^ "Municipal and Official Handbook of the City of Auckland, New Zealand/The City of Auckland - Wikisource, the free online library". en.wikisource.org. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  76. ^ "New Zealand Statutes - Advanced Search". www.enzs.auckland.ac.nz. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  77. ^ "BOMBAY ACT No. XII OF 1888" (PDF).
  78. ^ Michael, L. W (1902). Written at Bombay. The history of the municipal corporation of the City of Bombay. Union Press. p. 32. when the Act of 1872-78 came into existence things had quieted down. This act again altered the Municipal Constitution and for the first time the designation of the *^Municipal Corporation of tlie City of Bombay"{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  79. ^ "Winnipeg's history".
  80. ^ "Consolidated acts of incorporation of the city ... - Canadiana". www.canadiana.ca. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  81. ^ Attar, Geoffrey. "Victoria: 125 Years of City Status - 1887 – 10 June 2012 - THE GOZO OBSERVER (No.25) - December 2011" (PDF).
  82. ^ Council. "City Council - a brief history". www.calgary.ca. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  83. ^ Office, City Clerk's. "Election Exhibit". www.calgary.ca. Retrieved 17 March 2024. Calgary was incorporated as a City on September 16, 1893. The Charter for The City of Calgary was assented to and was referred to as No. 33 of 1893 An Ordinance to Incorporate "The City of Calgary.
  84. ^ "Local Authorities Act of 1902 (2 Edw VII, No 19)". classic.austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  85. ^ Andrews, Erline. "As city celebrates 100th anniversary: Autonomy for Port-of-Spain". www.guardian.co.tt. Retrieved 19 March 2024. 1914: The Port-of-Spain City Corporation was proclaimed the municipal authority of the city of Port-of-Spain by the Governor on June 25, by way of Ordinance 24 of 1914 and established by the Legislative Council on June 26
  86. ^ "TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO.- Port-of-Spain Corporation. - No. 24 -1914. 29th May. - AN ORDINANCE to constitute Port-of-Spain a Municipal City, to incorporate the inhabitants thereof and to provide for the good government of the City and for other purposes incidental thereto. - GEORGE R. LE HUNT, GOVERNOR. 25th June, 1914".
  87. ^ SELEPE, MOCHEUDI MARTINUS. "THE EFFECTS OF THE RESTRUCTURING OF THE JOHANNESBURG CITY COUNCIL ON EMERGENCY SERVICES". Dissertation: 19. City of Johannesburg (Private) Ordinance, no.15 of 1928
  88. ^ "Pretoria History - Culture, Religion and Lifestyle in Pretoria". www.pretoria.com. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  89. ^ City of Harare (Private) Act. 31 December 2016.
  90. ^ "1935 – Salisbury Attains City Status - Rhodesian Study Circle". 9 September 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  91. ^ "Harare - ACRC". 9 September 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  92. ^ "Page 1423 | Issue 38868, 21 March 1950 | London Gazette | The Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  93. ^ "History of Nairobi".
  94. ^ "Page 4045 | Issue 39296, 27 July 1951 | London Gazette | The Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  95. ^ "Singapore is conferred city status - Singapore History". eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  96. ^ "Page 7228 | Issue 40954, 21 December 1956 | London Gazette | The Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  97. ^ "History on Northern Rhodesia currently Zambia". www.zambianhistory.com. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  98. ^ "City Council | History". www.mccpl.mu. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  99. ^ "Kampala becomes a city". New Vision. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  100. ^ "INDEPENDENCE SPECIAL: Kampala becomes a city".
  101. ^ "Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours Competition". GOV.UK. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  102. ^ Topping, Alexandra; Waterson, Jim (23 December 2021). "From Goole to Gibraltar: the towns preparing to battle for city status in 2022". Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  103. ^ "Government re-affirms city status of Gibraltar". gov.uk. 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  104. ^ Bryantt, Miranda (21 May 2022). "'Partying with penguins': joy as Falklands town wins coveted city status to mark the Queen's jubilee". Retrieved 6 June 2022.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Hallam, Elizabeth M; Everard, Judith (2001). Capetian France 987–1328. Pearson. ISBN 978-0582404281.

Category:City status Category:Lists of cities by population

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:The_Equalizer/Overseas_cities&oldid=1254601311"