User:TMorata/sandbox
Safe listening[edit | edit source]
[edit]The concept of safe listening involves exposures to sound that happen by choice (by the individual deciding to listen to something). Exposure to noise (defined as an unwanted sound) is known to be a risk for hearing disorders and other health effects.[2] [3] The evidence shows that risk is determined by the intensity of the sound (loudness), duration (length of time) and how often one listens to.[4] These characterize the overall sound energy level that reaches a person’s ears. Recommended maximum levels of daily exposure to noise have been identified by taking into account the intensity of the sound and and time of exposure, which are used in the calculation on the exposure dose.
Exposure limit recommendations were developed for occupational settings, where exposure to loud sounds can be stressful, frequent and last for decades. This happen because most data on hearing and noise exposure come from workplace records, so it was the source used in the and the data has been extrapolated to recreational settings. Eighty-five decibels is considered the highest safe exposure level up to a maximum of eight hours per day. The permissible time decreases as sound levels increase. For example, a sound as high as 100 dB – the level produced by a subway train – can be safely listened to for only 15 minutes each day.
The output of personal audio devices may range from 75 dB to as high as 136 dB. The maximum output levels vary depending upon regulations and legislation in different countries. Typically, users of personal audio devices choose to set the volume between 75 to 105 dB. An approach recommended by the ITU and WHO is for personal audio systems to be equipped with a monitoring function that sets the above exposure as a one-week sound dose allowance. It is recommended that the display method be designed in an easy-to-understand manner. The device should be able to provide the user with a method for limiting volume. This refers to a feature where an alert would be given before or when the user reaches 100% of their weekly sound allowance. The user will have the option to “continue listening” if they do not wish the device's volume to be reduced. If the message is not acknowledged, a default setting will reduce the volume output to below the predetermined level (based on the mode selected, i.e. 80 dBA or 75 dBA). This approach was incorporated by the health app on Iphones in 2019.[5]
Levels of acceptable risk of hearing loss in children have not been agreed upon. One attempt to identify safe levels assumed that the most appropriate exposure limit for recreational noise exposure in children would aim to protect 99% of children from hearing loss exceeding 5 dB at the 4 kHz audiometric test frequency after 18 years of noise exposure. An estimate of 4.2 decibels or less of hearing loss in 99% of children after 18 years of noise exposure equivalent to an 8-h average exposure (LEX) of 82 dBA, by using estimates from the ISO 1999:2013 model for predicting hearing thresholds. By reducing the 8-h LEX to 80 dB to include a 2 dB margin of safety, it resulted in a 2.1 dB or less of hearing loss in 99% of children after 18 years of exposure. This is equivalent to 75 dBA as a 24-h equivalent continuous average sound level.
History[edit | edit source]
[edit]Possibly, the first known regulation on the risk of hearing loss from noise dates back to the 6th century BC, when the Greek colony of Sybaris Italy decreed that tinsmiths and potters had to live outside the city because of the noise they made[6] The first record on hearing loss caused by industrial noise and was made by Fostbroke in 1830, when he discussed the hearing loss noted among black smiths.[citation needed] In the 1950 monograph “The Effects of Noise on Man” (later published as a book in 1970) Karl D. Kryter of the Stanford Research Institute, concluded that “continued repeated exposures of extended periods (years) to intense noise from machinery, may result in partial but permanent deafness". From 1971 on, many standards were published on noise exposure in industry for the assessment of its effects. Only decades later standards started being developed to ensure safe listening when using personal audio systems with headphones, as well as for entertainment venues.
Starting in 2019, most efforts towards promoting safe listening are taking place under the coordination of Making Listening Safe, an initiative launched by the World Health Organization (WHO) as part of the celebration of World Hearing Day on 3 March 2015. Its main goal is to ensure that people of all ages can enjoy listening in a manner that does not pose a risk of hearing disorders, such as tinnitus. Different hearing disorders have been associated with the frequent use at high volume of devices such as headphones, headsets, earpieces, earbuds and True Wireless Stereo of any type, for several hours,[7] to their hearing. Make Listening Safe aims to foster the development and implementation of standards applicable to personal audio devices to cover safe listening features, to become a depository of open access resources and information on safe listening practices in six languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish) so to raise awareness about safe listening practices, and highlight the need for safe listening to policy-makers, health professionals, manufacturers, parents and others.[8] Logo, Make Listening Safe, an initiative by the World Health Organization One of the approaches taken by Make Listening Safe is to promote the development of features in portable media players and wireless headphones to raise the users' awareness of risk and safe listening practices. In this context, WHO in partnership with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is working with experts in the field of audiology, otology, public health, epidemiology, acoustics, sound engineering, representatives of professional organizations, standardization organizations, manufacturers and users to determine suitable exposure limits to be included in the H.870 safety standards for personal audio devices and headphones. Entertainment venues are also covered by this initiative. Average sound levels in nightclubs, discotheques, bars and live sports venues can range from 104 to 112 dB; noise levels at pop concerts may be even higher. Listening to 15 minutes of electronic dance music in a club at 100 dB would expose patrons to the same sound dose (calculation based on how long you listen, how loud you listen and the energy content of what you are listening to) recommended for people not to exceed in a 8-hour working day. Noise levels at sporting venues have been found to range from 80 dB to 117 dB. Even a short duration of exposure to high-decibel levels such as these can be harmful. Habitual exposure can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus or perhaps both over time.
An approach recommended by the ITU and WHO is for personal audio systems to be equipped with a monitoring function that sets the above exposure as a one-week sound dose allowance. It is recommended that the display method be designed in an easy-to-understand manner. The device should be able to provide the user with a method for limiting volume. This refers to a feature where an alert would be given before or when the user reaches 100% of their weekly sound allowance. The user will have the option to “continue listening” if they do not wish the device's volume to be reduced. If the message is not acknowledged, a default setting will reduce the volume output to below the predetermined level (based on the mode selected, i.e. 80 dBA or 75 dBA). This approach was incorporated by the health app on Iphones in 2019.[9]
Safe listening standards applicable to personal audio systems[edit | edit source]
[edit]The International Technical Commission (ITC) published the first standard IEC 62368-1 on Audio/video in 2010. It identified the recommended output levels for personal music players to be under or equal to 85 decibels, allowing users to increase the volume to a maximum of 100 decibels. When users raise the volume to maximum level, an alert should pop up to warn the listener of the potential for hearing problems.
A 2018 new ITU and WHO standard H.870 “Guidelines for safe listening devices/systems”, was published focused on evaluating weekly sound-dose exposure. It was based on the EN 50332-3 standard “Sound system equipment: headphones and earphones associated with personal music players - maximum sound pressure level measurement methodology - Part 3: measurement method for sound dose management. It identifies a weekly sound dose equivalent to 80 dBA for 80 hours/week. A higher safety level is recommended for children and/or sensitive users, of a weekly sound dose limited to the equivalent of 75 dBA for 80 hours/week.
Safe listening standards applicable to personal sound amplifiers[edit | edit source]
[edit]The European Federation of Hard of Hearing People and the European Association of Hearing Aid Professionals) analyzed the output levels of 27 personal sound amplifiers (PSA) that were commercially available in Europe in 2014.[10] All devices had a maximum output level of more than 120 decibels; 23 had an output level that exceeded 125 decibels while 8 exceeded 130 decibels. None of the products had a level limiting option. The report triggered the development of a few standards for these devices. The Consumer Technology Association and the American National Standards Institute published the ANSI/CTA standard 2051 on “Personal Sound Amplification Performance Criteria” in 2017. It identifies a maximum output sound pressure level of 120 decibels. in 2019, the ITU published ITU-T H.871. For personal sound amplifiers with the capacity to measure weekly dose the criteria requires that weekly maximum sound dose be less than 80 decibels for 40 hours. When PSAs do not have the capacity to measure weekly sound dose, the maximum output of the device needs to be permanently limited to 95 dBA. It also recommends that PSAs provide adequate alerts in advertisements, user guides and packaging detailing the risks of damaging the user's hearing as a result of using the device and provide information to users on how to avoid these risks.
Safe listening standards applicable to entertainment venues[edit | edit source]
[edit]In 2019, the WHO published a report summarizing regulations for control of sound exposure in entertainment venues in Belgium, France and Switzerland.[11] The case studies were published as an initial step towards the development of a WHO regulatory framework for control of sound exposure in entertainment venues. A review published in 2020 indicated that several different regulatory approaches have been implemented to manage sound levels and minimize the risk of hearing damage for those attending music venues. Of the 18 countries that have schemes to regulate sound levels in entertainment venues, 12 are from Europe and the remainder were from cities or states in North and South America. The approaches identified include: sound level limitations, real-time sound exposure monitoring, mandatory supply of protective devices, requirements for signage and warnings, loudspeaker placement restrictions and ensuring patrons can access quiet zones or rest areas. In 2020, the effectiveness of these measures in reducing the risk associated with sound exposure at music venues have not been reported, but the adaptation of the approaches described above which are used to reduce sound exposure and protect employees in other industries using the hierarchy of controls have been discussed. The challenges in implementing measures to reduce risks to hearing in a wide range of entertainment venues, which involves many different professional groups, be it through either mandatory or voluntary guidelines, with or without enforcement are significant. These challenges as well cost implications and examples of educational and awareness campaigns are being addressed by representatives of the music industry, researchers and the hearing health care community, many of which are coordinated by the Make Listening Safe Initiative. [12]
See Also[edit | edit source]
[edit]External Links[edit | edit source]
[edit]- American Academy of Audiology, Audiological Services for Musicians and Music Industry Personnel, 2020.
- World Health Organization (WHO) Childhood hearing loss:act now, here's how infographic.
- Introduction to the World Health Organization program on hearing and its initiative to Make Listening Safe, Dr. Shelly Chadha, March, 2015.
- World Health Organization (WHO) and International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Consultation on Make Listening Safe initiative, March 2015.
- World Health Organization (WHO), 2019. Toolkit for safe listening devices and systems.
- Safe listening devices and systems: a WHO-ITU standard. 2019.
- World Health Organization, Hearing loss due to recreational exposure to loud sounds:A review.
- World Health Organization, Regulation for control of sound exposure in entertainment venues. Case studies from Belgium, France and Switzerland. December 2019.
- World Health Organization, Make Listening Safe, Activities.
- European Association of Hearing Aid Professionals (AEA). Make Listening Safe resources.
- Standards for Safe Listening – how they align and how some differ, ENT News, May 2020.
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Statistics about the Public Health Burden of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss.
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Loud noise can cause hearing loss. Resources.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Vital Signs: hearing loss.
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Noise and hearing loss prevention.
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Reducing the Risk of Hearing Disorders among Musicians.
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NIOSH Sound Level Meter app.
References[edit | edit source]
[edit]Category:Audio engineering Category:Consumer electronics Category:Loudspeakers Category:Acoustics Category:Audiology Category:World Health Organization Category:Health campaigns Category:Transducers
Initial Steps for World Hearing Day 2019
[edit]Created Draft pages:
https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health/Edit-a-Thon_for_World_Hearing_Day_2019
| Main page | Research Help | Wiki Basics | Video Conference |
Welcome!
[edit]The World Hearing Day 2019 Edit-a-thon is an initiative designed to provide support to groups and individuals to work simultaneously across the globe to edit and update hearing science information on Wikipedia, particularly where information gaps currently exist. This will expand accessible public information about hearing and provide an opportunity to further interconnect the public with the hearing science, hearing care and public health communities. An increasing number of Member States and other partner agencies have joined World Hearing Day by hosting a range of activities and events in their countries. The Edit-a-Thon will be one of the opportunities is to expand and enhance the content related to hearing on Wikipedia in several languages.
Examples of other campaign articles:
- Global Strategy for Women's and Children's Health
- Fruits & Veggies – More Matters
- United Nations Millennium Campaign
Event Details[edit source]
[edit]- Date: Thursday Feb 28 or Friday March 1st, 2018
- Time: 1 to 4 pm EST (an orientation and training session will happen 1pm to 1:30pm)
- Location: TBD
The World Hearing Day 2019 Wikipedia edit-a-thon will include an event (s) hosted by the XXXX in conjunction with local Wikipedia This will be the headquarters of the edit-a-thon, where people can edit together. Snacks and beverages will be provided. In addition, individuals from across the globe are invited to participate online or to organize a co-event at their location. For information on how to host event see blah blah
Possible Articles for Improvement/Creation [edit source]
[edit]A review of gaps is currently underway. Please add any potential articles below:
About World Hearing Day
[edit]The World Health Organization (WHO) celebrates World Hearing Day on 3 March each year to raise awareness of the importance to prevent deafness and hearing loss and to promote ear and hearing care across the world. Each year, WHO decides the theme and develops a brochure on the topic based on the best available evidence as well as advocacy materials such as posters, banners, infographics and presentations, among others. These materials are shared with partners in government and civil society around the world as well as WHO colleagues across the Organization.
Possible Articles for Translation
[edit]
Create a Wikipedia account and adjust Preferences[edit source]
[edit]Create a Wikipedia account without using your real name. If you already have a Wikipedia username, Adjust your Preferences, then Register below.
Adjust your Wikipedia Preferences by clicking on "Preferences" at the top right.
Four tabs are especially important:
- Click on "Editing" and at the pull-down menu next to "Editing mode" select "show me both editor tabs." This will let you choose between the Source Editor ("Edit source") and the Visual Editor ("Edit"). Click here to learn about advantages of each.
- Click on "Watchlist" and tick boxes to assure that pages you create, edit, or upload will be on your watchlist.
- Click on "User profile" and tick the box "Email me when a page or a file on my watchlist is changed"
- Click on "Notifications" and tick the relevant boxes to select the type of e-mail notifications you want to get from Wikipedia.
Register here[edit source]
[edit]- Please register at the "Outreach Dashboard" to enable us to track the impacts of this edit-a-thon: Click here to register for this edit-a-thon at Outreach Dashboard (free of charge).
- You need to have your Wikipedia user name available when you register, i.e. do create a Wikipedia account first if you don't have one yet.
- If you have any problems with registering please write on the talk page of the facilitator here. Another option is to send an e-mail with this form: Special:EmailUser/EMsmile
- We will remind all registered participants of the link for the virtual workroom by by writing on their talk page.
Participant list[edit source]
[edit]- You can see who else has registered by clicking on "editors" in Outreach Dashboard here. Editors are shown in alphabetical order.
- If your Wikipedia user name is not yet in that list but should be then you still need to register here.
- If you have any problems with the participation list please write on the talk page of the facilitator here. Another option is to send an e-mail with this form: yyyy
Wikipedia Basics
[edit]New to Wikipedia? The following are a curated list of resources to help you get started!
Contents
[edit]- 1Wikipedia Overview
- 2Guidelines and Policy
- 3Editing Support
- 4Printable Guides
- 5Drafts and Publishing
- 6Stubs
- 7Tools
Wikipedia Overview[edit source]
[edit]- Wikipedia: Plain and Simple
- Wikipedia: Five Pillars
- What Wikipedia is Not: a good general guide to start.
Guidelines and Policy[edit source]
[edit]- Core Content Policies
- Wikipedia's Notability Guidelines: how to ensure that what you write is verifiable by readers.
Editing Support[edit source]
[edit]Printable Guides[edit source]
[edit]- Editing Wikipedia Guide for Student Editors (Note: If you are not using WikiEdu, pgs 4-6 will be most relevant to you)
- Illustrating Wikipedia
- Evaluating Wikipedia
- Other resources for students - including subject specific handouts.
Drafts and Publishing[edit source]
[edit]- Wikipedia Drafts
- Moving out of your Sandbox: Creating an Article
Stubs[edit source]
[edit]- Wikipedia Stubs: explains what stubs are.
- Stubs for development/expansion
Tools[edit source]
[edit]- Citation Hunt
- Duplication Detector
Source and infor used to rewrite for inclusion
[edit]Data collected both by questionnaire and audiometric tests of adult participants aged 20–69 years in the 2011–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed to determine the prevalence of noise-induced hearing loss and its association with sociodemographics and self-reported exposure to loud noise. Nearly one in four adults (24%) had audiometric results in the shape of notches, suggesting a high prevalence of noise-induced hearing loss. Almost one in four U.S. adults who reported excellent or good hearing had audiometric notches (5.5% bilateral and 18% unilateral). Among participants who reported exposure to loud noise at work, almost one third had a notch.
10.15585/mmwr.mm6605e3
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[edit]International Society of Audiology
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International Society of Audiology
[edit]The International Society of Audiology (ISA) was founded over 50 years ago to “…facilitate the knowledge, protection and rehabilitation of human hearing” and to “…serve as an advocate for the profession and for the hearing impaired throughout the world.” It serves as the professional association for those who work in Audiology and related fields of knowledge, from all over the world, since 1952. The ISA is constituted as a corporate body by Article 60 et seq, of the Swiss Civil Code, registered in the Swiss register du Commerce de Genève.
The ISA strives to promote interactions among societies, associations and organizations that have similar missions. It works towards this goal by focusing on three main activities:
The main activities of ISA include: organizing a biannual World Congress of Audiology publishing the scientific peer-reviewed International Journal of Audiology and supporting the World Health Organization by advancing the interests of those working in Audiology or related fields, the hearing impaired and deaf community.
Affiliate societies[edit | edit source]
Regional, state, provincial or national societies in which members engage in clinical, research or teaching of some aspect of audiology can apply to become an Affiliate society of the International Society. Affiliate societies are entitled to appoint representatives to the ISA General Assembly based on a formula of one representative for each twenty-five (25) fully paid up members of the International Society of Audiology.
External Links[edit | edit source] International Journal of Audiology International Society of Audiology World Health Organization Prevention of Deafness and Hearing Disorders
Lélia Wanick Salgado
[edit]Early Life
Career
Personal Life
External Sources
sources so far: Born: Vitoria, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil Spouse: Sebastião Salgado (m. 1967) https://emais.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,quem-e-lelia-salgado,551772
Lélia Wanick Salgado studied architecture and urban planning in Paris. Her interest in photography started in 1970. In the 1980s she began conceiving and designing the majority of Sebastião Salgado’s photography books and all the exhibitions of his work. Lélia Wanick Salgado has been the director of Amazonas Images since 1994.
Lélia Wanick Salgado is a producer, known for The Salt of the Earth (2014), Meeting Sebastião Salgado (2012) and Dirt! The Movie (2009).
Ella es la mujer y pareja creativa del aclamado fotógrafo Sebastiao Salgado. Mientras él recorría el mundo tomando sus emblemáticas fotografías en blanco y negro sobre el trabajo de personas en situación de pobreza, Lélia se quedó en Paris cuidando a los hijos de la pareja. Cuando Sebastiao volvía de sus viajes, ella tomaba todo su trabajo, ejercía de editora y curadora y lo convertía en exhibiciones y libros.
Mientras la fama de Sebastiao Salgado crecía en el mundo de la fotografía, formando parte de la agencia Magnum, ambos volvieron en los 90 a Minas Gerais en Brazil, a recibir por parte de la familia del fotógrafo, un rancho de ganado totalmente erosionado y seco, muy común en esta parte del país. Fue aquí que juntos tomaron la ambiciosa decisión de volver esta tierra a su estado natural, el bosque subtropical del tipo Atlántico. Formaron en 1998 el Instituto Terra y con Lelia como presidenta, comenzaron a reforestar la tierra. Con más de 4 millones de semillas de especies nativas criadas por el instituto, reforestaron por completo la Hacienda Bulcao con su flora original, un proyecto emblemático de este tipo en Brasil.
Mientras tanto Sebastiao empezaba su proyecto más ambicioso, Génesis, que habla sobre el medioambiente y que demoró 10 años en completarse. Mientras comenzaba la reforestación de la hacienda, Salgado tomaba las preciosas imágenes que serían una forma de legado visual sobre la Tierra y su belleza, que luego serían curadas en forma de exhibición y libro por Lelia.
Bajo su curatoría, llega a Chile la serie Otras Américas, al Centro Cultural Las Condes desde el 12 de octubre. Las 65 fotografías tomadas entre 1977 y 1984 evocan la perdurabilidad de las culturas campesinas e indígenas del continente, y en ellas, Salgado plasmó su visión de la vida de los agricultores y la resistencia cultural de los indígenas y sus descendientes en América Latina.
Children: Juliano Ribeiro Salgado, Rodrigo Salgado
Laura Conforti
[edit]https://researchdirectory.uc.edu/p/conforl
Education/Credentials
- Pharmacy Degree: University of Genoa
- Bachelor's Degree: University of Genoa
- PhD Equivalent: Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research
Research/Clinical Interests
Dr. Conforti laboratory studies cancer and autoimmunity. The main focus areas of her laboratory are: (1) to understand the role that ion channels and the tumor microenvironment play in the failure of the immune system to fight cancer, (2) to study how ion channels contribute to the development and persistence of the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus, and (3) to develop nanoparticles that can be used as new targeted therapies in autoimmune diseases and cancer.