User:Spookyaki/sandbox
Dolores Huerta | |
---|---|
Born | Dolores Clara Fernández April 10, 1930 Dawson, New Mexico, U.S. |
Education | San Joaquin Delta College |
Known for | Co-Founder of the National Farmworkers Association Delano grape strike Sí, se puede |
Political party | Democratic |
Other political affiliations | Democratic Socialists of America |
Spouse(s) | Ralph Head (divorced) Ventura Huerta (divorced) |
Partner | Richard Chavez (deceased)c |
Children | 11 |
Parent | Juan Fernández (father) |
Quotations related to Spookyaki/sandbox at Wikiquote |
Dolores Huerta (born April 10, 1930) is an American labor leader and feminist activist. After working for several years with the Community Service Organization (CSO), she founded the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) with fellow activists Cesar Chavez and Gilbert Padilla, which eventually merged with the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC) to become the United Farm Workers (UFW). Huerta helped organize the Delano grape strike in 1965, managing boycott campaigns on the east coast and negotiating with the grape companies to end the strike. Some[a] credit her with inventing the UFW slogan "sí se puede" (transl. 'yes you can').[4]
Despite initially opposing certain feminist ideas, such as the right to abortion and contraception, Huerta eventually became a strong proponent of women's rights. As a feminist organizer, she has worked with the Feminist Majority Foundation (FMF) to help Latina women become more active and visible in politics, campaigned for women's reproductive rights, and served as an honorary co-chair of the 2017 Women's March in Washington, D.C.
In 2002, she founded the Dolores Huerta Foundation (DHF), a civic advocacy organization based in Bakersfield, California. She is active in Democratic politics and has supported the campaigns of Robert F. Kennedy, George McGovern, Al Gore, Howard Dean, Hillary Clinton, Kamala Harris, and Joe Biden. She is also a supporter of LGBTQ rights and immigration reform.
Huerta has received numerous awards for her work as an organizer, including the Eleanor Roosevelt Human Rights Award, the Hispanic Heritage Award, and the Puffin/Nation Prize for Creative Citizenship. She also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2012. In 2018, California Governor Jerry Brown signed a bill proclaiming April 10 as "Dolores Huerta Day" in California. A similar bill was signed in Oregon in 2019.
Early life
[edit]Dolores Huerta was born Dolores Fernández on April 10, 1930 in the mining town of Dawson, New Mexico.[5] Her father, Juan Fernández, was a coal miner who belonged to the United Mine Workers (UMW). Labor unrest caused him to look for work as a beet farmer in Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming.[6] Her mother, Alicia Chávez, divorced him when Huerta was five years old. She then moved with the children to Las Vegas, New Mexico, and later to Stockton, California.[7] After moving, she rarely saw her father, who remained in New Mexico. He was elected to the state legislature in 1938, where he was described as a "fiery union leader" by the Los Angeles Times.[8]
In Stockton, Huerta was raised by her mother and grandfather, Herculano, in what she described as an "integrated neighborhood", with "Chinese, Latinos, Native Americans, Blacks, Japanese, Italians, and others".[9] Her mother supported the family by working two jobs: as a canner and as a waitress at a local restaurant, making $5 a week. She was a member of the United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing, and Allied Workers of America (UCAPAWA), participating in a strike at the cannery in 1937.[10] In 1941, she opened a restaurant. The next year, she bought a 70-room hotel from a Japanese American family who were forced to relocate due to Executive Order 9066.[11] According to Huerta, the restaurant "catered mostly to farm workers".[12]
Huerta, who was "encouraged by her mother to be socially active", spent ten years as a Girl Scout. She attended Stockton High School, graduating in 1947.[13] Huerta described her high school as being "segregated" by both class and race. After graduating from high school, she married her high school sweetheart Ralph Head,[b] but they divorced three years later. They had two children: Celeste and Lori. She attended the University of the Pacific's Stockton College (later San Joaquin Delta College) and graduated in 1953 with a provisional teaching credential.[15]
Huerta became a teacher in rural California in 1954. She was one of three bilingual teachers in the area. Many of her students struggled with hunger and did not have sufficient clothing:
I couldn't tolerate seeing kids come to class hungry and needing shoes. I thought I could do more by organizing farm workers than by trying to teach their hungry children.[16]
CSO activism
[edit]Huerta quit teaching after a year.[17] Soon after, in 1955, she met Fred Ross, one of the founding members of the Community Service Organization (CSO).[18] She initially described him as being "slightly loco" (transl. 'crazy'). A Republican at the time, she was suspicious of Ross's purported communist leanings. After asking the FBI to perform a background check on him, which came back clean, Huerta began attending CSO meetings.[19] Her work with the CSO initially saw her in traditionally feminine roles, such as participating in women's clubs. However, Ross encouraged her to take on more active leadership assignments. By the late 1950s, she was founding new CSO chapters and working as a lobbyist.[20] She also advocated for neighborhood improvement projects, taught citizenship classes, and worked on voter registration drives.[21] Dolores met her second husband, Ventura Huerta, while working with the CSO. The two had five children: Fidel, Emiliano, Vincent, Alicia, and Angela.[22] She also met fellow organizer Cesar Chavez during her time with the CSO.[23]
Union activism
[edit]Early union activity
[edit]In 1958, Huerta helped found the Agricultural Workers' Association (AWA).[24] Then, when the AWA dissolved in 1959, Huerta became secretary-treasurer of the AFL-CIO-affiliated Agricultural Workers' Organizing Committee (AWOC). However, according to historian Margaret Rose, she resigned quickly after "[growing] disenchanted with the group's leadership, direction, and top-down policies". In 1962, frustrated with the CSO's unwillingness to advocate for farmworkers, she co-founded the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) with Chavez and fellow organizer Gilbert Padilla. Formally, she remained a paid CSO employee, staying in Stockton while Chavez established the organization's headquarters in Delano.[25] Meanwhile, her relationship with Ventura "deteriorated", and they divorced in 1963.[26]
Huerta eventually left her position with the CSO and moved in with Chavez and his family in Delano in 1964.[c][30] According to Chavez, Huerta's role in the early NFWA was "critical".[31] Her duties included making phone calls, collecting union dues, and visiting worker camps in Stockton and nearby towns. She struggled to earn enough money to support her family during this time, subsisting by taking on temporary work as a translator, substitute teacher, and onion farmer to supplement her NFWA income.[29] In April 1965, she helped the NFWA organize a strike on behalf of rose grafters employed by the Mount Arbor and Conklin companies.[32] After three days, the companies agreed to increase the strikers' wages but did not agree to a formal contract, which was one of the strikers' demands. The workers returned to their jobs the next day.[33]
Delano Grape Strike
[edit]We are conscious today of the significance of our present quest. If this road we chart leads to the rights and reforms we demand, if it leads to just wages, humane working conditions, protection from the misuse of pesticides, and to the fundamental right of collective bargaining, if it changes the social order that relegates us to the bottom reaches of society, then in our wake will follow thousands of American farm workers.
On September 8, 1965, union organizer Larry Itliong of the AWOC initiated a strike at nine vineyards in Delano.[35] Itliong approached Chavez for support, and on September 16, the anniversary of the Cry of Dolores, Chavez called an NFWA meeting at the Our Lady of Guadalupe Church in Delano. AWOC members addressed the crowd, and attendees urged Chavez to support the strike. While he was initially reluctant, he began drafting plans for the NFWA's entry into the strike at a meeting on September 19.[36] It joined the strike the next morning.[37]
The strike was accompanied by boycotts. Huerta and Padilla organized a wine boycott throughout California. Later, Huerta directed boycott efforts in New York and New Jersey. She initially organized secondary boycotts with local unions, who refused to transport California grapes over the Hudson River. This was illegal at the time under the Taft–Hartley Act. After the union eventually released the grapes for distribution, she launched a consumer boycott in coalition with local churches, labor organizations, liberal activists, and student groups. Members of the coalition picketed A&P grocery stores until they stopped selling grapes. Soon after, other stores such as Bohack, Finast, Hills, and Waldbaum's followed suit.[38] Huerta also spoke in public regularly about the strike, becoming well-known for her "firebrand rhetoric".[39]
On August 19, 1965, the AWOC and NFWA merged to form the United Farm Workers (UFW).[40] Huerta, along with various members of the former AWOC and NFWA leadership, was appointed vice president of the new organization.[41] Huerta was one of the union's lead negotiators, and according to Rose, she was specifically "the union's first contract negotiator".[42] In 1966, she led the contract negotiations with several of the struck grape companies—Schenley, Gallo, and Franzia—resulting in a contract favorable to the workers.[43] She also helped negotiate the end of the strike on July 29, 1970. The final contract agreed to by the remaining companies increased workers' wages, added new safety rules to protect workers from pesticides, created a health fund named after Robert F. Kennedy, and turned the hiring process from the companies over to the UFW.[44]
Later union activity
[edit]During the 1970s, Huerta helped organize boycotts of lettuce, Gallo wine, and table grapes. She also entered a romantic relationship with Richard Chavez, Cesar's brother. The two had four children: Juanita, María Elena, Ricky, and Camila. Many criticized their cohabitation as "unorthodox", but according to Huerta, she was inspired by the women's liberation movement to proceed with it anyway.[45] In 1975, she also helped pass the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act, the first law to recognize farmworkers' right to collective bargaining in the state, as a lobbyist for the UFW.[46] Throughout the late 1970s, she participated in efforts to protect the new law as director of the Citizenship Participation Day Department, the UFW's political wing.[47]
In the 1980s, Huerta founded Radio Campesina (KUFW), a UFW radio station; raised money and gave public speeches supporting the union; and testified before Congress about farmworkers' benefits, wages, and health issues.[47] In September 1988, she was beaten by a police officer at a protest against the George H. W. Bush administration at the St. Francis Hotel in Union Square, San Francisco. She suffered multiple fractured ribs and a ruptured spleen, which doctors had to surgically remove.[48] She received an $825,000 settlement from the San Francisco Police Commission as a result of the beating.[47] The assault also led the San Francisco Police Department to change its policies for crowd control and officer discipline.[49]
After the beating, Huerta took a leave of absence from the UFW. She returned to union work after Cesar's death in 1993, supporting strawberry workers, speaking at colleges, attending union meetings, and testifying before Congress.[50] However, she stepped down from her position as UFW vice president in 1999 to work on other social causes.[51]
Feminist activism
[edit]While Huerta was influenced by the women's liberation movement of the 1960s, including figures like Gloria Steinem, she initially dismissed feminist activism as a "middle-class phenomenon".[52] During the 1970s, the UFW's position on women's rights was moderated by what historian Ana Raquel Minian refers to as the "idealized figure of the physically disciplined resident/laborer deserving of rights". The union contrasted "sexually respectable" union members with their "sexually depraved" opponents, leading them to oppose contraception while promoting sexual abstinence.[53] Huerta personally opposed both abortion and contraception, both "cornerstones" of the women's liberation movement, and criticized union members for their perceived promiscuity.[54]
Despite this, Huerta called herself a feminist in a 1976 interview with Ms. magazine, crediting the women's liberation movement with assuaging her guilt about her divorces.[55] Later, in 1985, she called herself a "born-again feminist" as she began to reassess her beliefs about women's issues.[56] During her leave of absence from the UFW after the 1988 Union Square beating, she worked with the Feminist Majority Foundation (FMF), a nonprofit organization that advocates for reproductive health and women's equality.[57] As part of their "Feminization of Power" campaign, she encouraged Latina women to run for office in an effort to increase their political visibility.[58] She continued her work with the FMF after she retired from UFW organizing in 1999.[51]
In 2014, Huerta traveled to Colorado to campaign against Colorado's Amendment 67, which would have changed state laws to define "unborn human beings" as people.[59][60] The amendment was defeated in November, with 65% voting for and 35% voting against.[61] She also served as an honorary co-chair of the 2017 Women's March in Washington, D.C. alongside Steinem and civil rights activist Harry Belafonte. The march was held to protest a feared regression in women's rights under the first Trump presidency and was attended by over 4.1 million people.[62][63]
Dolores Huerta Foundation
[edit]Huerta is president of the Dolores Huerta Foundation (DHF), a 501(c)(3) organization based in Bakersfield, California that she founded in 2002 using her $100,000 grant from the Puffin/Nation Prize for Creative Citizenship.[64][65] According to Huerta, the DHF is "a continuation of the non-violent civil rights movement of the 1970s" and its goal is to "get people involved in their communities and participating in democracy".[51][66] As of 2023, Camila Chavez, Huerta's youngest daughter, is the executive director of the DHF.[64][67]
As part of its organizing model, the DHF sends full-time organizers to create "Vecinos Unidos" (transl. 'United Neighbors') groups. These groups teach local residents how to collaborate, interact with government officials, and maneuver within complex political systems to benefit their communities. As of 2016, Vecinos Unidos systems had been implemented in the rural California communities of Arvin, Cutler, Lamont, Orosi, Tulare, Weedpatch, and Woodlake.[51] Vecinos Unidos organizations have raised "millions of dollars" for road and sidewalk repairs, sewer expansions, streetlight installations, and other infrastructure projects according to Chavez in 2020.[68]
In 2016, the DHF was one of the plaintiffs in a suit against Kern High School District (KHSD), alleging that Black and Latino students were unfairly targeted for disciplinary actions. The plaintiffs ultimately settled with the district on the condition that the DHF and other civil rights organizations would monitor the district to ensure it ended its discriminatory practices.[69] Later, in 2018, the DHF presented a map to the KHSD outlining possible school district boundaries after Latino organizations threatened to sue the district, claiming the existing boundaries were unfair to Latinos voting in school board elections.[70]
Political positions
[edit]Democratic politics
[edit]Huerta is an honorary co-chair of the Democratic Socialists of America.[71] During the 1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Huerta and the UFW campaigned on behalf of liberal Democrat Robert F. Kennedy.[72] As part of her union responsibilities, she attended Kennedy's's primary victory speech on June 5, 1968, where he was assassinated.[72] In a later interview, she called Kennedy's assassination "the death of our future".[73] She served as a co-chair for South Dakota Senator George McGovern's California delegation at the 1972 Democratic National Convention (DNC) alongside politicians Willie Brown and John Burton.[74] She also worked on Al Gore's 2000 presidential campaign.[58] She endorsed former Vermont Governor Howard Dean during the 2004 Democratic primaries.[75] During the 2008 Democratic primaries, she campaigned for Hillary Clinton and served as a delegate for her at the DNC that year.[76][77]
During the 2016 Democratic primaries, Huerta endorsed Clinton as the Democratic nominee once again, starring in an ad for her campaign during the California primary.[78] She alleged in a tweet that when she offered to translate for supporters of Clinton's rival, Bernie Sanders, during the Nevada caucus, they responded by chanting "English only!" The tweet, and Huerta's support for Clinton in general, proved controversial. Some allege that she misinterpreted the crowd's message and that they were only calling for a "neutral moderator" to lead the discussion rather than a Clinton supporter. Others claim that Huerta was "booed and hissed at for her efforts to translate".[79]
After the caucus, actress America Ferrera tweeted in support of Huerta while actresses Gaby Hoffmann and Susan Sarandon, who were allegedly present at the caucus, claimed that there were no "English only" chants. Later, actress Rosario Dawson, who plays Huerta in the film Cesar Chavez, wrote an open letter criticizing Huerta for "misrepresenting" Sanders's positions on issues concerning the Latino community.[79] Huerta responded by alleging that the Sanders campaign had "ask[ed]" Dawson to "attack [her]" and that "Clinton [would] get more things done as president" but that she "[didn't] hold anything against" Dawson and that "when the dust settle[d]... [they were] going to be together".[80]
During the 2020 Democratic primaries, Huerta endorsed California Senator Kamala Harris, criticizing fellow candidate Joe Biden for discussing border crossings in a way that she felt was "just like the Republicans". However, she later endorsed Biden for president in May 2020.[81] During the 2024 United States presidential election, she endorsed Harris once again, stating:
I've known Kamala Harris for a long time — and I've seen firsthand how she fights relentlessly for Latino communities, working families, and for every American.[82]
LGBTQ rights
[edit]During the 1960s and 70s, the UFW generally supported LGBTQ rights. In an official statement made during the 1970s, the union publicly supported adding "sexual orientation" as a protected characteristic under California civil law.[83] Huerta recalled speaking against discrimination based on sexual orientation at a hearing in the "70s or early 80s". In a 2006 speech, she spoke in favor of same-sex marriage:
Gay marriage[,] that’s a big issue. Come to think about it, if Thelma and Louise get married, does that affect your paycheck? Does that affect any part of your life? Those are privacy, Constitutional issues. Benito Juárez[,] we just celebrate his birthday a few days ago—what was the great saying that he said? "Respeto al derecho ajeno es la paz"—respecting other people’s rights is peace. How many children a woman chooses to have, who one chooses to live with and marry—that is your constitutional right.[84]
In 2005, Huerta campaigned alongside California Assemblyman Mark Leno to pass Assembly Bill 19, which would have legalized same-sex marriage in the state.[85] The bill passed in the California State Assembly but was vetoed by then-California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger.[86] She also spoke at a pride celebration in Fresno, California in 2021, advocating for LGBTQ rights and claiming that discriminatory rhetoric against LGBTQ people "leads to violence".[87] The Dolores Huerta Foundation endorsed California Proposition 3 in 2024, which removed sections in the state constitution that discussed marriage as being between "a man and a woman" and affirmed marriage as a "fundamental right".[88][89] The proposition ultimately passed, with 63% of voters supporting it and 37% opposed.[88]
Immigration
[edit]Huerta has been described as "pro-immigrant".[90] In 1994, Huerta campaigned against California Proposition 187, which would have denied healthcare and education services to undocumented immigrants. Huerta opposed the legislation, characterizing it and the anti-immigrant rhetoric that inspired it as being rooted in "racial anxiety".[91] She also condemned Trump's 2017 rescission of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) policy, calling it "a step above slavery" while criticizing him for his racially inflammatory rhetoric.[92] In 2018, she spoke at an El Paso rally in protest of Trump's family separation policy.[93] Later, under the Biden presidency, she supported a "comprehensive immigration reform plan".[94]
Some have criticized Huerta and the UFW for "harming" undocumented workers, however.[95] In 1963, she lobbied for the repeal of the Bracero Program, a guest farmworker program initiated to meet increased demand for crops during World War II.[96] Many Latino activists opposed the program, believing that bracero guest workers took jobs from Latino citizens.[97] Critics of Huerta and the UFW claim that after the program's repeal, the union, under Huerta's leadership, frequently reported undocumented workers to the Immigration and Naturalization Service (now U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement; ICE), justifying their actions by characterizing undocumented workers as strikebreakers. Huerta also received criticism in 2014 for her support of Barack Obama despite "delays" to immigration reform under his administration.[98]
Awards and honors
[edit]The California State Senate awarded Huerta "Outstanding Labor Leader" in 1984.[58] She also received the Eleanor Roosevelt Human Rights Award in 1988. She received the Roger Baldwin Medal of Liberty Award, the Eugene V. Debs Foundation Outstanding American Award, and the Ellis Island Medal of Freedom Award in 1993.[99] She was also the first Latina inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame that year.[100] In 1998, she was named "Women of the Year" by Ms. magazine. Ladies' Home Journal listed her as one of the "100 Most Important Women of the 20th Century".
In 2000, Huerta received the Hispanic Heritage Award.[58] She won the $100,000 Puffin/Nation Prize for Creative Citizenship in 2002.[51] Later, in 2009, she received the UCLA medal, the highest honor bestowed by the university.[101] In 2012, she received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the "highest civilian award" given by the president of the United States.[79] She also received the Presidential Medallion from California State University, Los Angeles in 2017 at the university's 20th Billie Jean King & Friends Gala.[102]
In July 2018, California Governor Jerry Brown signed into law Assembly Bill 2644. First introduced by Assemblywoman Eloise Gómez Reyes, the bill designates April 10 as "Dolores Huerta Day".[103] In March 2019, Washington Governor Jay Inslee signed a measure also designating April 10 each year as Dolores Huerta Day.[104] In 2020, she received the Ripple of Hope Award from the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights.[105]
Huerta holds honorary degrees from Mills College, Princeton University, the University of the Pacific, and the University of Southern California.[106][107] Various schools are named after her, including an elementary school in Tulsa and middle schools in Burbank and San Jose.[106][108] The intersection of East 1st and Chicago streets in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Boyle Heights is named Dolores Huerta Square.[109] In Fort Worth, Texas, a portion of State Highway 183 is named in her honor.[110] Asteroid 6849 Doloreshuerta, first discovered by American astronomers Eleanor Helin and Schelte Bus in 1979, is also named after her.[111]
Representations in media
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Specifically, Huerta claims credit for inventing the slogan.[1] Chavez himself also credited Huerta for the slogan[2] However, researchers John Hammerback and Richard Jensen attribute the phrase to Chavez.[3]
- ^ Alicia Chávez claims that Head and Huerta married in 1948, while Beagle claims that they were married in 1950.[14]
- ^ According to Doak, she resigned in late 1962.[27] Alicia Chávez, Bardacke, and Sowards also claim that she resigned.[28] However, according to Rose, she was "terminated for her overriding interest in farmworker organizing over CSO business".[29]
References
[edit]- ^ Godoy, Maria (September 27, 2017). "Dolores Huerta: The Civil Rights Icon Who Showed Farmworkers 'Sí Se Puede'". NPR. Retrieved January 13, 2025.
- ^ Sowards 2019, pp. 7–8.
- ^ Sowards 2019, p. 7.
- ^ Sowards 2019, p. 7-8.
- ^ Rose 2008, p. 8.
- ^ Garcia 2012, p. 27.
- ^ Rose 2008, p. 8; Sowards 2019, p. 35.
- ^ Beagle 2016, p. 48; Sowards 2019, p. 35.
- ^ Sowards 2019, p. 35; 38.
- ^ Garcia 2012, p. 28.
- ^ Garcia 2012, p. 28; Beagle 2016, p. 49.
- ^ Sowards 2019, p. 36.
- ^ Beagle 2016, p. 53.
- ^ Chávez 2005, p. 243; Beagle 2016, pp. 53–54.
- ^ Beagle 2016, p. 54; Sowards 2019, pp. 37–39.
- ^ Beagle 2016, p. 54.
- ^ Doak 2008, p. 23.
- ^ Thompson 2016, pp. 1, 126.
- ^ Thompson 2016, pp. 126–127.
- ^ Rose 2008, p. 11; Beagle 2016, p. 56.
- ^ Sowards 2019, p. 40.
- ^ Beagle 2016, p. 57.
- ^ Sowards 2019, p. 41.
- ^ Doak 2008, p. 31.
- ^ Rose 2008, pp. 11–12; Bardacke 2011, p. 54; 120; Pawel 2014, p. 80; 93.
- ^ Beagle 2016, p. 58.
- ^ Doak 2008, p. 39.
- ^ Chávez 2005, p. 245; Bardacke 2011, pp. 120–121; Sowards 2019, p. 42.
- ^ a b Rose 2008, p. 13.
- ^ Pawel 2014, p. 99.
- ^ Sowards 2019, p. 42.
- ^ Pawel 2014, p. 101.
- ^ Bardacke 2011, p. 139.
- ^ Huerta, Dolores (May 10, 1969). Proclamation of the Delano Grape Workers (Speech). Digital History. Retrieved January 11, 2025.
- ^ Garcia 2012, p. 40.
- ^ Garcia 2012, p. 41; Pawel 2014, pp. 105–106.
- ^ Pawel 2014, p. 106.
- ^ Garcia 2013, pp. 149–150.
- ^ Rose 2008, p. 16; Beagle 2016, p. 117.
- ^ Garcia 2016, pp. 3–4.
- ^ Garcia 2012, p. 57.
- ^ Rose 2008, p. 16.
- ^ Beagle 2016, p. 117.
- ^ Garcia 2012, pp. 110–111.
- ^ Rose 2008, pp. 18–19.
- ^ Chávez 2005, p. 241; Rose 2008, p. 18.
- ^ a b c Rose 2008, p. 19.
- ^ Morain, Dan (September 16, 1988). "Police Batons Blamed as UFW Official Is Badly Hurt During Bush S.F. Protest". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 4, 2025.
- ^ "$825,000 Proposed for Union Activist Injured by Police". Los Angeles Times. January 25, 1991. Retrieved January 4, 2025.
- ^ Rose 2008, p. 20; Beagle 2016, p. 219.
- ^ a b c d e Beagle 2016, p. 205.
- ^ Rose 2008, pp. 17–18.
- ^ Minian 2013, pp. 63–64.
- ^ Minian 2013, pp. 70, 76; Sowards 2019, p. 45.
- ^ Sowards 2019, p. 45.
- ^ Beagle 2016, p. 204.
- ^ Anderson & Herr 2007, p. 559; Rose 2008, p. 20.
- ^ a b c d Rose 2008, p. 20.
- ^ Klein, Jesse (December 9, 2019). "Living Legend Dolores Huerta Looks Forward by Reflecting on the Past". 5280. Retrieved January 7, 2025.
- ^ Verlee, Megan (October 15, 2014). "Colorado's 'personhood' Amendment 67 more ambiguous than partisans say". PBS News. Retrieved January 7, 2025.
- ^ "Official Results: November 4, 2014 General Election". Colorado Election Results. Retrieved January 7, 2025.
- ^ Przybyla, Heidi M. (January 5, 2017). "Women's march an 'entry point' for a new activist wave". USA Today. Retrieved January 7, 2025.
- ^ Felmlee et al. 2020, p. 1.
- ^ a b Suozzo, Andrea; Glassford, Alec; Ngu, Ash; Roberts, Brandon (May 9, 2013). "Dolores C Huerta Foundation". ProPublica. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ^ Doak 2008, pp. 90–91; Beagle 2016, p. 69.
- ^ Denyer, Lee Anne (April 12, 2023). "'An honor to work with her': Dolores Huerta celebrates 93rd birthday, 20 years of foundation". KCRA. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ^ Beagle 2016, p. 234.
- ^ Leged, Matthew (September 28, 2020). "Map Monday: Community Activism in San Joaquin Valley". Data-Smart City Solutions. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ^ Mills-Gregg, Dorothy (December 19, 2024). "Civil rights groups call settlement with Kern High School District 'first step'". The Bakersfield Californian. Retrieved January 12, 2025.
- ^ "Dolores Huerta Foundation releases proposed district maps to KHSD board". KBAK. April 9, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2025.
- ^ Burt 2008, p. 103.
- ^ a b García 2008, p. xix.
- ^ Guadalupe, Patricia (June 6, 2018). "'Death of our future': RFK's assassination set back Latino civil rights, says Dolores Huerta". NBC News. Retrieved December 30, 2024.
- ^ Richardson 1996, p. 200.
- ^ Barabak, Mark Z. (January 6, 2004). "Ex-Sen. Bradley to Give Dean Another Key Endorsement". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 13, 2025.
- ^ Henry 2008, p. 13.
- ^ Broder, John M. (August 28, 2008). "Obama secures historic nomination". The New York Times. Retrieved January 12, 2025.
- ^ Nagourney, Adam; Corasaniti, Nick (May 26, 2016). "California Up for Grabs, Poll Finds, as Clinton and Sanders Battle". The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2025.
- ^ a b c Sowards 2019, p. 142.
- ^ Contreras, Russell (April 5, 2016). "Huerta: No Ill Feelings with Rosario Dawson Over Sanders". KQED. Retrieved January 13, 2025.
- ^ Jaffe, Alexandra (May 1, 2020). "Joe Biden gets backing of key Latina activist Dolores Huerta". AP News. Retrieved January 13, 2025.
- ^ Galván, Astrid (July 25, 2024). "Scoop: Dolores Huerta endorses Harris for president". Axios. Retrieved January 13, 2025.
- ^ Minian 2013, p. 83.
- ^ Sowards 2019, pp. 150–151.
- ^ Vogel, Nancy (September 7, 2005). "Assembly OKs Gay Marriage". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 13, 2025.
- ^ "Schwarzenegger vetoes gay marriage bill". NBC News. September 29, 2005. Retrieved January 13, 2025.
- ^ Esparza Loera, Juan (July 3, 2021). "LGBTQ supporters rally around Jewel Hurtado in Kingsburg". The Fresno Bee. Retrieved January 13, 2025.
- ^ a b Hernández, Cato (October 9, 2024). "California Proposition 3: Protecting gay marriage". LAist. Retrieved January 13, 2025.
- ^ Fox, Maura (September 5, 2024). "Your guide to Proposition 3, which could add same-sex marriage to the California constitution". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved January 13, 2025.
- ^ Beagle 2016, p. 60.
- ^ Bobadilla, Eladio (November 5, 2024). "The 1994 Campaign that Anticipated Trump's Immigration Stance". Time. Retrieved January 15, 2025.
- ^ Dovere, Edward Isaac (September 6, 2017). "'This Is A Step Up Above Slavery'". Politico. Retrieved 15 January 2025.
- ^ Gutierrez, Rudy (June 26, 2018). "Teachers, other groups protest immigrant family separation". El Paso Times. Retrieved January 15, 2025.
- ^ Hughes, Susan A. (October 1, 2021). "After 50 years, there's no stopping Dolores Huerta: 'We're working for human rights for everyone.'". Harvard Kennedy School. Retrieved January 15, 2025.
- ^ Sowards 2019, p. 140.
- ^ Beagle 2016, p. 136; García 2018, pp. 1–5.
- ^ Flores 2013, p. 134.
- ^ Sowards 2019, pp. 140, 152.
- ^ Beagle 2016, p. 206.
- ^ "Dolores Huerta". National Park Service. July 23, 2024. Retrieved January 17, 2025.
- ^ Fricano, Mike (March 2, 2018). "Labor activist Dolores Huerta fires up crowd at UCLA". UCLA Newsroom. Retrieved January 17, 2025.
- ^ Beck, Jillian (October 23, 2017). "Cal State LA alumna Billie Jean King honors humanitarians and celebrates student success at 20th gala". Cal State LA. Retrieved January 17, 2025.
- ^ "Gov. Brown signs bill designating April 10 as Dolores Huerta Day". Bakersfield Now. July 18, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ "April 10 designated 'Dolores Huerta Day' in Washington state". King 5 News. March 21, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ O'Kane, Caitlin (July 30, 2020). "Dr. Fauci and Colin Kaepernick to receive award for 'commitment to social change'". CBS News. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ a b Beagle 2016, p. 70.
- ^ Mackovich-Rodriguez, Ron (March 28, 2023). "USC to award honorary degrees to science, cinema and humanitarian leaders". USC Today. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Hardiman, Samuel (January 27, 2021). "New Hispanic name on school building could inspire students, officials hope". Tulsa World. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- Paredes, Lisa (March 5, 2021). "Jordan Renamed To Dolores Huerta Middle School". My Burbank. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- Mukherjee, Shomik (August 8, 2021). "Activist Dolores Huerta welcomes new San Jose schools, pushing progressive education". The Mercury News. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ "Civil rights activist Dolores Huerta gets an intersection named for her in Boyle Heights today". Los Angeles Times. June 22, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ "Fort Worth Renames 28th Street After Activists Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta". NBC DFW. January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ "6849 Doloreshuerta (1979 MX6)". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
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