User:Robynthehode/sandbox

Circumcision - Violence against men

I have done some searching and found two academic articles that support the idea that circumcision is criminal assault - namely violence against men

[2]

[3]

[4] Only abstract

List of superlative fountains

bold	Denotes fountain was tallest in world at time of construction

Rank	Name	Image	Height of main jet	Number of jets	Continuous	Lights	Country	City	Year constructed	Remarks	Ref
1	King Fahd's Fountain			260 m (850 ft)	1	No	Yes	Saudi Arabia	Jeddah	1985	Tallest fountain in the world

Continent Populations

• Europe - UN
• Asia - UN
• Africa - UN
• N America
• S America - https://knoema.com/data/south-america+population
• Australia
• Australasia
• Oceania
• Antartica

Sources

UN US Census - https://www.census.gov/popclock/ https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z8rdmp3/revision/1

Continent sizes

• Europe -
• Asia - 44,614,000 square kilometres (17,226,200 square miles) https://www.britannica.com/science/continent https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/66721-largest-continent
• Africa - 30,370,000 km² (11,730,000 sq mi)
• N America
• S America -
• Australia
• Australasia
• Oceania
• Antartica

Continent		Area (km2)	Area (sq mi)	Area source	Percent total landmass	Population	Pop Source	Percent total pop.	Most populous city (proper)
Africa		30,370,000	11,730,000		20.4%	1,339,429,990 (1,287,920,000)		16.9%	Lagos, Nigeria
Antarctica		14,200,000	5,500,000		9.2%	4,490		0.0%	McMurdo Station
Asia		44,614,000	17,226,000		29.5%	4,639,847,430 (4,545,133,000)		59.5%	Shanghai, China
Europe		10,180,000	3,930,000		6.8%	750,769,200 (742,648,000)		9.7%	Moscow, Russia
North America		24,709,000	9,540,000		16.5%	493,618,450 (587,615,000)		7.7%	Mexico City, Mexico
South America		17,840,000	6,890,000		12.0%	430,461,090 (428,240,000)		5.6%	São Paulo, Brazil
Australia (pop figure for Oceania)		8,600,000	3,300,000		5.9%	42,677,810 (41,261,000)		0.5%	Sydney, Australia

List of oldest democracies in the world

List of oldest democracies

Country	Date of universal suffrage and candidacy	Date of universal suffrage - male	Date of universal suffrage - female	Date of candidacy - male	Date of candidacy - female	Date of establishment of parliament	Type of democracy	Notes	Ref
Finland	1907	Date suff male	Date suff female	Date cand male	Date cand female	Date est parliament	Type	Notes	Ref
New Zealand	1893	Date suff male	Date suff female	Date cand male	Date cand female	Date est parliament	Type	Notes	Ref

List of circuses

This is a list of former and extant circus companies that perform a multi-skill multi-date circus production at a touring or permanent venue. This list excludes circus groups, circus schools and other circus organisations who perform circus entertainment outside this definition to enable the list to be manageable.

List of circuses

Name	Country	Town	Years Active	Traditional or Contemporary	Touring or Permanent	Animal Acts	Notes	Ref
Adam Forepaugh	USA	Philadelphia	1865-1890	Traditional	?	Yes
Al G. Barnes Circus	USA		1895-1929	Traditional	Touring	Yes	Purchased by the American Circus Corporation in 1929. Stopped touring after 1938
Albanian National Circus	Albania	Tirana	1952-present	Traditional	Permanent & Touring	Yes	Was a permanent circus in Tirana from 1952-1975. Added a big top touring facility in 1975
Archaos	France	Marseille	1986-present	Contemporary	Touring	No
Bertram Mills Circus	UK	London	1920-1967	Traditional	Permanent & Touring	Yes
Big Apple Circus	USA	New York City	1977-present	Contemporary	Permanent & Touring	No
Billy Smart	UK	London	1946-1983	Traditional	Touring	Yes
Black Tower Circus	United Kingdom	Blackpool	1894-present	Traditional & Contemporary	Permanent	No	Animal acts until 1990. Based in a building at the foot of Blackpool Tower
Bobby Roberts Circus	UK	Oundle	1944-1982	Traditional	Touring	Yes
Bobby Roberts Super Circus	UK	?	?	Traditional	Touring	Yes	Bobby Roberts Jr. Son of Bobby Roberts. Bobby Roberts Jr. found guilty of three counts of causing unnecessary suffering to a performing elephant in 2012
Capital Circus of Budapest	Hungary	Budapest	1889-present	Traditional	Permanent	Yes	Current building opened 1971
Carson & Barnes Circus	USA	?	1937-current	Traditional	Touring	Yes	Cited for more than 100 violations of federal Animal Welfare Act
Chinese State Circus	UK	?	1992-present	Contemporary	Touring	No	Owned by Gandey World Class Productions
Chipperfields Circus	UK	?	1930s-1990s	Traditional	Touring	Yes
Circa	Australia	Brisbane	1987-present	Contemporary	Touring	No	Started as 'Rock n Roll Circus' in 1987. Changed name in 2004. Received six Helpmann Awards
Circo Atayde Hermanos	Mexico	?	1880-present	Contemporary	?	?
Circo de los Horrores	Spain	?	2006-present	Contemporary	Touring	No	'Circus of Horrors' style circus
Circo Orfei	Italy	Palermo	?	Traditional	Touring	Yes
Circo Osorio & American Crown Circus	USA	Las Vegas	1927-present	Traditional	Touring	No	Began in 1927 as Circo Osorio in Mexico. Became Circo Osorio & American Crown Circus in 1997
Circus Aotearoa	New Zealand	Waitetuna	?	Traditional	Touring	No

|| [[]] || Country || Town || Years Active || Traditional or Contemporary || Permanent or Touring || Animal Acts || Notes || Ref |-

Name	Country	Town or City	Years Active	Touring or Permanent	Animal Acts	Ref
Abuhadba Circo Internacional	Bolivia
Adam Forepaugh	U.S.
Aerialize	Australia
Al G. Barnes Circus	U.S.
Albert & Friends Instant Circus	UK
Aloft Circus Arts	U.S.
Antonio Franconi	Italy
Archaos	France
Artcirq	Canada
Batty's Hippodrome	U.S.
Bertram Mills Circus	UK
Big Apple Circus	U.S.
Billy Smart	UK
Bindlestiff Family Cirkus	U.S.
Blackpool Tower Circus	UK
Bobby Roberts Super Circus	UK
Capital Circus of Budapest	Hungary
Carson & Barnes Circus	U.S.
Chaplin's Circus	UK
Chinese State Circus	UK
Chipperfield's Circus	UK
Circa	Australia
Circo Atayde Hermanos	Mexico
Circo de los Horrores	Spain
Circo de Teresa Rabal	Spain
Circo Orfei	Italy
Circo Osorio	U.S.
Circuba	Cuba
Circus Aotearoa	N.Z.
Circus Amok	U.S.
Circus Avalon	Australia
Circus Bassie & Adriaan	Netherlands
Circus Carl Busch	Germany
Circus Contraption	U.S.
Circus Dire Dawa	Ethiopia
Circus Flora	U.S.
Circus Gatti	U.S.
Circus Hargeisa	Somaliland
Circus Herman Renz	Netherlands
Circus Joseph Ashton	Australia
Circus Juventas	U.S.
Circus Knie	Switzerland
Circus Krone	Germany
Circus Mondao	UK
Circus Mundus Absurdus	Finland
The Circus of Horrors	UK
Circus of Tiny Invisibility	U.S.
Circus Olympia	Australia
Circus Oz	Australia
Circus of Pepin and Breschard	U.S.
Circus Renz	Germany
Circus Roncalli	Germany
Circus Royale	Australia
Circus Smirkus	U.S.
Circus Sarasota	U.S.
Circus Sunrise	Australia
Circus Tyanna	UK
Circus Vargas	U.S.
Circus Vegas	Ireland
Circus waldissima	U.S.
Cirkus Agora	Norway
Cirkus Cirkör	Sweden
Cirque Amar	Algeria
Cirque Berzerk	U.S.
Cirque de Flambé	U.S.
Cirque de la Symphonie	U.S.
Cirque du Soleil	Canada
Cirque Éloize	Canada
Cirque Fernando	France
Cirque Medrano	France
Cirque Plume	France
Circus Redickuless	U.S.
Continental Circus Berlin	UK
Darix Togni	Italy
De La Guarda	Argentina
Dorato Circus	Israel
Dream Science Circus	U.S.
El Circo	U.S.
End of the World Cirkus	U.S.
Eroni's Circus	Australia
Flynn Creek Circus	U.S.
Flying Fruit Fly Circus	Australia
Fossett's Circus	Ireland
Foolhardy Circus Arts	UK
Garden Bros. Circus	U.S
Dragone	Belgium
FSU Flying High Circus	U.S.
Gerry Cottle	UK
The Great Pakistani Circus	Pakistan
The Great American Royal Circus	U.S.
The Bite-sized Circus - The Littlest Show on Earth	Australia
Great British Circus	UK
Gasaui	Bolivia
Great Bombay Circus	India
Great Royal Circus	India
Hamid Circus	U.S.
Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus	U.S.
Hippodrome Circus	UK
Hungarian National Circus	Hungary
Humboldt Circus	U.S.
ISU Gamma Phi Circus	U.S.
Janbaz Circus	Pakistan
Jordan World Circus	U.S.
Jumbo Circus	India
Jim Rose Circus	U.S.
Kelly Miller Circus	U.S.
La Gota Circo	Dubai
Lennon Bros Circus	Australia
Lewis and Clark circus	U.S
Long Shadow Stilt Theatre	AU
Loomis Bros. Circus	U.S.
Lost in translation Circus	UK
Lucent Dossier Experience	U.S.
Lucky Irani Circus	Pakistan
Midnight Circus	U.S.
Moscow Circus	Russia
New Pickle Circus	U.S.
Nofit State Circus	Wales
P. T. Barnum	U.S.
Pablo Fanque	UK
Perry Bros Circus	Australia
Pickle Family Circus	U.S.
Ramos Bros. Circus	U.S.
Ringling Brothers Circus	U.S.
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus	U.S.
Royal Hanneford Circus	U.S.
The Royal London Circus	Malaysia
Royal Circus and Equestrian Philharmonic Academy	UK
Sarrasani	Germany
Shrine Circus	U.S.
Silvers Circus	Australia
Sole Brothers' Circus	Australia
Star Spangled Circus	U.S.
Stardust Circus	Australia
Stilt Circus	U.S.
Steel City Clown Brigade	U.S.
Taylor Circus Stars	U.S.
Tbilisi Circus	Georgia
Teatro ZinZanni	U.S.
Tirana Circus	Albania
Turkmen State Circus	Turkmenistan
Tom Arnold	UK
Tom Duffy's Circus	Ireland
Travelling Light Circus	UK
Two Bit Circus	U.S.
UniverSoul Circus	U.S.
Vau De Vire Society	U.S.
Wanderlust Circus	U.S.
Webers Circus	Australia
Circus Gerbola	Ireland
Will-o'-the-Wisp Fire Circus	AU
Zippos Circus	UK
Zirka Circus	N.Z.
Zoppé Family Circus	U.S
Kinoshita Circus	Japan
Name	Country

Science fiction is defined

"Science fiction" is difficult to define, as it includes a wide range of subgenres and themes. James Blish wrote: "Wells used the term originally to cover what we would today call ‘hard’ science fiction, in which a conscientious attempt to be faithful to already known facts (as of the date of writing) was the substrate on which the story was to be built, and if the story was also to contain a miracle, it ought at least not to contain a whole arsenal of them." Isaac Asimov said: "Science fiction can be defined as that branch of literature which deals with the reaction of human beings to changes in science and technology." According to Robert A. Heinlein, "a handy short definition of almost all science fiction might read: realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method." Lester del Rey wrote, "Even the devoted aficionado—or fan—has a hard time trying to explain what science fiction is", and that the reason for there not being a "full satisfactory definition" is that "there are no easily delineated limits to science fiction." Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying "science fiction is what we point to when we say it", while author Mark C. Glassy argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography: you do not know what it is, but you know it when you see it.

Fiction based on imagined future scientific or technological advances and major social or environmental changes, frequently portraying space or time travel and life on other planets.

fiction dealing principally with the impact of actual or imagined science on society or individuals or having a scientific factor as an essential orienting component

Landmark definition

Merriam Webster

a structure (such as a building) of unusual historical and usually aesthetic interestespecially : one that is officially designated and set aside for preservation

National Park Service which overseas National Landmarks project

National Historic Landmarks are buildings, sites, districts, structures, and objects that have been determined by the Secretary of the Interior to be nationally significant in American history and culture https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalhistoriclandmarks/faqs.htm

UNESCO

Cultural and Natural Heritage 45. Cultural and natural heritage are defined in Articles 1 and 2 of the World Heritage Convention.

Article 1 For the purposes of this Convention, the following shall be considered as “cultural heritage”; - monuments: architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of history, art or science; - groups of buildings: groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of history, art or science; -sites: works of man or the combined works of nature and of man, and areas including archaeological sites which are of Outstanding Universal Value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological points of view.

Article 2 For the purposes of this Convention, the following shall be considered as “natural heritage”: - natural features consisting of physical and biological formations or groups of such formations, which are of Outstanding Universal Value from the aesthetic or scientific point of view; geological and physiographical formations and precisely delineated areas which constitute the habitat of threatened species of animals and plants of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of science or conservation; Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention 20 - natural sites or precisely delineated natural areas of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of science, conservation or natural beauty.

Historic England / UK Government

6. For the purposes of listing, a ‘building’ includes any structure or erection and a ‘listed building’ includes any object or structure: (a) fixed to it; or (b) within its curtilage which, although not fixed to it, forms part of the land and has done so since before 1st July 1948, unless the list entry expressly excludes such things. In some cases, such as for works of art or sculptures, it will be necessary to consider the degree and purpose of annexation to the land or building to determine whether it may be listed under the 1990 Act. 7. Listed buildings are graded to reflect their relative special architectural and historic interest.  Grade I buildings are of exceptional special interest;  Grade II* buildings are particularly important buildings of more than special interest;  Grade II buildings are of special interest, warranting every effort to preserve them.

Statutory criteria 16. The Secretary of State uses the following criteria when assessing whether a building is of special architectural or historic interest and therefore should be added to the statutory list:  Architectural Interest: To be of special architectural interest a building must be of importance in its design, decoration or craftsmanship. Special interest may also apply to particularly significant examples of building types or techniques (e.g. buildings displaying technological innovation or virtuosity) and significant plan forms. Engineering and technological interest can be an important consideration for some buildings. For more recent buildings in particular, the functioning of the building (to the extent that this reflects on its original design and planned use, where known) will also be a consideration. Artistic distinction can also be a factor relevant to the architectural interest of buildings and objects and structures fixed to them.

 Historic Interest: To be able to justify special historic interest a building must illustrate important aspects of the nation’s history and / or have closely substantiated historical associations with nationally important individuals, groups or events; and the building itself in its current form will afford a strong connection with the valued aspect of history.

List of tallest clock towers

A list of the tallest structures with clocks on their exterior that can be seen from the ground. The list includes various structures with a working clock face or faces on their exteriors. The first type of structure are proper Clock towers which are structures that fulfil the definition of a tower with a clock face or faces on the exterior wall or walls. Possibly the most famous example is the colloquially termed Big Ben. Some structures of this type were originally built as bell towers and had the clocks added later, such as the Springfield Campanille. Some clock towers of this type are freestanding, such as the Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower, while others are attached to, or on top of, buildings such as the tower on the Philadelphia City Hall. The second set of structures are buildings (rather than towers) that had clock faces on the exterior as part of their original design such as the Wrigley Building. The third set of structures are buildings that have had a clock face or faces added after the original building was constructed such as the Palace of Culture and Science. This division of structures with clock faces follows the general terminology used in related articles and follows CTBUH criteria. For the purposes of comparison and clarity this list includes all structures with clocks and clock faces of the types previously described. The list includes all clock 'tower' structures with a height of at least 40 m (130 ft).

bold	Denotes structure is the tallest of its type (as described below) in the world

Denotes freestanding clock tower fulfilling the strict definition

Denotes clock tower fulfilling the strict definition either attached to or on top of another structure

Denotes structure that was designed as multi-functional structure which included clock faces

Denotes structure where the clock faces were not in the original design and added after the completion of the structure

Table terminology

Building	A structure which is at least 50% 'occupiable' and fulfils the CTBUH definition
Tower	A structure which is less than 50% occupiable and fulfils the CTBUH definition
Freestanding Tower	A tower that is not attached to or located on top of another building - a standalone structure. A category used by CTBUH
Tower Building	A tower that is located on top of or attached to another building. A category used by CTBUH

Rank	Name	Image	Height	Number of Faces	Chiming	Year	Type of structure	Main function	Country	City	Remarks	Ref
1	Abraj Al Bait Towers			601 m (1,972 ft)	4	No	2012	Building	Hotel	Saudi Arabia	Mecca	Tallest building with clock faces. The clock faces are the faces highest above the ground on any structure
2	NTT Docomo Yoyogi Building		240 m (790 ft)	4	No	2000 (building) 2002 (clocks added)	Building	Offices	Japan	Tokyo	Clock faces are 15 m (49 ft)
3	Palace of Culture and Science		230.7 m (757 ft)	4	No	1955 (building) 2000 (clocks added)	Building	Offices (original) Multi-use (current)	Poland	Warsaw	Building contructed in 1955. Clock faces added in 2000.
4	Met Life Tower		213.4 m (700 ft)	4	No	1912	Building	Offices (original) Offices/Hotel (current)	USA	New York	Clock faces are 8 m (26 ft)
5	Philadelphia City Hall		167 m (548 ft)	4	No	1901	Tower Building	Offices	USA	Philadelphia	Clock faces are 7.9 m (26 ft)
6	Mercantile National Bank Building		159.4 m (523 ft)	4	No	1943	Building	Offices (original) Offices/Residential (current)	USA	Dallas	Building completed in 1942. Addition of clock tower 1943
7	Custom House Tower		151 m (495 ft)	1	No	1916	Building	Offices (original). Hotel (current)	USA	Boston	Clock faces 6.7 m (22 ft) Due to the installation of an undersized motor, the clock failed to work properly through much of the 20th century
8	Wrigley Building		133.5 m (438 ft)	1	No	1922	Building	Offices	USA	Chicago	The clock faces are 5.97 m (19.6 ft)
9	Cathedral of Our Lady (Antwerp)		123 m (404 ft)	4	Yes	1521 (clocks added in C18	Tower Building	Religious	Belgium	Antwerp	UNESCO World Heritage site as part of Belfries of Belgium and France
10	Central do Brasil		122 m (400 ft)	4	Yes	1943	Building	Railway Station	Brazil	Rio de Janeiro	Clock faces are 20 m (66 ft) tall
11	Moscow State University		118 m (387 ft)	4	No	1953	Building	Education	Russia	Moscow	University has one central tower (no clock face) and four ancillary towers upon which one clock face and a barometer and thermometer are located. The height given is for the ancillary towers. The main building is 239 m (784 ft). Clock faces are 9 m (30 ft)
12	Milwaukee City Hall		107.6 m (353 ft)	1	Yes	1895	Building	Government	USA	Milwaukee	Clock face is 5.5 m (18 ft)
13	Copenhagen City Hall		105.6 m (346 ft)	4	No	1905	Tower Building	Government	Denmark	Copenhagen	Houses Jens Olsen's World Clock
14	Minneapolis City Hall		105 m (344 ft)	4	Yes	1906	Tower-Building	Clock Tower/Government	USA	Minneapolis	Largest four face chiming clock in the world. Clock faces are 7.2 m (24 ft).
15	Lille City Hall Belfry		104 m (341 ft)	4	Yes	1932	Tower Building	Government	France	Lille
16	Old City Hall		103.6 m (340 ft)	1	No	1899	Tower Building	Clock Tower/Government	Canada	Toronto	Clock face is 6 m (20 ft)
17	Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower		100 m (330 ft)	4	Yes	1908	Freestanding Tower	Clock & bell tower	United Kingdom	Birmingham	Tallest freestanding clock tower in the world. Clock faces are 5.25 m (17.2 ft).
18	Munich Frauenkirche		98.5 m (323 ft)	3 (each tower)	Yes	1488	Tower Building (Twin Towers)	Religious	Germany	Munich	Domes added in 1524
19	Royal Liver Building		98.2 m (322 ft)	4	Yes	1911	Building	Offices	United Kingdom	Liverpool	Clocks faces on two towers 7.6 m (25 ft) diameter. Building part of the World Heritage Maritime Mercantile City
20	Elizabeth Tower		96 m (315 ft)	4	Yes	1859	Tower Building	Clock Tower/Government	United Kingdom	London	Clock faces are 7 m (23 ft). Commonly known as 'Big Ben', although this is the name of the largest chiming bell.
21	The Tower of Palazzo Vecchio		95 m (312 ft)	1	No	14th C	Tower Building	Government	Italy	Florence
22	University of Texas Tower		93.6 m (307 ft)	4	No	1937	Building	Education	USA	Austin, Texas
23	Sather Tower		93.5 m (307 ft)	4	Yes	1914	Freestanding Tower	Bell Tower (original) Clock & Bell Tower (current)	USA	Berkley	Clock was added in 1926. With the addition of the clock now the second tallest freestanding clock tower in the world
24	Peace Tower		92.2 m (302 ft)	4	Yes	1920	Tower Building	Museum	Canada	Ottawa	Clock faces are 4.8 m (16 ft). Built to commemorate Canadians who lost their lives in World War I
25	Brisbane City Hall		92 m (302 ft)	4	Yes	19?	Tower Building	Government	Australia	Brisbane	Clock faces are 4.9 m (16 ft)
26	Springfield Campanille		91.44 m (300.0 ft)	4	Yes	1913	Freestanding Tower	Bell Tower (original) Clock & Bell Tower (current)	USA	Springfield, Massachusetts	Currently not open to the public. With the addition of the clock now the third tallest freestanding clock tower in the world
27	Belfry of Ghent		91 m (299 ft)	4	Yes	1543	Tower Building	Clock Tower/Belfry	Belgium	Ghent	4th tallest freestanding clock tower
28	Emerson Tower		88.1 m (289 ft)	4	No	1911	Building	Offices	USA	Baltimore	Clock faces are 7.3 m (24 ft). The largest four dial gravity clock in the world
29	Belfry of Mons		87 m (285 ft)	4	Yes	1672	Freestanding Tower	Clock & Belfry Tower	Belgium	Mons	5th tallest freestanding clock tower
30	Rajabai Clock Tower		85.3 m (280 ft)	4	Yes	1878	Freestanding Tower	Clock tower	India	Mumbai	6th tallest freestanding clock tower in the world
31	Allen-Bradley Clock Tower		85.3 m (280 ft)	4	Yes	1963	Tower Building	Clock Tower	USA	Milwaukee	Clock faces are 12.25 m (40.2 ft)
32	Manchester Town Hall		85.3 m (280 ft)	4	Yes	1877	Tower Building	Government	United Kingdom	Manchester	Tallest town hall clock tower in UK. The clock faces are 4.8 m (15.7 ft)
33	Belfry of Bruges		83 m (272 ft)	1	Yes	1822	Tower Building	Government	Belgium	Bruges	7th tallest freestanding clock tower
34	Helsinki Cathedral		80 m (260 ft)	1	Yes	1852	Building	Religious	Finland	Helsinki	Clock added after building completion
35	New Town Hall (Munich)		79.25 m (260.0 ft)	4	Yes	1908	Tower Building	Government	Germany	Munich	Houses the Rathaus Glockenspiel which includes 43 bells and 32 animatronic figures
36	St Pancras railway station		76 m (249 ft)	4	Yes	1868	Tower Building	Railway Station	United Kingdom	London
37	Calais Town Hall		75 m (246 ft)	4	Yes	1925	Tower Building	Government	France	Calais
38	Arras Town Hall		75 m (246 ft)	4	Yes	1554	Tower Building	Government	France	Arras	Destroyed in WW1 and rebuilt 1924-1932
39	Siemensstadt		75 m (246 ft)	4	No	1909	Tower Building	Commercial	Germany	Berlin	Clock faces are 7 m (23 ft)
40	San Francisco Ferry Building		74.7 m (245 ft)	4	Yes	1898	Building	Ferry Terminal	United States	San Francisco	Clock faces are 6.7 m (22 ft) Clock tower houses a private penthouse residence
41	Waterbury Union Station		74.7 m (245 ft)	4	No	1909	Tower Building	Railway Station	United States	Waterbury
	Central Library of Catholic University of Leuven		73.5 m (241 ft)	4	Yes	1928	Tower Building		Belgium	Leuven	Rebuilt after WW2
42	Salt Lake City and County Building		73 m (240 ft)	4	Yes	1894	Tower Building	Government	United States	Salt Lake City
42	Spasskaya Tower		71 m (233 ft)	4	Yes	1851	Tower Building	Clock Tower	Russia	Moscow	The clock faces are 6.12 m (20.1 ft)
43	Ypres Cloth Hall		70 m (230 ft)	4	Yes	1304 Rebuilt 1933-1967	Tower Building	Commercial (original)	Belgium	Ypres	Belfry originally a watchtower. Clocks added later
44	Charleroi City Hall Belfry		70 m (230 ft)	4	Yes	1936	Tower Building	Government	Belgium	Charleroi
44	Leeds Town Hall		69 m (226 ft)	4	Yes	1858	Tower Building	Government	United Kingdom	Leeds
45	Husainabad Clock Tower		67 m (220 ft)	4	No	1881	Free standing tower	Clock tower	India	Lucknow	8th tallest freestanding clock tower. The clock faces are 3.95 m (13.0 ft)
46	Limoges-Bénédictins railway station		67 m (220 ft)	4	No	1929	Tower Building	Railway Station	France	Limoges	Clock face is 4 m (13 ft)
47	Oslo City Hall		63 m (207 ft)	1	Yes	1950	Building	Government	Norway	Oslo	Tower with clock on it is know as Oslo Rådhus 2. Clock face is 8.6 m (28 ft). Building hosts the Nobel Peace Prize each year
48	Messina astronomical clock		61 m (200 ft)	4	Yes	1933 (clock) 1929 (tower)	Tower Building	Clock Tower	Italy	Messina	The clock faces are 2.4 m (7.9 ft)
49	Bolton Town Hall		60.35 m (198.0 ft)	4	Yes	1873	Tower Building	Government	United Kingdom	Bolton	The clock faces are 3.65 m (12.0 ft)
50	Shell Mex House		58 m (190 ft)	1	No	1930	Building	Offices	United Kingdom	London	Largest clock face in UK at 7.62 m (25.0 ft)
51	Parkinson Building		57 m (187 ft)	4	Yes	1951	Tower Building	Education	United Kingdom	Leeds
52	Old Arts Building Clock Tower		54 m (177 ft)	1	No	1926	Tower Building	Education	New Zealand	Auckland
53	McGraw Tower		52.7 m (173 ft)	4	Yes	1891	Building	Education	United States	Ithaca	Originally constructed as a library. Now houses a museum and the Cornell Chimes
54	University of Santo Tomas Main Building	[[File:|frameless|100px]]	51.5 m (169 ft)	4	No	1927	Tower Building	Education	Phillipines	Manila
54	Purdue Bell Tower		48.8 m (160 ft)	4	Yes	1995	Freestanding Tower	Education	United States	West Lafayette, Indiana
54	Helsinki Central Station		48.5 m (159 ft)	4	No	1914	Tower Building	Railway Station	Finland	Helsinki
55	Montreal Clock Tower		45 m (148 ft)	4	No	1922	Freestanding Tower	Clock Tower	Canada	Montreal	9th tallest freestanding clock tower. Clock faces are 3.6 m (12 ft)
56	Portland Union Station		45 m (148 ft)	4	No	1896	Tower Building	Railway Station	United States	Portland
57	Aalst Belfry		47 m (154 ft)	4	Yes	1460	Tower Building	Government	Belgium	Aalst
57	Clock Tower, Hong Kong		44 m (144 ft)	4	No	1915	Freestanding Tower	Railway Station (former)	China	Hong Kong	10th freestanding clock tower. Clock tower formerly part of railway terminus now a freestanding tower
58	Albert Memorial Clock Tower		43 m (141 ft)	4	Yes	1869	Freestanding Tower	Clock Tower	United Kingdom	Belfast	Height disputed in sources between 43 m (141 ft) and 34.5 m (113 ft) If the greater height 11th tallest freestanding clock tower
59	Chennai Central railway station		41.5 m (136 ft)	1	No	18??	Tower Building	Railway station	India	Chennai
60	Sultan Abdul Samad Building		41 m (135 ft)	1	No	1897	Tower Building	Offices	Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur
61	City Hall and Belfry	[[File:|frameless|100px]]	40.3 m (132 ft)	4	Yes	1377	Tower Building	Government	Belgium	Dendermonde
61	Belfry of Saint Éloi		40 m (130 ft)	4	Yes	C15	Freestanding Tower	Belfry	France	Dunkirk	Originally the western tower of the Chruch Saint Éloi separated by a street in 18th century. 12th tallest freestanding clock tower
62	Belfry of Thuin		40 m (130 ft)	4	Yes	1641	Freestanding Tower	Belfry	Belgium	Thuin
62	Ripon Building		40 m (130 ft)	1	No	1913	Tower Building	Government	India	Chennai
63	Mint Tower		40 m (130 ft)	4	Yes	1487	Freestanding Tower	Clock & Bell Tower	Netherlands	Amsterdam	13th tallest freestanding clock tower. Formerly part of the medieval city walls
64	Metz-Ville station		40 m (130 ft)	4	No	1908	Tower Building	Railway station	France	Metz

|- |- | || [[]] || [[File:|frameless|100px]] || || || || || || || || || || |-

Sources

Sydney GPO http://visitsydneyaustralia.com.au/gpo.html https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?id=5045424

Vancouver Tower 80.3m 1912 Clock face 6.7m https://www.emporis.com/buildings/113300/vancouver-block-vancouver-canada 80.7m https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/vancouver-block/26035

Vancouver City Hall

Belfry of Thuin https://www.cm-tourisme.be/en/a/belfry-of-thuin

Charleroi City Hall Belfry https://www.cm-tourisme.be/en/a/the-belfry

Academic libraries in Leuven https://www.radissonhotels.com/en-us/destination/belgium/leuven/university-library#

Dendermonde City Hall and Belfry https://www.toerismedendermonde.be/product/873/town-hall-and-belfry

Aaist Belfry https://www.emporis.com/buildings/249154/belfort-van-aalst-aalst-belgium

Santo Tomas University Main Building https://www.bestcollegereviews.org/the-10-tallest-university-clock-towers/

Purdue University Bell Tower https://engineering.purdue.edu/Intranet/Users/carol.s.stwalley.1/MyPictures/bell_tower.jpg/ptPreview

Salt Lake Town Hall http://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp//habshaer/ut/ut0100/ut0168/data/ut0168data.pdf https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMBEWN_Salt_Lake_City_and_County_Building_Steeple

Helsinki Central Station https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/helsinki-central-station/ https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20131203-all-aboard-stunning-stations

Antwerp Cathedral https://www.dekathedraal.be/en/gothic-timeline https://www.dekathedraal.be/en/gothic-world-heritage https://www.dekathedraal.be/en/gothic-tower

Ypres Cloth Hall https://web.archive.org/web/20060513092554/http://www.trabel.com/ieper/ieper-clothhall.htm http://www.greatwar.co.uk/ypres-salient/town-ieper-cloth-hall-lakenhalle.htm

Dunkirk Belfry https://www.dunkirk-tourism.com/What-to-see-do/Heritage/Sites-and-historical-monuments/Beffroi-de-Saint-Eloi https://www.britannica.com/place/Dunkirk-France

Lille City Hall https://en.lilletourism.com/l-hotel-de-ville-et-son-beffroi.html

Muntorren Amsterdam https://www.amsterdamforvisitors.com/munttoren-amsterdam

Helsinki Cathedral https://helsingintuomiokirkko.fi/en/index/historyofthecathedral.html#thechurchtowers

Calais Town Hall http://www.calais.ws/CalaisTownHall.htm

Arras Town Hall http://arras-france.com/arras-belfry-and-the-town-hall/

Ghent Belfry https://www.belfortgent.be/en/home https://www.gandante.be/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Engelse-flyer.pdf https://cosmopoliclan.com/travel-with-kids/inspiration/belfry-of-ghent-belgium/

Mons Belfry https://www.visitmons.be/reserver-en-ligne/musees/beffroi-de-mons-537140

Waterbury Train Station http://www.trainweb.org/rshs/GRS%20-%20Waterbury.htm

Portland Union Train Station http://splintercat.org/UnionStation/UnionStation.html

Proposed clock towers

Rank	Name	Image	Height	Number of Faces	Chiming	Year	Type of structure	Main function	Country	City	Remarks	Ref
1	Infosys Clock Tower		Image	135 m (443 ft)	4	?	2016	Tower	Clock & Bell Tower	India	Mysore

Clock Faces Table

Photos for table

[[File:|frameless|100px]]

File:Pittsburgh South Side 2019-08-05 Duquesne Brewery Clock.jpg

Colgate Clock Jersey City (1 of 2) (3157735699).jpg

A list of the largest permanent working clocks with the largest faces in the world. Entries include all clocks with faces at least 4 m (13 ft) in diameter. Clocks can be located on the exterior or interior of buildings, and towers as well as on the ground as is the case with floral clock faces.

Rank	Location	Image	Diameter	Number of Faces	Chiming	Year	Structure	Country	City	Remarks	Ref
1	Abraj Al Bait Towers			43 m (141 ft)	4	No	2012	Skyscraper	Saudi Arabia	Mecca	Tallest building with clock faces. Building 601 metres (1,972 feet) also making the clock faces the face the highest above the ground
2	Istanbul Cevahir		36 m (118 ft)	1	No	2005	Shopping Centre	Turkey	Istanbul	3-metre-high digits laid on the transparent roof of the centre
3	Bhestan	Photo	24.2 m (79 ft)	1	Yes	?	Floral clock	India	Surat	Largest floral clock in the world
4	Park Heroyiv		22 m (72 ft)	1	Yes	2011	Floral clock	Ukraine	Kryvyi Rih	Constructed to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Ukraine's independence. Minute hand is 13 m (43 ft)
5	Central do Brasil		20 m (66 ft)	4	Yes	1943	Clock Tower	Brazil	Rio de Janeiro	Clock tower is 135 m (443 ft) tall
6	Duquesne Brewery		18 m (59 ft)	1	No	1933	Building	USA	Pittsburgh	Largest clock face in USA. Octagonal clock. Has 8.5 m (28 ft) and 6.4 m (21 ft) aluminium hands
7	Colgate Clock (New Jersey)		15.2 m (50 ft)	1	No	1924	Freestanding	USA	Jersey City	Octagonal clock. Originally located on roof of Colgate headquarters building
8	Abbasabad		15 m (49 ft)	1	No	2005	Floral clock	Iran	Tehran
9	Grozny City Towers		13.6 m (45 ft)	2	No	2011	Skyscraper	Russia	Grozny	Minute hand is 7.3 m (24 ft) and minute hand is 5.5 m (18 ft)
10	Rockwell Automation HQ		12.25 m (40.2 ft)	4	Yes	1962	Clock Tower	USA	Milwaukee	Clock tower is 86.25 m (283.0 ft) and is known as the Allen-Bradley clock tower. Each hour hand is 4.8 m (16 ft) long. Each minute hand is 6.1 m (20 ft) long.
11	Colgate Clock (Indiana)		12 m (39 ft)	1	No	1906	Freestanding	USA	Clarksville	Octagonal clock face. Built for the centennial of the Colgate Company in its original locatioon of Jersey City. Moved to Indiana in 1924 when a larger replacement was made.
12	Kentucky State Capitol		10 m (33 ft)	1	No	1961	Floral Clock	USA	Frankfort	Located in the grounds of the capitol building. Minute hand 6.1 m (20 ft) and hour hand 4.6 m (15 ft)
13	Gare de Cergy - Saint-Christophe		10 m (33 ft)	1	No	1988	Railway Station	France	Cergy	Largest clock face in Europe
14	Mercantile National Bank Building		9.4 m (31 ft)	4	No	1943	Skyscraper	USA	Dallas	Building completed in 1942. Addition of clock tower 1943
15	Aarau railway station		9 m (30 ft)	1	No	1988	Railway Station	Switzerland	Aarau	Second largest clock face in Europe
16	Moscow State University		9 m (30 ft)	4	No	1953	Building	Russia	Moscow	University has one central tower (no clock face) and four ancillary towers upon which one clock face and a barometer and thermometer are located. Minute hand is 3.9 m (13 ft)
17	Stephen's Green Shopping Centre		8.9 m (29 ft)	1	No	1988	Shopping centre	Republic of Ireland	Dublin
18	St Peter's Church		8.64 m (28.3 ft)	1	No	1534	Church	Switzerland	Zurich	Largest church clock face. The minute hand is 5.73 metres (18.8 ft) and the hour hand is 5.07 metres (16.6 ft)
19	Oslo City Hall		8.6 m (28 ft)	1	Yes	1950	Building	Norway	Oslo	Building hosts the Nobel Peace Prize each year
20	Met Life Tower		8 m (26 ft)	4	No	1912	Skyscraper	USA	New York	Minute hands are 5.2 m (17 ft) and the hour hands are 4.06 m (13.3 ft)
21	Philadelphia City Hall		7.9 m (26 ft)	4	No	1901	Clock tower	USA	Philadelphia	Building with clock tower is 167 m (548 ft)
22	Shell Mex House		7.62 m (25.0 ft)	1	No	1930	Building	United Kingdom	London	Largest clock face in UK
23	Royal Liver Building		7.6 m (25 ft)	4	Yes	1911	Clock tower	United Kingdom	Liverpool	Clocks on two towers. Building part of the World Heritage Maritime Mercantile City
24	Church of the Most Sacred Heart of Our Lord		7.6 m (25 ft)	1	No	1932	Church	Czech Republic	Prague
25	Detsky Mir		7.5 m (25 ft)	1	No	2014	Shopping centre	Russia	Moscow	Clock is inside toy shop. Pendulum is 13 m (43 ft)
26	Emerson Tower		7.3 m (24 ft)	4	No	1911	Clock tower	USA	Baltimore	The largest four dial gravity clock in the world
27	Minneapolis City Hall		7.2 m (24 ft)	4	Yes	1906	Clock tower	USA	Minneapolis	Largest four face chiming clock in the world. Clock tower is 105 m (344 ft). Minute hands are 4.3 m (14 ft)
28	Elizabeth Tower		7 m (23 ft)	4	Yes	1859	Clock Tower	United Kingdom	London	Clock tower is 96 m (315 ft) tall. Commonly known as 'Big Ben', although this is the name of the largest chiming bell.
29	Ayer Mill		6.75 m (22.1 ft)	4	Yes	1909	Clock tower	USA	Lawrence
30	Custom House Tower		6.7 m (22 ft)	1	No	1916	Skyscraper	USA	Boston	Due to the installation of an undersized motor, the clock failed to work properly through much of the 20th century
31	Palace of Culture and Science		6.2 m (20 ft)	4	No	2000	Building	Poland	Warsaw	Building contructed in 1955 at a height of 237 m (778 ft). Clock faces added later.
32	Spasskaya Tower		6.12 m (20.1 ft)	4	Yes	1851	Building	Russia	Moscow	The hour hand is 2.97 m (9.7 ft), and the minute hand is 3.27 m (10.7 ft)
33	Old City Hall		6 m (20 ft)	1	No	1899	Clock tower	Canada	Toronto	Clock tower is 103.6 m (340 ft)
34	Wrigley Building		5.97 m (19.6 ft)	1	No	1924	Building	USA	Chicago	The hour hands are 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) and the minute hands 2.79 m (9 ft 2 in)
35	Milwaukee City Hall		5.5 m (18 ft)	1	Yes	1895	Clock tower	USA	Milwaukee
36	Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower		5.25 m (17.2 ft)	4	Yes	1908	Clock tower	United Kingdom	Birmingham	Tallest freestanding clock tower in the world at 100 m (330 ft). The hour hand is 3 m (9.8 ft) and the minute hand is 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in)
37	St Pancras Railway Station	[[|frameless|100px]]	5.15 m (16.9 ft)	1	No	1860?	Railway station (interior)	United Kingdom	London	Largest railway clock in UK
37	Jardin Anglais		5 m (16 ft)	1	No	2002	Floral clock	Switzerland	Geneva	Originally created in 1955
38	Peace Tower		4.8 m (16 ft)	4	Yes	1920	Clock tower	Canada	Ottawa	Built to commemorate Canadians who lost their lives in World War I
39	Royal Palace	Photo	4.7 m (15 ft)	1	No	?	Floral clock	Malaysia	Anak Bukit

Temporarily installed clocks

A list of clocks that have been installed as temporary structures. Other criteria apply as above for new entries except that all entries are planned temporary structures.

Rank	Location	Image	Diameter	Number of Faces	Chiming	Year	Structure	Country	City	Remarks	Ref
1	Burning Man Festival		Video	3.28 km (2.04 mi)	1	No	2011	Laser	USA	Black Rock Desert	It took 13 months to create the clock
2	Scania Clock	Photo	298.5 m (979 ft)	1	No	2016	Articulated Lorries	Spain	Unknown	Created with 14 Scania trucks driving in circles for 24 hours at an abandoned airfield
3	World Fair	Photos	30 m (98 ft)	1	No	1904	Floral clock	USA	St Louis	Create for the world fair

The largest timepiece had a clock face area of 8.42 km² (3.25 mi²) and was created by Jim Bowers (USA). It was measured at the Burning Man festival in the Black Rock Desert, Nevada, USA, on 5 September 2011. The clock was created with the help of lasers and "hour towers" that were set up in a circle around the laser at the centre. The average length of a laser clock arm was 1,636.8 m (1.02 miles) long. It took 13 months to create the clock. It was used to count down the hours until the burning of "The Man".

The following clocks were installed temporarily in order to set "largest clock" records:

• The World's "Largest Timepiece" as recorded by Guinness World Records was created by artist Jim Bowers, with an official diameter of 1.75 Miles. The timepiece incorporated 3 lasers (hour/minute/seconds) at night, and the clocks 48' tall central laser tower acted as a sundial during the day (casting a shadow out to 14 granite numbered slabs embedded in the ground). The "1MileClock" mechanism was engineered by laser physicist, Marcus Hertlein (Lawrence Berkely Lab) and software for the device was created by scientist Tim Black. A total of 58 artists from around the world contributed to the project.
• Scania Clock is a clock created with 14 Scania trucks driving for 24 hours at an abandoned airfield in Spain, showing on the web the local time where you are. It has a diameter of 300 metres and area of 70,000 square metres.

Gallery for Clock Face article

Comparison of some notable four-face clocks at the same scale.

Top-left:	Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower
Bottom-left:	Allen-Bradley Clock Tower (previous record holder)
Middle:	Abraj Al Bait
Top-right:	Big Ben Clock Tower
Bottom-right:	Kremlin Clock

• 
  St. Peter's church, Zürich, Switzerland
• 
  Railway station, Aarau, Switzerland
• 
  Royal Liver Building, Liverpool, UK
• 
  Wrigley building clock, Chicago, USA

Clock faces article text archive

• Abraj Al Bait Towers clock in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, a 43-metre diameter clock built on a 601-metre hotel tower in front of the Ka'ba.
• Istanbul Cevahir clock in Istanbul, a 36-metre clock with 3-metre-high digits laid on the transparent roof of the mall, built in 2005.
• The floral clock in Surat, India, a 24.20-meter diameter and each of its hands weighs 800 kg, built by Chennai-based Clock India.
• Kryvyi Rih clock with a dial diameter of 22 meters and a length of a minute arrow of 13 meters. The clock dial is a concrete circle, which consists of 12 sectors planted with 22 thousands of flowers of six species.
• Central do Brasil clock in Rio de Janeiro, a 20-metre diameter four-face clock on top of a 135-metre tower in a railway station, built in 1943.
• Duquesne Brewery Clock (Duquesne Brewing Company Clock), Pittsburgh, a single 18-metre octagonal clock built by Audichron of Atlanta, Georgia, in 1933, with 8.5-metre and 6.4-metre aluminium hands.
• Colgate Clock (New Jersey), a 15.2-metre clock built in 1924 in New Jersey to replace the old Colgate Clock, which was moved to Indiana.
• Flower clock, Tehran, a 15-metre flower clock. It weighs 750 kg (1,650 lb), and was installed on 7 June 2005.
• Grozny-City Towers Facade Clocks, Grozny City, Chechnya-Russia, is a 13.6-meter diameter, two-piece clock built on 140-meter height and placed northwest and southeast sides of the highest Grozny City Tower. The clocks were built in September 2011 by Erben Kontrol/ Turkey with 7.30 m and 5.55 m pair of hands.
• Allen-Bradley Clock Tower in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, four 12.25-meter clocks on an 86-metre tower, started keeping time on October 31, 1962 and was the biggest four-faced clock at the time. Each hour hand is 4.8 m long and weighs 220 kg. Each minute hand is 6.1 m long and weighs 240 kg. The hour markings are 1.2 m high.
• Colgate Clock (Indiana), a 12-metre clock, built in 1906 in New Jersey for the centennial of the Colgate Company. Moved to Indiana in 1924.
• The floral clock in Frankfort, Kentucky, a 34 feet (10 m) face with minute and hour hands that are 20 feet (6.1 m) and 15 feet (4.6 m) long, respectively. The clock face is composed of over 10,000 individual flowers.
• The clock of the railway station Gare de Cergy - Saint-Christophe is the largest clock in Europe with a diameter of 10 meters.
• The four-sided clock of the Mercantile National Bank Building in Dallas, Texas has a diameter of 9.4 meters.
• The clock of the Aarau railway station is 9 meters in diameter. It behaves almost completely like a standard Swiss railway station clock.
• The clock on the main building of the Moscow State University is 9 metres in diameter. There are also a barometer and a thermometer of the same size.
• St. Stephen's green shopping centre, Dublin, an 8.99-meter clock.
• St. Peter, Zürich, an 8.7-meter clock, built in 1534, the biggest church clock face.
• Oslo City Hall, an 8.6 meter clock on the east tower south side.
• Raketa Monumental in Detsky Mir on Lubyanka Square in Moscow, 8-meter clocks with a 13 meters pendulum. It is the world's largest clock movement. Total weight of the movement is 5 tons.
• Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower, 8-meter clocks on all four side of this 213-meter tower built in 1909. Each hours hand weighs 350 kg and each minutes hand weighs 500 kg.
• Ostend Leopoldpark: flower clock 51°13′44.38″N 02°54′53.56″E. The flowerbed has a diameter of approximately 9 m. Its minutes hand, made out of copper and covered with leaf gold (size 4 m) weighs 90 kg, the hour hand (3 m) 70 kg. Originally constructed in 1933 and moved to its current location in 1963 due to nearby road enlargement.
• Philadelphia City Hall, 7.9 meters clocks on all four sides of the metal portion of this 167 meters tower built in 1901.
• Shell Mex House, The Strand, London 7.62 meters on a 12 story Thames side building built in 1930 on the site of the Cecil Hotel.
• Royal Liver Building clock, Liverpool, four 7.6 meters clocks on two 90 meters towers, three on the riverside tower and one on the landward tower, built in 1911.
• Church of the Most Sacred Heart of Our Lord, Prague, 7.6 meters clocks on flat 42 meter tower, built in 1932.
• Emerson Bromo-Seltzer Tower, Baltimore, Maryland, four 7.3 meters clocks on an 88 meters tower built in 1911. The largest four dial gravity clock in the world.
• Minneapolis City Hall, 7.0 meter clocks on four sides with chimes on the quarter, half, and full hour. 345 feet (105 m) tower. Largest four-faced, chiming clock.
• Big Ben, London, 6.9 meter clocks on all four sides of this 96-meter tower built in 1859.
• The Ayer Mill Clock Tower, Lawrence, Massachusetts, 6.75 m clock built in 1909.
• Custom House Tower, in Boston, Massachusetts, features 6.7-meter clocks on each of the four sides of the 1915 tower, 151 meters in the sky.
• Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw, Poland, four 6.2-meter clocks installed in 2000 on the top of the 237-meter skyscraper built in 1955.
• Kremlin clock, Moscow, 6.12 meters chiming clock on all four sides of the Spasskaya Tower of Moscow Kremlin. First clock on the Spasskaya Tower was installed in the 16th century; current (fully mechanical) mechanism dates back to 1851.
• Old City Hall, Toronto, four 6-meter clocks with chimes every quarter-hour on a 103.6-meter tower. Part of Toronto's third city hall (1899), it serves as a terminating vista for Bay Street, and it was first rung at midnight, 1 January 1900.
• Wrigley Building, Chicago, four 19 foot 7 inch (5.97 meter) clock faces at the 25th and 26th floor levels of 30-floor 425 ft (130 m) tower. The hour hands measure 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m), and the minute hands measure 9 ft 2 in (2.79 m). The hands were originally made of redwood, but were recently replaced with aircraft aluminum for better durability. The clocks are at a prominent position, visible east and west along the Chicago River, and south along Michigan Avenue, and are frequently viewed by people on the street or in nearby buildings to check the time.
• L'horloge fleurie (flower clock), Geneva, 5 m clock built in 1955, modernized in 2002.
• Peace Tower, Ottawa, four 4.8-meter clocks with chimes every quarter-hour. Named for the thousands of Canadians who lost their lives in World War I, the Peace Tower is the central, tallest, and most dominant feature of Centre Block on Parliament Hill. Built between 1916 and 1927 in the Gothic Revival style, Centre Block and the Peace Tower replaced the original Centre Block and the Victoria Tower after they burned to the ground in 1916.

Continents Discussion

Assessment of sources

1. Encyclopaedia of World Geography - okay 2. Justin Holman - Geographical Perspectives - Citation is a blog and author is not an authority on geography - not a reliable source 3. Kidzone Geography - looks like a self published website. No sources as to where information is from. No authors mentioned - not a reliable source 4. TV website - no sources, no authors - possibly a supplementary source 5. Worldometer - provides info on all continent number models and states the 7 continent one is the most widely used. Using their 4 continent argument would have to be referenced so not undue 6. Universe Today - a blog as far as I can see. Does say sources for article - National Geographic but also Wikipedia (this is circular sourcing). I don't think this is a reliable source 7. UCSB Scienceline - reliable but does state when asked about how many continents there are - 'What it all comes down to is how the text book author defines "continent" ' 8. Wonderopolis - okay but selective use of quote. This source supports the 7 continent model as well. So again discussing various continent models rather than providing an argument to support any specific one. Although it does state 7 continent model is most widely used. 9. Myth of Continents - reliable 10. Worldometer - as above 11. Universe Today - as above