User:Randy Kryn/poll
The following are the "Top 100 Greatest Films of All Time" according to the worldwide opinion polls conducted by Sight & Sound and published in the journal's September 2012 issue. They published the critics' list, based on 846 critics, programmers, academics, and distributors, Sight & Sound, published by the British Film Institute, has conducted a poll of the greatest films every 10 years since 1952.
Critics' poll
[edit]In the 2012 critics' poll, Vertigo ranked first, replacing Citizen Kane, which held the top spot in the previous five decennial critics' polls.
- Vertigo (1958)
- Citizen Kane (1941)
- Tokyo Story (1953)
- The Rules of the Game (1939)
- Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927)
- 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
- The Searchers (1956)
- Man with a Movie Camera (1929)
- The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928)
- 8½ (1963)
- Battleship Potemkin (1925)
- L'Atalante (1934)
- Breathless (1960)
- Apocalypse Now (1979)
- Late Spring (1949)
- Au Hasard Balthazar (1966)
- Seven Samurai (1954)
- Persona (1966)
- Mirror (1975)
- Singin' in the Rain (1952)
- L'Avventura (1960)
- Le Mépris (1963)
- The Godfather (1972)
- Ordet (1955)
- In the Mood for Love (2000)
- Rashomon (1950)
- Andrei Rublev (1966)
- Mulholland Drive (2001)
- Stalker (1979)
- Shoah (1985)
- The Godfather Part II (1974)
- Taxi Driver (1976)
- Bicycle Thieves (1948)
- The General (1926)
- Metropolis (1927)
- Psycho (1960)
- Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975)
- Sátántangó (1994)
- The 400 Blows (1959)
- La Dolce Vita (1960)
- Journey to Italy (1954)
- Pather Panchali (1955)
- Some Like It Hot (1959)
- Gertrud (1964)
- Pierrot le Fou (1965)
- Playtime (1967)
- Close-Up (1990)
- The Battle of Algiers (1966)
- Histoire(s) du cinéma (1988-1998)
- City Lights (1931)
- Ugetsu Monogatari (1953)
- La Jetée (1962)
- North by Northwest (1959)
- Rear Window (1954)
- Raging Bull (1980)
- M (1931)
- The Leopard (1963)
- Touch of Evil (1958)
- Sherlock Jr. (1924)
- Barry Lyndon (1975)
- La maman et la putain (1973)
- Sansho Dayu (1954)
- Wild Strawberries (1957)
- Modern Times (1936)
- Sunset Blvd. (1950)
- The Night of the Hunter (1955)
- Pickpocket (1959)
- Rio Bravo (1959)
- Blade Runner (1982)
- Blue Velvet (1986)
- Sans Soleil (1982)
- A Man Escaped (1956)
- The Third Man (1949)
- L'eclisse (1962)
- Les enfants du paradis (1945)
- La Grande Illusion (1937)
- Nashville (1975)
- Chinatown (1974)
- Beau Travail (1999)
- Once Upon a Time in the West (1968)
- The Magnificent Ambersons (1942)
- Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
- The Spirit of the Beehive (1973)
- Fanny and Alexander (1982)
- Casablanca (1942)
- The Color of Pomegranates (1969)
- Greed (1924)
- A Brighter Summer Day (1991)
- The Wild Bunch (1969)
- Partie de campagne (1936)
- Aguirre, Wrath of God (1972)
- A Matter of Life and Death (1946)
- The Seventh Seal (1957)
- Un chien andalou (1928)
- Intolerance (1916)
- Yi Yi: A One and a Two (2000)
- The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp (1943)
- Touki Bouki (1973)
- Ali: Fear Eats the Soul (1974)
- Imitation of Life (1959)
- The Earrings of Madame de... (1953)
Directors' poll
[edit]In the 2012 directors' poll, Tokyo Story ranked first,[1][2] replacing Citizen Kane, which held the top spot in both of the previous decennial directors' polls.[3]
- Tokyo Story (1953)
- 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
- Citizen Kane (1941)
- 8½ (1963)
- Taxi Driver (1976)
- Apocalypse Now (1979)
- The Godfather (1972)
- Vertigo (1958)
- Mirror (1975)
- Bicycle Thieves (1948)
- Breathless (1960)
- Raging Bull (1980)
- Persona (1966)
- The 400 Blows (1959)
- Andrei Rublev (1966)
- Fanny and Alexander (1982)
- Seven Samurai (1954)
- Rashomon (1950)
- Barry Lyndon (1975)
- Ordet (1955)
- Au Hasard Balthazar (1966)
- Modern Times (1936)
- L'Atalante (1934)
- Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927)
- The Rules of the Game (1939)
- Touch of Evil (1958)
- The Night of the Hunter (1955)
- The Battle of Algiers (1966)
- La Strada (1954)
- Stalker (1979)
- City Lights (1931)
- L'Avventura (1960)
- Amarcord (1972)
- The Gospel According to St. Matthew (1964)
- The Godfather Part II (1974)
- Come And See (1985)
- Close-Up (1990)
- Some Like It Hot (1959)
- La Dolce Vita (1960)
- The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928)
- Playtime (1967)
- A Man Escaped (1956)
- Viridiana (1961)
- Once Upon a Time in the West (1968)
- Le Mépris (1963)
- The Apartment (1960)
- Hour of the Wolf (1968)
- One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)
- The Searchers (1956)
- Psycho (1960)
- Man with a Movie Camera (1929)
- Shoah (1985)
- Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
- L'Eclisse (1962)
- Pickpocket (1959)
- Pather Panchali (1955)
- Rear Window (1954)
- Goodfellas (1990)
- Blow Up (1966)
- The Conformist (1970)
- Aguirre, Wrath of God (1972)
- Gertrud (1964)
- A Woman Under the Influence (1974)
- The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966)
- Blue Velvet (1986)
- La Grande Illusion (1937)
- Badlands (1973)
- Blade Runner (1982)
- Sunset Blvd. (1950)
- Ugetsu Monogatari (1953)
- Singin' in the Rain (1952)
- In the Mood for Love (2000)
- Journey to Italy (1954)
- Vivre Sa Vie (1962)
- The Seventh Seal (1957)
- Hidden (2005)
- Battleship Potemkin (1925)
- M (1931)
- There Will Be Blood (2007)
- The Shining (1980)
- The General (1926)
- Mulholland Drive (2001)
- A Clockwork Orange (1971)
- Fear Eats the Soul (1974)
- Kes (1969)
- Husbands (1970)
- The Wild Bunch (1969)
- Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom (1975)
- Jaws (1975)
- Los Olvidados (1950)
- Pierrot le Fou (1965)
- Un Chien Andalou (1928)
- Chinatown (1974)
- La maman et la putain (1973)
- Beau Travail (1999)
- Opening Night (1977)
- The Gold Rush (1925)
- Zero de Conduite (1933)
- The Deer Hunter (1977)
- L'Argent (1983)
- The Killing of a Chinese Bookie (1976)
- Sans Soleil (1982)
- Don't Look Now (1973)
- I am Cuba (1964)
- Last Year At Marienbad (1961)
- Le Samouraï (1967)
The following are the "Top 100 Greatest Films of All Time" according to the worldwide opinion polls conducted by Sight & Sound. They published the critics' list, based on 1,639 participating critics, programmers, curators, archivists and academics, and the directors' list, based on 480 directors and filmmakers. Sight & Sound, published by the British Film Institute, has conducted a poll of the greatest films every 10 years since 1952.
Critics' poll
[edit]In the 2022 critics' poll, Jeanne Dielman 23, quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles was ranked first,[4][5] replacing Vertigo from 2012, and Citizen Kane, which held the top spot in the five critics' polls before that. It is the first film directed by a woman to take the top spot.[6][7]
- Jeanne Dielman 23, quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975) Belgium, France. Directed by Chantal Akerman
- Vertigo (1958) USA. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock
- Citizen Kane (1941) USA. Directed by Orson Welles
- Tokyo Story (1953) Japan. Directed by Yasujirō Ozu
- In the Mood for Love (2000) Hong Kong, France. Directed by Wong Kar Wai
- 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) USA, United Kingdom. Directed by Stanley Kubrick
- Beau travail (1998) France. Directed by Claire Denis
- Mulholland Dr. (2001) France, USA. Directed by David Lynch
- Man with a Movie Camera (1929) USSR. Directed by Dziga Vertov
- Singin' in the Rain (1951) USA. Directed by Gene Kelly, Stanley Donen
- Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927) USA. Directed by F.W. Murnau
- The Godfather (1972) USA. Directed by Francis Ford Coppola
- La Règle du jeu (1939) France. Directed by Jean Renoir
- Cléo from 5 to 7 (1962) France, Italy. Directed by Agnès Varda
- The Searchers (1956) USA. Directed by John Ford
- Meshes of the Afternoon (1943) USA. Directed by Maya Deren, Alexander Hackenschmied
- Close-up (1989) Iran. Directed by Abbas Kiarostami
- Persona (1966) Sweden. Directed by Ingmar Bergman
- Apocalypse Now (1979) USA. Directed by Francis Ford Coppola
- Seven Samurai (1954) Japan. Directed by Akira Kurosawa
- The Passion of Joan of Arc (1927) France. Directed by Carl Th. Dreyer
- Late Spring (1949) Japan. Directed by Yasujirō Ozu
- Playtime (1967) France. Directed by Jacques Tati
- Do the Right Thing (1989) USA. Directed by Spike Lee
- Au hasard Balthazar (1966) France, Sweden. Directed by Robert Bresson
- The Night of the Hunter (1955) USA. Directed by Charles Laughton
- Shoah (1985) France. Directed by Claude Lanzmann
- Daisies (1966) Czechoslovakia. Directed by Věra Chytilová
- Taxi Driver (1976) USA. Directed by Martin Scorsese
- Portrait of a Lady on Fire (2019) France. Directed by Céline Sciamma
- 8½ (1963) Italy, France. Directed by Federico Fellini
- Mirror (1975) USSR. Directed by Andrei Tarkovsky
- Psycho (1960) USA. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock
- L'Atalante (1934) France. Directed by Jean Vigo
- Pather Panchali (1955) India. Directed by Satyajit Ray
- City Lights (1931) USA. Directed by Charles Chaplin
- M (1931) Germany. Directed by Fritz Lang
- À bout de souffle (1960) France. Directed by Jean-Luc Godard
- Some Like It Hot (1959) USA. Directed by Billy Wilder
- Rear Window (1954) USA. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock
- Bicycle Thieves (1948) Italy. Directed by Vittorio De Sica
- Rashomon (1950) Japan. Directed by Akira Kurosawa
- Stalker (1979) USSR. Directed by Andrei Tarkovsky
- Killer of Sheep (1977) USA. Directed by Charles Burnett
- Barry Lyndon (1975) USA, United Kingdom. Directed by Stanley Kubrick
- The Battle of Algiers (1966) Italy, Algeria. Directed by Gillo Pontecorvo
- North by Northwest (1959) USA. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock
- Ordet (1955) Denmark. Directed by Carl Th. Dreyer
- Wanda (1970) USA. Directed by Barbara Loden
- The 400 Blows (1959) France. Directed by François Truffaut
- The Piano (1992) Australia, France. Directed by Jane Campion
- Fear Eats the Soul (1974) Federal Republic of Germany. Directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder
- News from Home (1976) France, Belgium. Directed by Chantal Akerman
- Le Mépris (1963) France, Italy. Directed by Jean-Luc Godard
- Blade Runner (1982) USA, Hong Kong. Directed by Ridley Scott
- Battleship Potemkin (1925) USSR. Directed by Sergei M. Eisenstein
- The Apartment (1960) USA. Directed by Billy Wilder
- Sherlock Jr. (1924) USA. Directed by Buster Keaton
- Sans Soleil (1982) France. Directed by Chris Marker
- La dolce vita (1960) Italy, France. Directed by Federico Fellini
- Moonlight (2016) USA. Directed by Barry Jenkins
- Daughters of the Dust (1991) USA. Directed by Julie Dash
- GoodFellas (1990) USA. Directed by Martin Scorsese
- The Third Man (1949) United Kingdom. Directed by Carol Reed
- Casablanca (1942) USA. Directed by Michael Curtiz
- Touki Bouki (1973) Senegal. Directed by Djibril Diop Mambéty
- Andrei Rublev (1966) USSR. Directed by Andrei Tarkovsky
- La Jetée (1962) France. Directed by Chris Marker
- The Red Shoes (1948) United Kingdom. Directed by Michael Powell, Emeric Pressburger
- The Gleaners and I (2000) France. Directed by Agnès Varda
- Metropolis (1927) Germany. Directed by Fritz Lang
- L'avventura (1960) Italy, France. Directed by Michelangelo Antonioni
- Journey to Italy (1954) Italy, France. Directed by Roberto Rossellini
- My Neighbour Totoro (1988) Japan. Directed by Hayao Miyazaki
- Spirited Away (2001) Japan. Directed by Hayao Miyazaki
- Imitation of Life (1959) USA. Directed by Douglas Sirk
- Sansho the Bailiff (1954) Japan. Directed by Kenji Mizoguchi
- Sunset Blvd. (1950) USA. Directed by Billy Wilder
- Sátántangó (1994) Hungary, Germany, Switzerland. Directed by Béla Tarr
- A Brighter Summer Day (1991) Taiwan. Directed by Edward Yang
- Modern Times (1936) USA. Directed by Charles Chaplin
- A Matter of Life and Death (1946) United Kingdom. Directed by Michael Powell, Emeric Pressburger
- Céline and Julie Go Boating (1974) France. Directed by Jacques Rivette
- Blue Velvet (1986) USA. Directed by David Lynch
- The Spirit of the Beehive (1973) Spain. Directed by Víctor Erice
- Pierrot le fou (1965) France, Italy. Directed by Jean-Luc Godard
- Histoire(s) du Cinéma (1988) France, Switzerland. Directed by Jean-Luc Godard
- The Shining (1980) USA, United Kingdom. Directed by Stanley Kubrick
- Chungking Express (1994) Hong Kong. Directed by Wong Kar Wai
- Parasite (2019) Republic of Korea. Directed by Bong Joon-ho
- Yi Yi (1999) Taiwan, Japan. Directed by Edward Yang
- Ugetsu Monogatari (1953) Japan. Directed by Kenji Mizoguchi
- The Leopard (1963) Italy, France. Directed by Luchino Visconti
- Madame de... (1953) France, Italy. Directed by Max Ophuls
- A Man Escaped (1956) France. Directed by Robert Bresson
- Once upon a Time in the West (1968) Italy, USA. Directed by Sergio Leone
- Tropical Malady (2004) France, Thailand, Germany, Italy, Switzerland. Directed by Apichatpong Weerasethakul
- Black Girl (1966) Senegal, France. Directed by Ousmane Sembène
- The General (1926) USA. Directed by Buster Keaton, Clyde Bruckman
- Get Out (2017) USA, Japan. Directed by Jordan Peele
Directors' poll
[edit]In the 2022 directors' poll, 2001: A Space Odyssey was ranked first,[8] replacing Tokyo Story from 2012 and Citizen Kane, which held the top spot in both of the directors' polls previous to that.
- 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) USA, United Kingdom. Directed by Stanley Kubrick
- Citizen Kane (1941) USA. Directed by Orson Welles
- The Godfather (1972) USA. Directed by Francis Ford Coppola
- Tokyo Story (1953) Japan. Directed by Yasujirō Ozu
- Jeanne Dielman 23, quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975) Belgium, France. Directed by Chantal Akerman
- Vertigo (1958) USA. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock
- 8½ (1963) Italy, France. Directed by Federico Fellini
- Mirror (1975) USSR. Directed by Andrei Tarkovsky
- Persona (1966) Sweden. Directed by Ingmar Bergman
- In the Mood for Love (2000) Hong Kong, France. Directed by Wong Kar Wai
- Close-up (1989) Iran. Directed by Abbas Kiarostami
- Taxi Driver (1976) USA. Directed by Martin Scorsese
- Barry Lyndon (1975) USA, United Kingdom. Directed by Stanley Kubrick
- Beau travail (1998) France. Directed by Claire Denis
- Seven Samurai (1954) Japan. Directed by Akira Kurosawa
- À bout de souffle (1960) France. Directed by Jean-Luc Godard
- Stalker (1979) USSR. Directed by Andrei Tarkovsky
- Apocalypse Now (1979) USA. Directed by Francis Ford Coppola
- A Woman Under the Influence (1974) USA. Directed by John Cassavetes
- Rashomon (1950) Japan. Directed by Akira Kurosawa
- Bicycle Thieves (1948) Italy. Directed by Vittorio De Sica
- The Battle of Algiers (1966) Italy, Algeria. Directed by Gillo Pontecorvo
- Mulholland Dr. (2001) France, USA. Directed by David Lynch
- Pather Panchali (1955) India. Directed by Satyajit Ray
- Raging Bull (1980) USA. Directed by Martin Scorsese
- Andrei Rublev (1966) USSR. Directed by Andrei Tarkovsky
- The Godfather Part II (1974) USA. Directed by Francis Ford Coppola
- GoodFellas (1990) USA. Directed by Martin Scorsese
- Do the Right Thing (1989) USA. Directed by Spike Lee
- Ordet (1955) Denmark. Directed by Carl Th. Dreyer
- The Passion of Joan of Arc (1927) France. Directed by Carl Th. Dreyer
- Man with a Movie Camera (1929) USSR. Directed by Dziga Vertov
- Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927) USA. Directed by F.W. Murnau
- The 400 Blows (1959) France. Directed by François Truffaut
- La Jetée (1962) France. Directed by Chris Marker
- La dolce vita (1960) Italy, France. Directed by Federico Fellini
- Au hasard Balthazar (1966) France, Sweden. Directed by Robert Bresson
- La strada (1954) Italy. Directed by Federico Fellini
- La Règle du jeu (1939) France. Directed by Jean Renoir
- L'avventura (1960) Italy, France. Directed by Michelangelo Antonioni
- Playtime (1967) France. Directed by Jacques Tati
- The Night of the Hunter (1955) USA. Directed by Charles Laughton
- A Man Escaped (1956) France. Directed by Robert Bresson
- Vagabond (1985) France, United Kingdom. Directed by Agnès Varda
- Come and See (1985) USSR. Directed by Elem Klimov
- Le Mépris (1963) France, Italy. Directed by Jean-Luc Godard
- Once upon a Time in the West (1968) Italy, USA. Directed by Sergio Leone
- City Lights (1931) USA. Directed by Charles Chaplin
- L'Atalante (1934) France. Directed by Jean Vigo
- Psycho (1960) USA. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock
- Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1963) United Kingdom, USA. Directed by Stanley Kubrick
- Don't Look Now (1973) United Kingdom, Italy. Directed by Nicolas Roeg
- La Maman et la Putain (1973) France. Directed by Jean Eustache
- Singin' in the Rain (1951) USA. Directed by Gene Kelly, Stanley Donen
- La notte (1961) Italy, France. Directed by Michelangelo Antonioni
- The Piano (1992) Australia, France. Directed by Jane Campion
- Fear Eats the Soul (1974) Federal Republic of Germany. Directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder
- Viridiana (1961) Spain, Mexico. Directed by Luis Buñuel
- Cléo from 5 to 7 (1962) France, Italy. Directed by Agnès Varda
- Fanny and Alexander (1982) Sweden, France, Federal Republic of Germany. Directed by Ingmar Bergman
- Eraserhead (1976) USA. Directed by David Lynch
- Late Spring (1949) Japan. Directed by Yasujirō Ozu
- Meshes of the Afternoon (1943) USA. Directed by Maya Deren, Alexander Hackenschmied
- Sunset Blvd. (1950) USA. Directed by Billy Wilder
- La ciénaga (2001) Argentina, USA, Japan, France, Switzerland, Spain, Brazil. Directed by Lucrecia Martel
- Sátántangó (1994) Hungary, Germany, Switzerland. Directed by Béla Tarr
- Tropical Malady (2004) France, Thailand, Germany, Italy, Switzerland. Directed by Apichatpong Weerasethakul
- Blade Runner (1982) USA, Hong Kong. Directed by Ridley Scott
- Lawrence of Arabia (1962) United Kingdom. Directed by David Lean
- Some Like It Hot (1959) USA. Directed by Billy Wilder
- Jaws (1975) USA. Directed by Steven Spielberg
- Chinatown (1974) USA. Directed by Roman Polanski
- The Seventh Seal (1957) Sweden. Directed by Ingmar Bergman
- Ikiru (1952) Japan. Directed by Akira Kurosawa
- L'Argent (1983) France, Switzerland. Directed by Robert Bresson
- The Conversation (1974) USA. Directed by Francis Ford Coppola
- Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom (1975) Italy, France. Directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini
- A Separation (2011) Iran. Directed by Asghar Farhadi
- Kes (1969) United Kingdom. Directed by Ken Loach
- Where is the Friend's House? (1987) Iran. Directed by Abbas Kiarostami
- The Searchers (1956) USA. Directed by John Ford
- Touki Bouki (1973) Senegal. Directed by Djibril Diop Mambéty
- A Brighter Summer Day (1991) Taiwan. Directed by Edward Yang
- Sans Soleil (1982) France. Directed by Chris Marker
- Modern Times (1936) USA. Directed by Charles Chaplin
- News from Home (1976) France, Belgium. Directed by Chantal Akerman
- Blue Velvet (1986) USA. Directed by David Lynch
- The Spirit of the Beehive (1973) Spain. Directed by Víctor Erice
- Shoah (1985) France. Directed by Claude Lanzmann
- Wild Strawberries (1957) Sweden. Directed by Ingmar Bergman
- The Red Shoes (1948) United Kingdom. Directed by Michael Powell, Emeric Pressburger
- The Ascent (1976) USSR. Directed by Larissa Shepitko
- Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) USA. Directed by Michel Gondry
- Moonlight (2016) USA. Directed by Barry Jenkins
- The Colour of Pomegranates (1968) USSR. Directed by Sergei Paradjanov
- The Conformist (1970) Italy, France, Federal Republic of Germany. Directed by Bernardo Bertolucci
- Hidden (2004) France, Austria, Germany, Italy. Directed by Michael Haneke
- Parasite (2019) Republic of Korea. Directed by Bong Joon-ho
- TA'AME-GILAS... (Taste of Cherry) (1997) Iran. Directed by Abbas Kiarostami
- Wanda (1970) USA. Directed by Barbara Loden
- Battleship Potemkin (1925) USSR. Directed by Sergei M. Eisenstein
- Pickpocket (1959) France. Directed by Robert Bresson
- Yi Yi (1999) Taiwan, Japan. Directed by Edward Yang
- Throne of Blood (1957) Japan. Directed by Akira Kurosawa
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
director2012
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Directors' Top 100". Sight & Sound. British Film Institute. 2012.
- ^ "Directors' Top Ten Poll 2002". Sight & Sound. British Film Institute. Archived from the original on August 16, 2002. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
- ^ "The Greatest Films of All Time". BFI. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
- ^ Goodman, Stephanie (2022-12-01). "'Jeanne Dielman, 23, Quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles': A Guide". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
- ^ "Chantal Akerman first woman to top Sight and Sound's greatest all-time films poll". the Guardian. 2022-12-01. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
- ^ December 01, Christian Holub; EST, 2022 at 08:00 PM. "'Jeanne Dielman' surpasses 'Citizen Kane,' 'Vertigo' as critics' choice for best movie ever". EW.com. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Directors' 100 Greatest Films of All Time". BFI. Retrieved 2022-12-01.