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A lekythos (plural lekythoi) is a type of Ancient Greek vessel used for storing oil (Greek λήκυθος), especially olive oil or perfume that was used to mark graves and also be offered to the deceased. The Definition of a Lekythos is small oil flask. It has a narrow body and one handle attached to the neck of the vessel, and is thus a narrow type of jug, with no pouring lip; the oinochoe is more like a modern jug. In the "shoulder" and "cylindrical" types which became the most common, especially the latter, the sides of the body are usually vertical by the shoulder, and there is then a sharp change of direction as the neck curves in; the base and lip are normally prominent and flared. However, there are a number of varieties, and the word seems to have been used even more widely in ancient times than by modern archeologists. They are normally in pottery, but there are also carved stone examples.

Lekythoi were especially associated with funerary rites, and with the white ground technique of vase painting, which was too fragile for most items in regular use. Because of their handle they were normally only decorated with one image, on the other side from the handle; they are often photographed with the handle hidden, to show the painted image.

History

The lekythos was used for anointing dead bodies of unmarried women and many Lekythoi are found in tombs. These vessels were very popular during the 5th century BC, however there are many that have been found dating all the way back to 700 BC. The earliest time mentioned is in Homers Odyssey Princess Nausicaa is given a golden Lekythos holding olive oil.

Locations

Cemetery for : Athenians, Corinthians,Attica, Eretia

Function

Attic white ground lekythos, c. 490 BC, Achilles dragging the body of Hector

The Lekythos was used for anointing dead bodies of unmarried women and many lekythoi are found in tombs. Some Lekythos were very tall and often broke this may have been the inspiration for using Marble instead of Clay for those who wanted tall grave markers. These drawings are usually outline drawings that are quite expressionless and somber in appearance. The decoration of these ceramic vessels consists of a dull red and black paint. These colors may have been derived from the Bronze Age, but were not used until 530 BC in Athens. Many artists of these vessels attempted to add more color to the figures, but later abandoned the idea, which provides more of a contrast. Red and black were vary durable unlike white ground method which was not used for every day use and didn't do well with heavy use.

They contained a perfumed oil which was offered either to the dead person or to the gods of the underworld. Some lekythoi were fitted with a small, inner chamber so that they might appear full, while in reality they contained only a small amount of the expensive oil. The Lekythos was used to smear perfumed oil on a woman's skin prior to getting married and were often placed in tombs of unmarried women to allow them to prepare for a wedding in the afterlife. In addition Lekythos have been know to be grave markers and hold ashes.These Lekythos would stand in plave of tomstones "steles" and would distinguish whether the deceased was a male or female. To know the difference females would have a amphorae with low handles. In some cases a persons name would be on the Lekythos as well.

Art on Lekythoi

The images on Lekythoi were often depictions of daily activities or rituals. Because they are so often used in funerary situations, they may also depict funerary rites, a scene of loss, or a sense of departure as a form of funerary art. "The mixing of bridal and funerary imagery is not uncommon. In Greek thought, dead maidens were believed to go to the underworld and become brides of Hades.

These drawings are usually outline drawings that are quite expressionless and somber in appearance. The decoration of these ceramic vessels consists of a dull red and black paint. These colors may have been derived from the Bronze Age, but were not used until 530 BC in Athens. Many artists of these vessels attempted to add more color to the figures, but later abandoned the idea, which provides more of a contrast. Lekythoi displayed Mythological stories, every day life, and depictions of funerals.

Types of Lekythos

Lekythoi can be divided into five types:

• the standard or cylindrical lekythos, which measures between 30 and 50 cm though there are much larger "huge lekythoi", up to 1 m, which may have been used to replace funerary stele,
• the Deianeria lekythos which originates from Corinth, this form has an oval profile and a round shoulder and is generally of a small size (20 cm), it was produced from the beginning of the black figure period until the late 6th century,
• the shoulder or secondary lekythos, a variation on the standard type produced from the mid 5th century on. These have a fuller, swelling body; most are decorated with the white ground technique and measure around 20 cm,
• the squat lekythos, usually less than 20 cm in height with a rounded belly and a flat base,
• the acorn lekythos, a rarer form, which has an oval profile and at the bottom of the body a raised cup with protrusions, like an the cup of an acorn.

There are also "plastic" lekythoi, with bodies formed in the shape of a head, animal, or other form.

Process of Making a Clay Lekythos

Lekythos are made with terracotta clay and then go through a red figure, black figure, or white ground method.

Significant Examples?

• 
  Achilles and Ajax playing a board game (Attic shoulder lekythos by the workshop of the Diosphos Painter, ca. 500 BC)
• 
  Shoulder lekythos
• 
  Shoulder lekythos, c. 510
• 
  Deianeria lekythos
• 
  Prothesis (lying in repose) (Attic plychrome lekythos (type V), from Alopeke, Group of the Huge Lekythoi, late 5th century BC)
• 
  Squat (left) and plastic (right) shapes
• 
  Squat type
• 
  "Acorn" type, Louvre
• 
  A view from above
• 
  Group in Athens
• 
  Relief from a carved funerary lekythos (National Archaeological Museum of Athens): Hermes conducts the deceased, Myrrhine, to Hades, c. 430–420 BCE

See also

• Corpus vasorum antiquorum
• Lekythion, literally "small lekythos", a metric pattern in poetry named after this type of vessel
• Loutrophoros
• Reed Painter
• Ancient Greek vase painting
• Pottery of ancient Greece

References

• "Beazley", "Lekythos", Classical Art Research Centre, University of Oxford
• Woodford, Susan, An Introduction To Greek Art, 1986, Duckworth, ISBN 9780801419942
• “Funerary Lekythos (Getty Museum).” The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles, www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/9359/unknown-maker-funerary-lekythos-greek-attic-about-375-bc/.
• Paolabeyer/sandbox at the Encyclopædia Britannica

• Oakley, John H. Picturing Death in Classical Athens, The Evidence of White Lekythoi. Cambridge University Press.