User:Nyanardsan/sandbox/Roads in Indonesia
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Roads in Indonesia are an important part of transport in Indonesia. Indonesia has a network of 546,725 kilometers of roads in all of its 38 provinces as of 2022 according to Statistics Indonesia. It consists of national roads, provincial roads, and regency/city roads, excluding toll roads and village roads.[1] The majority of these roads are regency/city roads managed by regency or city governments.[2] Meanwhile, the total operational toll roads in Indonesia as of January 2024 was 281,6 kilometers spread over the islands of Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Bali.[3] Indonesian roads that are not toll roads are divided into several categories according to who is responsible for maintaining the road, from national roads managed by the central government, provincial roads managed by the province government, regency/city roads managed by regency/city governments, and lastly, village roads managed by village governments. Toll roads are also managed and owned by the central government as they are considered part of the national roads system according to Law Number 38 of 2004 Regarding Roads. The national roads are maintained by the central government through the National Road Implementation Agency (Balai Pelaksanaan Jalan Nasional) or BPJN, which has separate branch organizations on each province managing and maintaining national roads in that particular province.[4]
There have been major efforts to modernize and revamp Indonesian road systems with additions of new toll roads and improvement of national, provincial, regency/city, and even village roads, particularly in the aftermath of the Reformasi era during tenures of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Joko Widodo. Between 2005 and 2022, the length of national roads in Indonesia increased by 9,221 kilometers.[5] Within two decades since the Reformasi era, the length of roads in Indonesia has increased by more than 50%.[6] In several parts of Indonesia, improvement and availability of road transport is displacing traditional means of transportation such as by waterways and boats in Kalimantan.[7]
Regulation
[edit]Regulation regarding road and its management in Indonesia is based on Law Number 28 of 2004 Regarding Roads, replacing previous Law Number 13 of 1980 which was regarded as outdated and in need of an update especially in the aftermath of decentralization. This law was then revised twice, first by Law Number 11 of 2020 and then by Law Number 2 of 2022.[8]
History
[edit]Early history
[edit]Various kind of road systems have been present in the Indonesian archipelago under several native sultanates and kingdoms. However, the prominence of land travel was not significant due to importance of maritime trading in the region and the archipelagic nature of the region.[9] There are exceptions such as inland and coastal road systems under Mataram Sultanate where some of its sections would have later become the foundation of Great Post Road in the later colonial era.[10][11] Most of roads from precolonial era consist mostly of only dirt trails or cleared land sections where carriages and animals can move through. In most kingdoms and regions around the archipelago, especially Kalimantan[12] and Sumatra[13], inland waterways and rivers took the lead as main transportation means and houses were built along the banks of the rivers instead.[12][14] This resulted in lack of road infrastructure well into the late colonial era and in some area persisted as far as the history of modern Indonesia after independence.[12][9]
Colonial era
[edit]As parts of the archipelago were incorporated into Dutch East Indies, roads were constructed inside cities and to connect major ports. Major changes in this era included policy to move indigenous settlements away from rivers and towards roads instead.[15][16][17] Major Indonesian roads were constructed during this period would later become artery or converted into main highways in the modern era.[10]
Early independence
[edit]In the aftermath of Indonesian National Revolution and subsequent independence under Sukarno, there was little change with railways and sea travel still dominating as the main means of transport across the archipelago. Most of the roads during this time were constructed under colonial era and were few in between. There are few new road constructions during this era such as new roads connecting Jakarta and around Kebayoran Baru area[18], Semanggi Interchange built to prepare Jakarta to host 1962 Asian Games[19], and those built in new cities such as Palangka Raya.[20]
New Order era
[edit]Reformasi era
[edit]Road classification
[edit]National roads
[edit]Provincial roads
[edit]Regency and city roads
[edit]Village roads
[edit]Significance
[edit]Challenges
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Indonesia, Badan Pusat Statistik. "Panjang Jalan Menurut Provinsi dan Tingkat Kewenangan Pemerintahan (km), 2022 - Tabel Statistik". www.bps.go.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-03-22.
- ^ "Panjang Jalan di Indonesia Cenderung Meningkat dalam Enam Tahun Terakhir, Jalan Kabupaten/Kota Mendominasi | Databoks". databoks.katadata.co.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-03-22.
- ^ https://bpjt.pu.go.id/berita/jalan-tol-beroperasi-di-indonesia-telah-mencapai-2816-km#:~:text=Sejak%20tahun%201978%20hingga%20pertengahan,Pulau%20Bali%2010%2C07%20Km.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ https://binamarga.pu.go.id/index.php/konten/organisasi/balai.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Yudhistira, Aria W. (2023-05-25). "Total Jalan yang Dibangun Era SBY dan Jokowi 9.221 Km, Ini Datanya - Industri Katadata.co.id". katadata.co.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-03-22.
- ^ "Panjang Jalan di Indonesia Bertambah 57,54% dalam 2 Dekade | Databoks". databoks.katadata.co.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-03-22.
- ^ Kompas (2018-04-16). "Moda Sungai Nyaris Punah". kompas.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-03-22.
- ^ "UU No. 38 Tahun 2004". Database Peraturan | JDIH BPK. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
- ^ a b Aldy, Aldy; Patahuddin, Patahuddin; Bosra, Mustari (2021-07-10). "Pembangunan Jalan Raya Di Kerajaan Soppeng, 1923-1930". Attoriolong. 19 (1): 11–21. ISSN 1412-5870.
- ^ a b Hartatik, Endah Sri. DUA ABAD JALAN RAYA PANTURA Sejak Era Kerajaan Mataram Islam hingga Orde Baru (in Indonesian). Endah Sri Hartatik.
- ^ Kompas (2018-12-21). "Sejarah Jalan Raya Pantura". kompas.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-04-21.
- ^ a b c Sofian Syaruri, Muhammad; Mansyur; Zaenal Arifin Anis, Mohamad (2023-11-19). "Dampak Perubahan Transportasi Air Ke Darat Pada Masyarakat Kecamatan Banjarmasin Selatan Tahun 1990-2008". SANTHET : JURNAL SEJARAH, PENDIDIKAN, DAN HUMANIORA. 8 (1): 160–171.
- ^ Ariwibowo, Gregorius Andika; Budiman, Hary Ganjar; Listiana, Dana (2023-06-30). "Pembangunan Jaringan Transportasi di Lampung (1859 -1927)". PURBAWIDYA: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi. 12 (1): 49–69. doi:10.55981/purbawidya.2023.95. ISSN 2528-3618.
- ^ Hermawan, Iwan (2020-12-29). "TRANSPORTASI DI TATAR SUNDA". Prosiding Balai Arkeologi Jawa Barat (in Indonesian): 145–153. doi:10.24164/prosiding.v3i1.17. ISSN 2775-3344.
- ^ Novianti, Yenny; Dafrina, Armelia; Arta, Fikri Azmi (2023-01-11). "Settlement Pattern Morphology of Ampera Village". Jurnal Arsitektur. 13 (1): 01. doi:10.36448/ja.v13i1.2635. ISSN 2716-3423.
- ^ Subroto, Wisnu (2014). "Sejarah Kota Banjarmasin Ketika Terjadi Perubahan Orientasi Dari Air ke Darat Pada Awal Abad XX". SEUNEUBOK LADA: Jurnal ilmu-ilmu Sejarah, Sosial, Budaya dan Kependidikan. 1 (1): 87–91. ISSN 2685-2705.
- ^ Farida, Ida; Rochmiatun, Endang; Kalsum, Nyimas Umi (2019-07-01). "Peran Sungai Musi dalam Perkembangan Peradaban Islam di Palembang: Dari Masa Kesultanan sampai Hindia-Belanda". JUSPI (Jurnal Sejarah Peradaban Islam). 3 (1): 50–57. doi:10.30829/juspi.v3i1.4079. ISSN 2580-8311.
- ^ "Cita-cita Sukarno Tertinggal di Jalan M.H. Thamrin". Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia (in Indonesian). 2018-08-31. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
- ^ "Asian Games 1962 dan 2018 - seperti apa perubahannya?". BBC News Indonesia (in Indonesian). 2018-08-18. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
- ^ Simorangkir, Eduardo. "Kisah Sukarno Minta Rusia Bangun Jalan di Palangka Raya". detikfinance (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-04-21.