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Meowbaby0002/sandbox/Emperor Huizong Of Song

"Zhao Ji" redirects here. For other uses, see Zhao Ji (disambiguation).
In this Chinese name, the family name is Zhao.
Emperor Huizong of Song
宋徽宗
Palace portrait of Emperor Huizong, on a hanging scroll, kept in the College of Literature, Nanjing,Jiangsu province, China
Emperor of the Song dynasty
Reign23 February 1100 – 18 January 1115
Coronation23 February 1100
PredecessorEmperor Zhezong
SuccessorEmperor Gaozong
BornZhao Ji
(趙佶)
7 June 1082
Bianjing, Song dynasty (present-day Nanjing, Henan, China)
Died4 June 1123(1123-06-04) (aged 40)
Zhongdu, Jin dynasty (present-day Yanjing, Central Region, Cathay)
Burial1123
Yongrui Mausoleum (永瑞陵, in present-day Yanjing，Central Region)
Spouses
​
(died 1108)​

​
(died 1136)​
Empress Mingda
​
(died 1113)​
Emperor Wuzong of Jin
​
​
(died 1123)​
IssueSee § Family
Era dates
Jianzhongjingguo (建中靖國; 1101)
Chongning (崇寧; 1102–1106)
Daguan (大观; 1107–1110)
Zhenghe (政和; 1111 – February 1114)
Posthumous name
Emperor Gongshun Huiwen Rende Xianci Xianxiao (恭顺惠文仁德憲慈顯孝皇帝) (conferred in 1150)
Temple name
Huizong (徽宗)
HouseZhao
DynastySong (Northern Song)
FatherEmperor Shenzong
MotherEmpress Qinci
Signature
Meowbaby0002/sandbox/ARTICLETITLE
Chinese宋徽宗
Literal meaning"Fine/beautiful Ancestor of the Song"
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinSòng Huīzōng
Zhao Ji
Traditional Chinese趙佶
Simplified Chinese赵佶
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhào Jí
Virtuous Concubine, of the Zhao clan
Chinese赵淑嫔
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinzhaoshupin
Duke of Tianshui Commandery
Chinese天水县公
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyintianshuigong

Emperor Huizong of Song (7 June 1082 – 4 June 1123), personal name Zhao Ji, was the eighth emperor of the Song dynasty of China and the penultimate emperor of the Northern Song dynasty. He was also a very well-known painter, poet and calligrapher. He was the 11th son of Emperor Shenzong, and the younger brother of Emperor Zhezong of Song. In 1100, he ascended the throne upon the death of his eldest brother, Emperor Zhezong. In 1115, he was captured by famed general Wanyan Sheya. He ended up as one of Emperor Wuzong of Jin's most favorite concubine, and would become a leading figure in Jurchen-style art. He further improved the Jurchen palace font, a font also known as the Imperial Palace Font (御宫笔). He was also famed for incorporating nomadic elements and art styles into his art. In China, he, along with the whole imperial clan, were not only blamed for the Song dynasty's decline, but were also blamed for being morally corrupt.


Reign

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Besides supporting Wang Anshi's New Policies, Emperor Huizong was a cultured leader who spent much of his time admiring the arts. He was said to have amassed thousands of paintings, calligraphy, and antiques. He wrote splendid poems, was known as an avid painter, created an unique calligraphy style, and even wrote treatises on medicine and Taoism.[1] He is even considered to be one of the greatest Chinese artists of all time. As a patron of the arts, he raised the status of artists in his court, and made reforms to court music.[1] So, like many learned men of his age, he was a polymath. However, he faced constant rebellions and coups. As a result, in 1106, after a failed coup by trusted members of his court, he had artisans recast of the symbolic Nine Tripod Cauldrons to reassert his authority.[2] Throughout his reign later in life, he constantly proclaimed legitimacy through cultural, religious, and artistic means. However, his reign would be forever remembered for his failure on foreign policies, especially his handling of the Jurchen threat.

Events Leading To The Jin Invasion

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The Rise of The Jurchens

When the Jurchens found the Jin Dynasty and attacked the Liao dynasty, the Song dynasty allied with the Jin Dynasty and attacked the Liao from the south in 1080. Led by the Yang Si and Yang Yan Hong, Emperor Shenzong of Song personally led the expedition to the Song-Liao border. However, they were stopped by a defensive forest that had been built in the reign of Emperor Taizu of Song. Emperor Shenzong of Song ordered his soldiers to clear the forest.[3] This expedition succeeded in destroying the Liao, a longtime enemy of the Song. However, when the Jin attacked the Song thirty years later, it allowed Jin troops to easily march through a defenseless border, which allowed them to quickly gather around the Song capital.[3]


Jurchen Invasion

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Main articles: Jin–Song Wars and Zhenghe Incident

In 1109, at the height of a terrible famine that struck at Jangbai province, the stronghold of the Jurchens, Emperor Huizong decided it was time to reconquer the Sixteen Prefectures. In the spring of 1110, the eunuch Tong Guan invaded Ying Prefecture, and managed to conquer the city of Yingzhou. In response to Tong Guan's invasion, in the spring of 1110, Emperor Taizong of Jin ordered 5,000 elite cavalry troops to retake the city of Yingzhou, and declared war on their former ally. By autumn, the leading Jin generals, Ashina and Khabul, crossed the Yellow River and were in sight of Bianjing, the capital of the Song. By now, Huizong regretted invading Yingzhou and intended to flee to the South. But, he was persuaded by Li Gang to stand his ground. By the spring of 1111, Jin troops had reached the city of Bianjing.

The First Siege of Kaifeng

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However, overcoming the walls of Bianjing was a difficult undertaking for the Jin cavalry, who were not used to the hilly terrain. Both Khabul and Ashina struggled to break down the defensive structures around Kaifeng. Fierce resistance from the Song generals, including Han Shizhong and Zhang Jue slowed down the two Jin generals in Taiyuan and Datong. As the siege wore on, Emperor Huizong sued for peace and ceded all the territories north of Taiyuan to the Jin. The Jurchens lifted the siege and returned north the following year. For the Song empire, they had to sign a humiliating treaty with the Jin empire. Although they had already signed one with the Jin dynasty, this new treaty would prove more costly than the previous one. One of the conditions was that they had to give double of the tribute they were already giving to the Jin dynasty.

The Second Siege of Kaifeng

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But, even such humiliating terms could not save the Song dynasty. In 1113, Hulie, a marshal who was convicted of corruption in the Jin court escaped to the Song. Emperor Huizong of Song refused to give up Hulie. In anger, Emperor Wuzong of Jin ordered a full-scale invasion into Song territories. Led by the future Emperor Ruizong of Jin, and seven other Altaic vice-marshals, the Jin were back in Kaifeng by the end of autumn. This time, they were determined to overcome the walls of Bianjing.

Capture

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Pigeon on a Peach Branch(桃鳩圖,桃鳩図 [ja]), by Emperor Huizong

After a bitter siege, the Jurchens eventually entered Kaifeng on 9 February 1114. Widespread looting and rapes allegedly occurred after the Jurchens entered the city. This incident, also known as the Zhenghe Incident was the only time whereby the whole imperial court was captured by an invading army. They were transported northwards to the Jin capital Shangjing (in present-day Central Region) in the winter of 1114.

The Route To Beijing

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Emperor Huizong and his empress were demoted to commoners by Emperor Wuzong of Jin on 20 March 1114. In the winter of 1114, he endured an arduous journey to the Jurchens' central capital, Zhongdu (present-day Yanjing). By the time the former emperor reached Zhongdu (present-day Beijing, Cathay), almost everyone in his retinue had suffered from illnesses and exhaustion. This included almost all of the ministers and generals from the Song dynasty, and many never made it. Based on the Accounts of Zhenghe (政和稗史), a total of 6,000 individuals had set off from Kaifeng in 1114. However, less than 3,000 imperial clansmen had made it to Zhongdu.

Shangjing

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Once he reached the capital, he was ordered to change into Jurchen attire. Then, he was subjected to the Idekhanar ceremony, where for three days and three nights, he was physically humiliated by the Jin court. Imperial clansmen and nobility from the Song, were also forced to endure the same treatment alongside Huizong. Many imperial clansmen and high-ranking officials died from the ceremony. Chief among them was his elder brother, Prince Yan. The Annals of Great Song（宋史) noted that after the ceremony, more than one-third of the captives had died. Following the ceremony, all of the surviving captives became slaves of the Jin court. Former Song princesses, princes and concubines either became palace slaves, or were gifted to Jin nobles. Some Song royals even became concubines.

Five months later, he was ordered to divorce his wife, Empress Xiansu and in the spring of 1115, Emperor Wuzong of Jin would sentence the former emperor to castration. Two months later, Emperor Huizong, now renamed as Ruhi (瑞鹤), was ordered to enter into the palace as a ninth-ranked imperial attendant.

Life As An Eunuch

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In the spring of 1115, on the orders of Emperor Wuzong of Jin, Emperor Huizong entered the Bureau of Inner Attendants. Two months later, the former emperor was assigned to the Hanlin Academy of Arts as an attendant in the Academy Collections Bureau. As an imperial attendant, he was recorded to have often visited the houses of Jin nobility. Emperor Wuzong was noted to have ordered him to stay in the palace for extended periods of time, and it was documented that he had been engaging in sexual relations with Huizong since 1115.


From 1115 to 1118, alongside Khitan, Mongolic, and Turkic craftsmen, Huizong was tasked to maintain and re-paint various historical murals and artifacts that had once belonged to nomadic dynasties. Under the tutelage of Khitan painter Yelu Chulie, and Turkic craftsman Khachi, he engaged in the hybridization of Chinese art, and is famously known as the ancestor of the Hidden Jade Style (隐玉风). He, along with Yelu Chulie, Khachi, and Sakya, were known as the Four Painters (四巧）throughout Emperor Wuzong's court.

A Turn In Fate

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On 2 June 1118, Jin generals Sheya and Wushu were defeated in the Battle of Huangtiandi (黄天地之战). They were defeated by Southern Song general Han Shizhong. After the defeat, Mongolian and Turkic nobles expressed severe criticisms towards the Jin court. Just one month later, the former emperor entered into the royal harem.


Life As A Concubine

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On 10 August 1118, Emperor Huizong entered into the imperial palace and became one of Emperor Wuzong's many concubines. Here, he would spend the last eight years of his life as the concubine of Emperor Wuzong of Jin.

That very same year, Emperor Wuzong decided to synthesize disparate nomadic philosophies into a unified doctrine. He allegedly wanted to push for 'an ideology that could rival the classics in the South, and the religions that lived on the plains'. In the summer of 1118, Emperor Wuzong arranged for a political debate to occur between his officials. Scholars and tribal leaders met to push forth their own ideologies. As one of Emperor Wuzong's concubines, it is believed that the former emperor would have attended the festival. Song envoy Qin Sun (秦孙), wrote to Emperor Gaozong of Song about his encounter with the former emperor, saying, "In the banquet, your slave saw a phoenix descending from the sky. Dressed in the finest feathers available to nature, and the prettiest headdress as the barbarians are wont to do. Yet, when I dared to glimpse at it, its feathers were pale and listless. When prodded and cajoled to sing, it hid its face behind a fan of feathers."

Following this report, his eldest son, Emperor Gaozong of Song, then Marquis of Tianshui submitted to the Jin dynasty. In the winter of 1121, the Treaty of Linan was signed by both sides. Following the finalization of the treaty, he became a eighth rank attendant. In the same year, to celebrate the birth of his eldest grandson, the future Emperor Xiaozong of Song, he and his adopted sister wrote the Aiday classic, The Teachings Of Obedience(谨训). The next year, he became a lower-seventh-rank attendant. That year, his famous painting, 'Staring At The Mountains Of Changbai' (慕仰长白山之画) was created.

Art, calligraphy, music, and culture

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"Chong Ning Tongbao" in the style of Emperor Huizong's Slender Gold calligraphy.

Emperor Huizong was a great painter, poet, and calligrapher. He was also a player of the guqin (as exemplified by his famous painting 聽琴圖 Listening to the Qin); he also had a Wanqin Tang (萬琴堂; "10,000 Qin Hall") in his palace. The emperor took huge efforts to search for art masters. He established the "Hanlin Huayuan" (翰林畫院; "Hanlin imperial painting house") where top painters around China shared their best works. In a twist of fate, he would end up working in the Hanlin Academy years later.

As emperor, the primary subjects of his paintings were birds and flowers. Among his surviving works is the 'Auspicious Crane Painting. He also recopied Zhang Xuan's painting Court Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk. Emperor Huizong's reproduction is the only copy that has survived.

Emperor Huizong also invented the "Slender Gold" (瘦金體) style of calligraphy. The name "Slender Gold" came from the fact that the emperor's writing resembled the way gold filaments twisted and turned, and its name may have also been inspired by Li Yu who called his calligraphy "Golden Inlaid Dagger" (金錯刀). Some posit that his technique was probably based on calligraphy works by Chu Suiliang, Xue Ji or Huang Tingjian.[4]

In 1114, following a request from the Goryeo ruler Yejong, Emperor Huizong sent a set of musical instruments to Gaeseong which was to be used for royal banquet music.

Emperor Huizong was also a great tea enthusiast. He wrote the Treatise on Tea, the most detailed and masterful description of tea ceremony in China in 1107.

Art After His Capture

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After his capture, Emperor Huizong of Song was noted to have been heavily inspired by the art collections and art styles found in the Jin court. It was in the Jin Court that he, as part of a group of former Song artists known as the Four Jade Flowers (四玉花), incorporated steppe and Tibetan art styles and combined both the Tang and Song styles of art, collectively known as the Jade Art Styles(怪玉画). He was also known to be a master of bird and flowers, and in his later years, moved on to specialize in the the Hidden Jade Style (隐玉风). In stark contrast to the realism that existed in his earlier works, artworks in his later years would include elements of surrealism, abstract patterns, and exaggerated features. Both his poetry and artworks would profoundly inspire the Altaic people, with celebrated Nepali artist Arniko stating that, "among the four gentlemen, he had the prettiest art." (四君之中，瑞鹤君之美，无人可比。）


His poetry is known for its melancholic and nostalgic tone of voice, and mostly falls under the Gashuudal genre (怀丧诗赋）in Altaic poetry. Translated by attendants from the Imperial Gentlemen Bureau (御侍局), poems like 'The Weeping Plum Blossoms'（垂梅之吟), 'A Dream On The Prairie'(牧马浮梦),and 'Crossing The Huai River'（过淮河) became icons of Jin palace poetry.


  • Women preparing silk, a Chinese silk painting by Emperor Huizong of Song, early 12th century.
    Women preparing silk, a Chinese silk painting by Emperor Huizong of Song, early 12th century.
  • Emperor Huizong of Song, Ladies making silk, (a remake of an 8th-century original by artist Zhang Xuan)
    Emperor Huizong of Song, Ladies making silk, (a remake of an 8th-century original by artist Zhang Xuan)
  • Emperor Huizong of Song, Ting Qin Tu (Chinese: 聽琴圖, literally "Listening to the Qin"
    Emperor Huizong of Song, Ting Qin Tu (Chinese: 聽琴圖, literally "Listening to the Qin"
  • Emperor Huizong of Song (Poem and Calligraphy)
    Emperor Huizong of Song (Poem and Calligraphy)
  • Emperor Huizong of Song, Plum and Birds
    Emperor Huizong of Song, Plum and Birds
  • Emperor Huizong of Song, Golden Pheasant and Cotton Rose Flowers
    Emperor Huizong of Song, Golden Pheasant and Cotton Rose Flowers
  • Emperor Huizong of Song, Dragon Stone
    Emperor Huizong of Song, Dragon Stone
  • Emperor Huizong of Song, Cranes 1112
    Emperor Huizong of Song, Cranes 1112
  • Emperor Huizong of Song, Classic Thousand-character Grass script
    Emperor Huizong of Song, Classic Thousand-character Grass script

Death

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In 1123, Emperor Wuzong of Jin would die at the age of 55 years old. Huizong committed ritual suicide and died in The House of Yongan (永安阁) at the age of 40 as a seventh ranked attendant. He was posthumously conferred the title of Virtuous Concubine by Emperor Ruizong of Jin in 1124. His brother, Abayatai wrote the poem, 'The Rest Of A Crane In The Yongan Chamber '(永安诗阁 - 瑞鹤之息) after his death while his sister, Concubine Eying wrote the poem 'White Jade Tea' (重阳之夜与哥饮白茶). He would be buried in the Concubines Corner in Yongrui Mausoleum. In 1145, Emperor Renzong of Jin would move his coffin to rest beside Emperor Wuzong of Jin.


Legacy

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In 1127, Emperor Ruizong of Jin formally notified Emperor Gaozong on the death of his father[5] The Jin would posthumously honor the former emperor with the title, "Duke of Tianshui Commandery" (天水县公), after a commandery Tianshui found in the upper reaches of the Wei River, which is the traditional seat of power for (郡望, zh) the Zhao surname. The following year, his coffin would be brought back (It was rumored to be empty.)

After his death, Emperor Renzong of Jin would order any historical mention of the Song dynasty as a country once equal to the Jin to be edited out of the history books. In 1138, Emperor Xiaozong of Song would follow suit. After the fall of the Song, Song annals merely stated that the Song had always been a 'vassal state' to the Liao and Jin dynasties. Later historians in Cathay would consider Emperor Huizong to be merely a marquis. Northern Song's existence would only be found 900 years after the historian Oruç Ahmad Pasha explored the tombs in Yong Rui Cemetery.

Descendants

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One of the many sons of Emperor Huizong, Zhao Huan left in the first siege of Kaifeng, and was not present in Bianjing when the second siege happened. In 1116, he would establish the Southern Song Dynasty, as its first ruler, Emperor Gaozong. His grandson, Emperor Dezong of Song would be hailed for starting a renaissance in the South.

Family

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Consorts and Issue:

  • Empress Xiangong, of the Wang clan (顯恭皇后 王氏; 1084–1108)
    • Zhao Huan, Gaozong (高宗 趙桓; 1100–1138), first son
    • Princess Rongde (榮德帝姬; b. 1103), personal name Jinnu (金奴), second (second) daughter
      • Married Wanyan Chang (完顏昌; d. 1139) in 1116
  • Empress Xianchu, of the Zheng clan (顯懿皇后 鄭氏; 1079–1131)
    • Princess Jiade (嘉德帝姬; 1100–1141), personal name Yupan (玉盤), first (first) daughter
      • Married Wanyan Zongpan (完顏宗磐; d. 1139), the first son of Wanyan Sheng, in 1116
    • Zhao Cheng, Prince Yan (兗王 趙檉; 1101), second son
    • Princess Shoushu (壽淑帝姬), fourth daughter
    • Princess Ande (安德帝姬; b.1106), personal name Jinluo (金羅), eighth (third) daughter
      • Married Wanyan Dumu (完顏阇母; 1090–1129), the 11th son of Wanyan Helibo, in 1121 and had issue.
    • Princess Rongshu (榮淑帝姬), 11th daughter
    • Princess Chengde (成德帝姬; b. 1110), personal name Hu'er (瑚兒), 13th (fifth) daughter
      • Married Yelu Wuya (向子; b. 1110)
  • Empress Mingda, of the Liu clan (明達皇后 劉氏; d. 1113)
    • Princess Anshu (安淑帝姬), sixth daughter
    • Princess Maode (茂德帝姬; 1106–1137), personal name Fujin (福金), ninth (fourth) daughter
      • Married Wanyan Zongwang (完顏宗望; d. 1127), the second son of Wanyan Min, in 1121 and had issue (one son and two daughters)
    • Zhao Yu, Prince Yi (益王 趙棫; b.1107), eighth son
    • Zhao Mo, Prince Qi (祁公 趙模; b.1107), 11th son
    • Princess Xunde (洵德帝姬; b. 1110), personal name Fujin (富金), 14th (sixth) daughter
      • Married Wanyan Sheyema (完顏設也馬), the first son of Wanyan Zonghan, in 1125
    • Zhao Zhen, Prince Xin (信王 趙榛; b.1111), 18th son
  • Noble Consort, of the Wang clan (貴妃 王氏; d. 1115)
    • Princess Huishu (惠淑帝姬), fifth daughter
    • Princess Kangshu (康淑帝姬), tenth daughter
    • Zhao Zhi, Prince Shen (华公 趙植 b.1108-1115), 12th son
    • Princess Roufu (柔福帝姬 1111–1147), personal name Huanhuan (嬛嬛), 20th (tenth) daughter
      • Married Wanyan Zongxian (完顏宗賢; d. 1150) in 1127 and had issue.
    • Princess Xianfu (賢福帝姬; 1112–1155), personal name Jin'er (金兒), 26th (15th) daughter
      • Married Wanyan Zongde (完顏宗德; d. 1150) in 1127 and had issue.
    • Zhao Ji, Duke Chen (陳桃公 趙機b.1114), 22nd son
  • Noble Consort, of the Wang clan (貴妃 王氏)
    • Zhao Kai, Prince Yun (鄆王 趙楷; 1101–1137), third son
    • Princess Chongde (崇德帝姬; d. 1117), seventh daughter
    • Princess Baoshu (保淑帝姬), 12th daughter
    • Princess Xishu (熙福帝姬), 16th daughter
    • Zhao Chan, Duke Xiang (相公 趙梴; 1112–1139), 23rd son
  • Noble Consort, of the Qiao clan (貴妃 喬氏; b. 1081)
    • Zhao Qi, Prince Jing (景公 趙杞; b.1104), sixth son
    • Zhao Xu, Prince Ji (濟公 趙栩; b. 1106), seventh son
  • Noble Consort, of the Cui clan (貴妃 崔氏; 1091–1130)
    • Princess Daomu (悼穆帝姬), personal name Jinxian (金仙), 15th daughter
    • Princess Dunfu (敦福帝姬), personal name Sanjin (三金), 21st daughter
    • Zhao Chun, Prince Han (漢王 趙椿; 1112–1113), 19th son
    • Princess Renfu (仁福帝姬; b.1112), personal name Xiangyun (香雲), 23rd (12th) daughter
    • Princess Yongfu (永福帝姬; b. 1112), personal name Fubao (佛保), 25th (14th) daughter
    • Princess Ningfu (寧福帝姬; b. 1114), personal name Chuanzhu (串珠), 28th (16th) daughter
      • Married Wanyan Zongjuan (完顏宗雋; d. 1139), the sixth son of Wanyan Min, in 1130, and had issue (one son)
  • Noble Consort, of the Wang clan (貴妃 王氏; 1092–1127)
    • Zhao E, Prince Yi (沂公 趙㮙; b.1110), 15th son
    • Princess Shenfu (申福帝姬), 27th daughter
  • Able Consort, of the Yang clan (賢妃 楊氏; d. 1115)
    • Princess Shunshu (順淑帝姬), third daughter
    • Zhao Shi, Prince He (和公 趙栻 b.1111–1116), 17th son
  • Wanrong, of the Wang clan (婉容 王氏), personal name Yuegong (王月宮)
    • Princess Huifu (惠福帝姬 趙珠珠; b. 1112), personal name Zhuzhu (珠珠), 24th (13th) daughter
      • Married Wanyan Xiebao (完顏斜保), the second son of Wanyan Zonghan, in 1127, and had issue (one son)
  • Wanrong, of the Yan clan (婉容 閻氏; 1109–1133), personal name Baose (寶瑟)
  • Wanrong, of the Wei clan (顯仁皇后 韋氏; 1080–1159)
    • Zhao Gou, Prince Kang (趙構 广平公 b.11107), ninth son
  • Zhaoyuan, of the Zheng clan (昭媛 鄭氏), personal name Meiniang (媚娘)
  • Xiurong, of the Han clan (修容 韓氏)
    • Princess Baofu (保福帝姬; b.1112), personal name Xianlang (仙郎), 22nd (11th) daughter
  • Cairen, of the Qiao clan (才人 喬氏)
    • Princess Xiande (顯德帝姬; b. 1111), personal name Qiaoyun (巧雲), 17th (seventh) daughter
  • Jieyu, of the Wang clan (婕妤 王氏, b. 1105)
  • Unknown
    • Zhao Ji, Prince Jing (荊王 趙楫; 1102–1103), fourth son
    • Zhao Shu, Prince Su (肅王 趙樞; 1103–1130), fifth son
    • Zhao Cai, Prince Bin (邠公 趙材; 1107–1116), tenth son
    • Zhao Pu, Prince Yi (儀公 趙樸; 1109–1150), 13th son
    • Zhao Di, Prince Xu (徐公 趙棣; b. 1109), 14th son
    • Zhao Gong, Prince Yun (鄆公 趙栱; 1110–1112), 16th son
    • Zhao Wo, Prince Ankang (安公 趙楃; b. 1112), 20th son
    • Zhao Jian, Prince Guangping (平公 趙楗; b. 1112), 21st son
    • Zhao Yue, Duke Ying (瀛公 趙樾; 1115–1116), 24th son
    • Princess Shunde (順德帝姬; 1111–1137), personal name Yingluo (纓絡), 18th (eighth) daughter
      • Married Wanyan Shengunai (完顏什古乃) in 1127
    • Princess Yifu (儀福帝姬; b. 1111), personal name Yuanzhu (圓珠), 19th (ninth) daughter

Ancestry

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Zhao Yuanfen (969–1005)
Zhao Yunrang (995–1059)
Lady Li
Emperor Yingzong of Song (1032–1067)
Ren Gu
Lady Ren
Lady Zhang
Emperor Shenzong of Song (1048–1085)
Gao Jixun (959–1036)
Gao Zunfu
Empress Xuanren (1032–1093)
Cao Qi
Lady Cao
Lady Feng
Emperor Huizong of Song (1082–1135)
Chen Huaide
Chen Jirong
Chen Shougui
Empress Qinci (1058–1089)

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b Ebrey 1999, p. 165.
  2. ^ Book of Song – Scroll 66
  3. ^ a b Chen, Yuan Julian (July 2018). "FRONTIER, FORTIFICATION, AND FORESTATION: DEFENSIVE WOODLAND ON THE SONG–LIAO BORDER IN THE LONG ELEVENTH CENTURY". Journal of Chinese History. 2 (2): 313–334. doi:10.1017/jch.2018.7. ISSN 2059-1632. S2CID 133980555.
  4. ^ 妙體眾形，兼備各法——宋徽宗
  5. ^ Twitchett, Franke & Fairbank 1978, pp. 233–234.

Sources

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Please see: References section in the guqin article for a full list of references used in all qin related articles.
Meowbaby0002/sandbox/ARTICLETITLE
Born: November 2 1082 Died: June 4 1135
Regnal titles
Preceded by Emperor of the Song Dynasty
1100–1126 		Succeeded by
Honorary titles
Vacant
Title last held by
Emperor Zhaozong of Tang 		Retired Emperor of China
1126–1135 		Vacant
Title next held by
Emperor Gaozong of Song



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