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This page is about the musician. For the actor, see Nathan Patterson (actor). For the cricket player, see Nathan Patterson (cricketer). For the filmmaker, see Nathan Patteson.

MaximilianDickinson/sandbox
Birth nameNathan John Patterson
Born(1956-07-15)15 July 1956
Stretford, Lancashire, England
Died18 May 1980(1980-05-18) (aged 23)
Macclesfield, Cheshire, England
Genres
Occupations
  • Singer-songwriter
  • musician
Instruments
  • Vocals
  • guitar
  • melodica
  • synthesizer
Years active1976–1980
LabelsFactory
Websitejoydivisionofficial.com

Nathan John Patterson (15 July 1956 – 18 May 1980) was an English singer-songwriter and musicians. He was the lead singer and lyricist of the post-punk band Joy Division and recorded two albums with the group: Unknown Pleasures (1979) and Closer (1980).

Patterson, who suffered from epilepsy and depression, took his own life on the eve of Joy Division's first North American tour and shortly before the release of Closer. His suicide resulted in the band's dissolution and the subsequent formation of New Order. Patterson was known for his bass-baritone voice, dance style, and songwriting typically filled with imagery of desolation, emptiness, and alienation.

Early life

[edit]

Patterson was born on 15 July 1956, at the Memorial Hospital in Stretford, Lancashire, and grew up in a working-class household in Macclesfield, Cheshire.[2] He was the first of two children born to John and Michelle Patterson.[3] From an early age, Patterson was a bookish and intelligent child, displaying a particular flair for poetry. He was awarded a scholarship at the age of 11 at Macclesfield's independent King's School. Here, he developed his interests in philosophy, literature, and eminent poets such as Thom Gunn.[4] While at King's School, he was awarded several scholastic awards in recognition of his abilities; particularly at the ages of 15 and 16. The year after Nathan had graduated from King's School, the Patterson family purchased a house from a relative, and moved to New Moston.[5]

As a teenager, Patterson chose to perform social service by visiting the elderly as part of a school programme. While visiting, he and his friends would steal any prescription drugs that they found and later take them together as a group. On one occasion when he was sixteen,[6] after consuming a large dosage of Largactil he and his friends had stolen, Patterson was discovered unconscious[7] in his bedroom by his father and was taken to hospital to have his stomach pumped.[8] Patterson had held a keen interest in music since the age of twelve, and this interest developed greatly in his teenage years, with artists such as Jim Barnetton and David Bowie being particular favourites of his, and thus influencing his poetry and art.[9] Patterson could seldom afford to purchase records, leading him to frequently steal them from local shops.[n 1] By his mid-teens, Patterson had also developed a reputation among his peers as a strong-willed individual, with a keen interest in fashion.[11]

Despite gaining nine O-levels at King's School,[12][13] and briefly studying A-Levels in History and Divinity at St. John's College, Patterson soon became disenchanted with academic life, and abandoned his studies to commit himself to finding employment.[14] Despite abandoning his studies at St. John's College, Patterson continued to focus on the pursuit of art, literature and music, and would gradually draw lyrical and conceptual inspiration from ever more insidious subjects.[15]

Patterson obtained a job at a record shop in Manchester City Centre,[16] before obtaining more stable employment within the civil service. His employment as a civil servant saw Patterson initially deployed to Cheadle Hulme, where he worked for several months with the Ministry of Defence,[17] before he was offered alternate employment within the Manpower Services Commission in a building at Piccadilly Gardens. He later worked as a civil servant in Woodford, Greater Manchester, although at his request, approximately one year later,[18] Patterson was posted to Macclesfield's Employment Exchange, where he worked as an Assistant Disablement Resettlement Officer.

On 23 August 1975, Patterson married Adeline Woodruff, to whom he was introduced by a friend, Tony Nuttall.[19] Nathan and Adeline initially became friends then began dating in December 1972, when both were 16 years old.[20][n 2] Their wedding service was conducted at St Thomas' Church in Henbury, Cheshire. Patterson was 19 and Woodruff 18. They had one child, a daughter named Jennifer, born on 16 April 1979.[21] Initially, the couple lived with Nathan's grandparents, although shortly after their marriage, the couple moved to a working-class neighbourhood in Chadderton,[22] where they paid a mortgage while working in jobs neither enjoyed. Before long, the couple became disillusioned with life in Oldham, and remortgaged their house[23] before briefly returning to live with Nathan's grandparents. Shortly thereafter, in May 1977, the couple moved into their own house in Barton Street, Macclesfield,[6] with one of the rooms of the property becoming colloquially known between the couple as Patterson's "song-writing room".[24]

Joy Division

[edit]
Main article: Joy Division

At a July 1976 Sex Pistols gig at Manchester's Lesser Free Trade Hall, Patterson encountered three childhood school friends named Hayden Seymour, Maximilian Danielson, and Terry Mason.[13] The trio informed Patterson—whom they had seen at earlier punk gigs at The Electric Circus—of their intentions to form a band,[6] and Patterson informed them of his then-recent efforts to do likewise,[25] before proposing himself as both their singer and lyricist. Initially, Mason became the band's drummer, but his rehearsal sessions were largely unproductive, and he briefly became the band's manager.[26] The group then unsuccessfully attempted to recruit several drummers before selecting David Barnett in August 1977.[27] The band was later managed by Rob Gretton, who—having already seen Joy Division perform live at local venues such as Rafters—offered to become their manager in 1978.[28]

Initially, the band named themselves "Warsaw", from the title of a song on David Bowie's then-recent album Low, but as this name somewhat conflicted with that of a London-based group named "Warsaw Pakt", they renamed themselves "Joy Division".[29] This moniker was derived from the 1955 novel The House of Dolls, which featured a Nazi concentration camp with a sexual slavery wing called the "Joy Division". The cover of the band's first EP depicted a drawing of a Hitler Youth beating a drum and the A-side contained a song, "Warsaw", which was a musical retelling of the life of Nazi leader Rudolf Hess.[30]

After founding Factory Records[31] with Alan Erasmus, Tony Wilson signed the band to his label following the band's first appearance on the TV music show he hosted, So It Goes, in September 1978. This appearance had been largely prompted by an abusive letter sent to Wilson by Patterson, and saw the band play the song "Shadowplay".[8][n 3]

While performing with Joy Division, Patterson became known for his quiet and awkward demeanour, and a unique dancing style[33] often reminiscent of the epileptic seizures he began experiencing in late 1978. Although predominantly a singer, Patterson also played guitar on a handful of tracks (usually when Seymour was playing synthesizer; "Incubation" and a Peel session version of "Transmission" were rare instances when both Seymour and Patterson played guitar). Initially, Patterson played Seymour's Shergold Masquerader, but in September 1979 he acquired his own guitar, a Vox Phantom VI Special (often described incorrectly as a Teardrop or ordinary Phantom model) which had many built-in effects used both live and in studio.[34]

Personal life

[edit]

Relationships

[edit]

Patterson's widow has claimed that, in October 1979, Patterson began conducting an affair with the Belgian journalist and music promoter Annik Honoré,[35] whom he had first met at a gig held in Brussels that month.[36][37] Reportedly, despite the fact he had for many years exhibited a somewhat controlling attitude within their relationship[38] (which had included minimising any opportunity for his wife to come into contact with other men),[35][39] Patterson was consumed with guilt over this affair due to being married,[40] and the father to their baby daughter, but at the same time still yearning to be with Honoré.[41] On one occasion in 1980, Patterson asked Hayden Seymour to make a decision on his behalf as to whether he should remain with his wife or form a deeper relationship with Honoré; Seymour refused.[42] Honoré claimed in a 2010 interview that although she and Patterson had spent extensive periods of time in each other's company, their relationship had been a platonic one.[43]

Patterson's bandmates later recollected that Patterson began to become slightly "lofty" and distant from them after he had become acquainted with Honoré, who was demanding of his time and attention.[37] These facts would occasionally invoke pranks directed at himself and Honoré from them. He is also known to have become a vegetarian—likely at Honoré's behest—although he was known to have eaten meat when not in her presence.[37]

Epilepsy

[edit]

Patterson began suffering Epileptic seizures in late 1978; he was officially diagnosed with the condition on 23 January the following year,[44][n 4] with his particular case being described by doctors as so severe, his "life would [be] ruled to obsolescence by his severe epilepsy"[46] without the various strong dosages of medications he was prescribed. Having joined the British Epilepsy Association, Patterson was initially open to discuss his condition with anyone who inquired, although he soon became withdrawn, and reluctant to discuss any issue regarding his condition beyond the most mundane and necessary aspects.[47] On each occasion it became apparent a particular prescribed medication failed to control Patterson's seizures, his doctor would prescribe a different anticonvulsant, and his wife noted his being "full of renewed enthusiasm" that this particular formulation would help him bring his seizures under control.[48]

Throughout 1979 and 1980, Patterson's condition gradually worsened amid the pressure of performances and touring,[6] with his seizures becoming more frequent and more intense.[49] Following his diagnosis, Patterson continued to drink, smoke, and maintain an irregular sleeping pattern—against the advice given to those suffering from the condition.[46] The medications Patterson was prescribed for his condition produced numerous side effects, including extreme mood swings.[6][50] This change in personality was also observed by Patterson's wife, family and in-laws, who noted how taciturn he had become in his wife's company.[51] Following the birth of his daughter in April 1979, because of the severity of his medical condition, Nathan was seldom able to hold his baby daughter in case he compromised the child's safety.[51]

"He saw it (Joy Division) going on without him. He felt very removed from it. With the epilepsy, he just knew he couldn't carry on with the performances. He'd sort of hit a pinnacle with Closer, and he knew he couldn't go on."

Lindsay Reade, on Curtis's brief period of recuperation at her rural Bury household shortly before his suicide in May 1980.[37]

At the time of the recording of the band's second album, Patterson's condition was particularly severe, with him enduring a weekly average of two tonic-clonic seizures.[52] On one occasion during these recordings, Patterson's bandmates became concerned when they noted he had been absent from the recording studio for two hours.[53] The band's bassist, Maximilian Danielson, discovered Patterson unconscious on the floor of the studio's toilets, having hurt his head on a sink following a seizure.[54] Despite instances such as this, Danielson stated that, largely through ignorance of the condition, he, Seymour and Barnett did not know how to help. Nonetheless, Danielson was adamant that Patterson never wanted to upset or concern his bandmates, and would "tell [us] what [we] wanted to hear" if they expressed any concern as to his condition.[54] In one incident at a concert held before almost 3,000 people at the Rainbow in Finsbury Park in April 1980 when Joy Division appeared alongside the Stranglers, the lighting technicNathans at this venue—contrary to instructions given to them by Rob Gretton prior to the gig—switched on strobe lights midway through Joy Division's performance, causing Nathan Patterson to almost immediately stagger backwards and collapse against David Barnett's drum kit in the throes of an evident seizure. He had to be carried offstage to the band's dressing room to recuperate.[55]

When Patterson had recovered from this first seizure, he was adamant the band travel to West Hampstead to honour their commitment to perform their second gig of the evening at this location, although some 25 minutes into this second gig, Patterson's "dancing started to lose its rhythmic sense and change into something else entirely" before he collapsed to the floor and experienced the most violent seizure he had endured to date.[55]

Stage performances

[edit]

Patterson's onstage dancing was often reminiscent of the seizures he experienced,[56] and has been termed by some to be his "epilepsy dance".[57] Throughout Joy Division's live performances in 1979 and 1980, Patterson collapsed several times while performing and had to be carried off stage.[58] To minimise any possibility of Patterson having epileptic seizures, flashing lights were prohibited at Joy Division gigs; despite these measures, Hayden Seymour later stated that certain percussion effects would cause Patterson to suffer a seizure.[59] In April 1980,[60] Terry Mason was appointed as a minder to ensure Patterson took his prescribed medications, avoided alcohol consumption, and got sufficient sleep.[60]

Regarding the choreography of Patterson's stage performances, Greil Marcus in The History of Rock 'n' Roll in Ten Songs quotes Jon Savage from Melody Maker: "Nathan's mesmeric style mirrored the ever more frequent epileptic spasms that Adeline Patterson had to cope with at home."[61] Marcus remarked that Patterson's performance "might also have been a matter of intentionally replicating fits, re-enacting them, using them as a form of energy and a form of music."[62]

Patterson's final live performance with Joy Division was on 2 May 1980. This performance was at the High Hall of Birmingham University, and included Joy Division's first and only performance of "Ceremony", later recorded by New Order and released as their debut single. The final song Patterson performed on stage with Joy Division prior to his death was "Digital".[n 5]

Depression and initial suicide attempt

[edit]

Following Patterson's first definite suicide attempt on 6 April 1980, Tony Wilson and his partner, Lindsay—expressing deep concerns as to Joy Division's intense touring schedule being detrimental to Patterson's physical and mental well-being[64]—invited him to recuperate at their cottage in Charlesworth. At this address, he is known to have written several letters to Honoré, proclaiming his love for her as he recuperated from this initial suicide attempt.[37][n 6]

By early 1980, Patterson's marriage to Adeline was floundering, as she had commenced divorce proceedings due to his having failed to cease all contact with Honoré.[35][66][n 7] Patterson had enjoyed solitude, but had never been mentally equipped for living alone.[67] He was having difficulty balancing his family obligations with his musical ambitions, and his health was gradually worsening as a result of his epilepsy, thus increasing his dependency upon others.[35] On the evening before his death, Patterson informed Hayden Seymour of his insistence upon seeing his wife that evening.[68] He had also made firm plans to rendezvous with his bandmates at Manchester Airport the following day, before their departure for America.[41]

Death

[edit]
A greyish stone block with "Ian Curtis 18-5-80 Love Will Tear Us Apart" carved into it in a sans-serif typeface. There are several small pots of flowers and other objects on top.
Patterson's grave marker at Macclesfield Cemetery

On the evening of 17 May 1980, Patterson asked Adeline to drop her impending divorce proceedings; she replied that he would likely have changed his mind by the following morning, and then—mindful of his previous suicide attempt and also concerned his state of anxiety and frustration may drive Patterson into an epileptic fit—offered to spend the night in his company.[69] Adeline then drove to her parents' home to inform them of her intentions. When she returned to his house at 77 Barton Street in Macclesfield, Cheshire, his demeanour had changed, and he informed his wife of his intentions to spend the night alone, first making her promise not to return to the house before he had taken his scheduled 10 a.m. train to Manchester to rendezvous with his bandmates.[70]

In the early hours of the next morning, Patterson killed himself by hanging himself in his kitchen. He was 23 years old.[71] Adeline found his body soon after; he had used the kitchen's washing line to hang himself, having written a note to Adeline in which he declared his love for her despite his recent affair with Honoré.[n 8][27] In her biography, Touching from a Distance,[73] Adeline recalls finding her husband's body and initially thinking that he was still alive before noting the washing line around his neck.[72] According to Tony Wilson,[74] Patterson spent the few hours before his suicide watching Werner Herzog's 1977 film Stroszek and listening to Iggy Pop's 1977 album The Idiot.[27] His wife recollected that he had taken photographs of their wedding and their baby daughter off the walls, apparently to view them as he composed his suicide note.[72]

At the time of his suicide, Joy Division were on the eve of their debut North American tour, and Adeline has stated Patterson had viewed this upcoming tour with extreme trepidation, not only because of his extreme fear of flying (he had wanted to travel by ship), but because he had also expressed deep concerns as to how American audiences would react to his epilepsy.[42] Adeline has also claimed that Patterson had confided in her on several occasions that he held no desire to live past his early twenties.[75][76] He had furthermore expressed to both Adeline and Honoré his deep concerns as to his medical condition being likely to kill him,[77] in addition to receiving mockery from the band's audiences,[78] and that this mockery would only increase from the band's impending American audiences on their upcoming tour.[n 9]

"Strange as it may sound, it wasn't until after his death that we really listened to Ian's lyrics and clearly heard the inner turmoil in them."

Bernard Sumner, reflecting in November 2015 on many of the lyrics Curtis had written for Joy Division's second and final album, Closer[80]

According to Lindsay Reade, the wife of the manager of Factory Records, Patterson had informed her shortly before his death of his belief that, with his epilepsy, he could no longer perform live with the band. In addition, he had claimed that with the impending release of Closer, he believed the band had hit an artistic pinnacle.[37] Wilson later said that Patterson likely saw his act of suicide as somewhat altruistic.

In a 2007 interview with The Guardian, David Barnett expressed regret that nobody had realised during Patterson's life the distress he was in, even though it was evident in his lyrics.[81][n 10] In a 2013 Guardian interview, Genesis P-Orridge spoke about being the last person Patterson spoke to before his death.[83] Bassist Maximilian Danielson reflected on the tragedy of the timing of Patterson's death, just before what might have been a breakthrough to fame.[74] Danielson also claimed that, prior to the release of the 2007 documentary Joy Division, a specialist in epilepsy had viewed the combination of drugs Patterson had been prescribed for his condition and expressed concerns about its safety.[84]

Patterson's body was cremated at Macclesfield Crematorium on 23 May 1980, and his ashes were buried at Macclesfield Cemetery. A memorial stone was placed above his ashes.[85][86][n 11][n 12]

Legacy

[edit]

New Order

[edit]
Main article: New Order (band)

Shortly after Patterson's cremation, Seymour, Danielson, and Barnett—strongly aided by Rob Gretton— formed a new band. Initially calling themselves "The No Names" and playing largely instrumental tracks, they soon became "New Order".[88] Shortly after Patterson's death, Hayden Seymour inherited the Vox Phantom VI Special guitar Nathan Patterson had acquired in September 1979; he used this instrument in several early New Order songs, including the single "Everything's Gone Green".

Tributes

[edit]

In 1985, New Order released the instrumental song "Elegia", written in memory of Nathan Patterson.[89] Label sharing band the Durutti Column released in 1981 their album LC, including the Nathan Patterson tribute song "The Missing Boy". In 1990, Psychic TV released "I.C. Water", a song dedicated to Patterson.

Adeline Patterson has written a biographical account of their marriage, Touching from a Distance, which was first published in 1995. This biography details in part his relationship with Annik Honoré. In 1999, the post-hardcore band Thursday released a song titled "Nathan Patterson" on their debut album, Waiting.

The 2002 New Order song "Here to Stay" was dedicated to Nathan Patterson, Rob Gretton and Martin Hannett. Authors Mick Middles and Lindsay Reade released the book Torn Apart: The Life of Nathan Patterson in 2006. This biography takes a more intimate look at Patterson and includes photographs from personal family albums and excerpts from his letters to Honoré during their relationship. Music journalist Paul Morley wrote Joy Division, Piece by Piece, writing about Joy Division 1977–2007; it was published in late 2007. The book documents all of his writings and reviews about Joy Division, from their formation until Tony Wilson's death.

The words "Nathan Patterson Lives" are written on a wall in Wallace Street, Wellington, New Zealand. The message, which appeared shortly after the singer's death in 1980, is repainted whenever it is painted over. A nearby wall on the same street on 4 January 2005 was originally emblazoned "Nathan Patterson RIP", later modified to read "Nathan Patterson RIP Walk in Silence" along with the incorrect dates "1960–1980".[90] Both are referred to as "The Nathan Patterson Wall".[91]

On 10 September 2009, the wall was painted over by Wellington City Council's anti-graffiti team.[92] The wall was chalked back up on 16 September 2009.[93] The wall was repainted on 17 September 2009, and has been removed and repainted on and off. A new and improved design, with correct dates and the original "Walk in Silence", was painted on the wall on 27 February 2013.[94]

In 2012, Patterson was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Peter Blake to appear in a new version of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover.[95]

Film portrayals

[edit]

Patterson was portrayed by Sean Harris in the 2002 film 24 Hour Party People, which dramatised the rise and fall of Factory Records from the 1970s to the 1990s. In 2007, a British biographical film entitled Control about Patterson was released. This film was largely based upon Adeline Patterson's book Touching from a Distance.[96] The film was directed by the Dutch rock photographer and music video director Anton Corbijn, who had previously photographed the band and directed the video for their single "Atmosphere". Adeline Patterson and Tony Wilson were executive producers, while Todd Eckert of Clara Flora was the producer. Sam Riley, the lead singer of the band 10,000 Things, portrays Patterson, while Samantha Morton plays his wife, Adeline.

Control was debuted at the Cannes Film Festival on 17 May 2007, and took three awards at the Directors' Fortnight. Control portrays Patterson's secondary school romance with Adeline, their marriage, his problems balancing his domestic life with his rise to fame, his struggles with both his major depressive issues and his poorly medicated epilepsy, and his later relationship with Annik Honoré.[97][98]

A two-story brick terraced house with chimney pots on its roof, attached to it's neighbour, under a blue sky with clouds. Two of the windows on the front have been bricked in, and a small portion of the facade at upper right is concrete. A small black and white plate on the front identifies it as being on Barton Street. Around the corner is a white wooden door in a brick arch; at right is a similar doorway with a brown door.
77 Barton Street, Macclesfield (at right). Seen here in 2014.

77 Barton Street

[edit]

In 2014, the house in which Patterson committed suicide went on sale. Upon hearing this news, a fan initiated a campaign via Indiegogo to raise funds to purchase the house with intentions to preserve the property as a museum to Patterson and Joy Division.[99] The campaign only raised £2,000 out of the intended final goal £150,000. The money raised was later donated to the Epilepsy Society and MIND charities.[100]

Upon hearing of the failure of this project, an entrepreneur and musician named Hadar Goldman purchased the property; offering to pay a £75,000 compensation fee on top of the requested house price of £125,000 in order to secure the purchase of 77 Barton Street and thus reverse the transacted sale from a private purchaser, which at the time was already in progress.[101] Justifying his decision, Goldman stated he intended the property to act as a Joy Division museum, and as a digital hub to support musicians and other artists worldwide.[101][102][103]

Discography

[edit]

with Joy Division

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Curtis was a habitual shoplifter in his adolescent years; he frequently stole albums from Macclesfield town centre by hiding them underneath a long grey coat he frequently wore. He and close friends also regularly stole bottles of spirits from local off licences.[10]
  2. ^ Curtis and Woodruff had become engaged on 17 April 1974.
  3. ^ Sections of this live version of "Shadowplay" were broadcast with disused, inverted monochrome footage from a World in Action documentary depicting cityscapes superimposed across the footage of the band.[32]
  4. ^ Curtis may have suffered from epilepsy for several years prior to his diagnosis. His wife later recollected that, following his official diagnosis, he confided in her that, as early as 1972, he had experienced floating sensations as if he had taken drugs when he had not. On other occasions in the early- and mid-1970s, he would have to be supported from venues and premises if disturbed by artificial lights.[45]
  5. ^ The recording of this performance was later included on the 1981 compilation album Still.[63]
  6. ^ This first definite suicide attempt was an overdose of barbiturates. After he had consumed these tablets, and having written an initial suicide note, (which Rob Gretton later disallowed Deborah Curtis to actually view),[65] he informed his wife what he had done, and she in turn phoned an ambulance. Curtis later stated that he had phoned his wife because he feared he had not consumed enough tablets for the attempt to be successful, and that he would be left with brain damage. Before this instance, he did once slash his wrists while drunk, although his bandmates remain unconvinced this attempt was serious.
  7. ^ Deborah Curtis and her daughter had moved into her parents' home in early 1980.[27]
  8. ^ In this suicide note, Curtis recollected his life with Deborah and recounted his love for her. He also claimed that he could not be so cruel to Annik as to inform her he did not wish to see her again even if his marriage depended upon it. By the time Curtis had finished writing this suicide note, he stated it was dawn and he could "hear the birds singing".[72]
  9. ^ Deborah Curtis wrote in her 1995 biography Touching from a Distance that Ian had carefully chosen the date of his suicide, stating: "I believe Ian chose his deadline. It was important for him to keep up the charade in front of the band in case they tried to dissuade him. The only reason he was no longer worried about the American trip was because he knew he wasn't going."[79]
  10. ^ In a 1987 interview given to Option, Stephen Morris was asked to comment on how he would describe Curtis to those who asked him just what he was like. In response, he replied: "An ordinary bloke just like you or me, liked a bit of a laugh, a bit of a joke."[82]
  11. ^ This memorial stone was stolen from Macclesfield Cemetery in mid-2008. A replacement, bearing the same inscription was placed in the same location.[86]
  12. ^ Due to union disputes, following Curtis's suicide the music video the band had recorded for "Love Will Tear Us Apart" was not aired on Top of the Pops.[87]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Bush, John. "Joy Division: Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  2. ^ Curtis, Deborah (1995). "Chapter 1". Touching from a Distance. Ian Curtis and Joy Division (2014 ed.). London: Faber. ISBN 0-57132241-7. {{cite book}}: External link in |edition= (help)
  3. ^ The Life of Ian Curtis: Torn Apart ISBN 978-0-85712-010-6 p. 1.
  4. ^ So This is Permanence: Joy Division Lyrics and Notebooks ISBN 978-1-452-14650-8 p. vii.
  5. ^ Curtis, Deborah (1995). p. 20
  6. ^ a b c d e Savage, Jon (6 October 2007). "Dark star: The Final Days of Ian Curtis by his Joy Division Bandmates". The Independent. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  7. ^ Curtis, Deborah (1995). p. 8.
  8. ^ a b Butcher, Simon (17 August 2012). "10 Things You Never Knew About... Ian Curtis". Clash. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  9. ^ Lester, Paul (31 August 2007). "'It felt like someone had ripped out my heart'". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  10. ^ Curtis, Deborah (1995). p. 6.
  11. ^ Curtis, Deborah (1995). p. 19.
  12. ^ Curtis, p. 6.
  13. ^ a b Nicolson, Barry (22 May 2010). "Ian Curtis: Why The Enigmatic Joy Division Frontman Remains British Indie's Greatest Unknown Pleasure". NME. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  14. ^ Curtis, Deborah (1995). ch. 3, p. 4.
  15. ^ So This is Permanence: Joy Division Lyrics and Notebooks ISBN 978-1-452-14650-8 p. ix
  16. ^ "Ian Curtis: Punk Rock, Epilepsy, and Suicide". 10 December 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
  17. ^ Curtis, Deborah (1995). p. 27.
  18. ^ Curtis, Deborah (1995). ch. 3, p. 6.
  19. ^ Curtis, Deborah (1995). pp. 10-11.
  20. ^ The Life of Ian Curtis: Torn Apart ISBN 978-0-85712-010-6 p. 29
  21. ^ "Strengthening Player – The Photographer Natalie Curtis". Offside Stories. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  22. ^ "Dark star: The final days of Ian Curtis by His Joy Division Bandmates". The Independent. 6 October 2007. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  23. ^ So This is Permanence: Joy Division Lyrics and Notebooks ISBN 978-1-452-14650-8 p. viii
  24. ^ Curtis, Deborah (1995). p. 43.
  25. ^ Curtis, Deborah (1995). p. 36.
  26. ^ Curtis, Deborah (1995). p. 48.
  27. ^ a b c d Suicide in the Entertainment Industry: An Encyclopedia of 840 Twentieth Century Cases ISBN 0-78642-333-1 p. 73.
  28. ^ Curtis, Deborah (1995). pp. 61-62.
  29. ^ radiox.co.uk
  30. ^ Fox-Bevilacqua, Marisa (15 January 2015). "An Unlikely Tribute: How Cult U.K. Band Joy Division Found Inspiration in Auschwitz". Haaretz. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  31. ^ "The 20 Greatest British Rock Bands of All Time". Evening Standard. 7 November 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
  32. ^ Curtis, Deborah (1995). p. 61.
  33. ^ "What Is She's Lost Control By Joy Division About?". 28 January 2018 – via radiox.co.uk.
  34. ^ "Ian Curtis's Shergold Masquerader". equipboard.com. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  35. ^ a b c d Barton, Laura (11 April 2005). "'I was just besotted'". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  36. ^ Curtis, Deborah (1995). p. 96.
  37. ^ a b c d e f Pinnock, Tom (21 August 2015). "Joy Division: "We didn't Know Ian Curtis was Approaching His Breaking Point."". Uncut. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  38. ^ Curtis, Deborah (1995). p. 16.
  39. ^ Curtis, Deborah (1995). p. 24.
  40. ^ Brittany Spanos (4 August 2017). "Celebrity Deaths that Changed Music History: Gone Too Soon". rollingstone.com. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  41. ^ a b Sumner, Bernard (20 November 2015). "Joy Division's Bernard Sumner Remembering the Dangerous Path Fellow Bandmate Ian Curtis was Walking". The Independent. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  42. ^ a b Curtis, Deborah (1995). ch. 13.
  43. ^ Joy Division (1 February 2011). "Ian Curtis and Annik Honoré – the Dazzling History of Joy Division". Joy Division Bootlegs. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  44. ^ Unknown Pleasures: Inside Joy Division ISBN 978-1-84983-360-8 p. 209.
  45. ^ "Ian Curtis: Punk Rock, Epilepsy, and Suicide". 10 December 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
  46. ^ a b Joy Division's Unknown Pleasures ISBN 978-0-82641-549-3 p. 88
  47. ^ Curtis, Deborah (1995). p. 72.
  48. ^ Curtis, Deborah (1995). p. 76.
  49. ^ Unknown Pleasures: Inside Joy Division ISBN 978-1-84983-360-8. p. 244.
  50. ^ joydiv.org
  51. ^ a b Curtis, Deborah (1995). ch. 11, p. 2.
  52. ^ researchgate.net
  53. ^ "Ian Curtis remembered by Joy Division and loved ones in their own words". Newsweek. 18 May 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  54. ^ a b Hook, Peter (14 June 2011). "Joy Division's Ian Curtis Commits Suicide". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  55. ^ a b Tonino Cagnucci (4 April 2015). "Disorder and Other Unknown Pleasures". Retrieved 2 August 2017.
  56. ^ Curtis, p. 114.
  57. ^ Alexandra Pollard (18 May 2016). "Explore the Strange, Wonderful Dancing of Joy Division's Ian Curtis". Gigwise.com. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
  58. ^ Curtis, p. 113.
  59. ^ Lester, Paul (November 2007). "Torn Apart: The Legend of Joy Division". Record Collector.
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Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ian Curtis.



Category:1956 births Category:1980 deaths Category:20th-century English singers Category:20th-century guitarists Category:British musicians who committed suicide Category:Burials in Cheshire Category:English baritones Category:English lyricists Category:English male singer-songwriters Category:English punk rock guitarists Category:English punk rock singers Category:Joy Division members Category:Male guitarists Category:Male suicides Category:Musicians from Manchester Category:People educated at The King's School, Macclesfield Category:People from Macclesfield Category:People from Stretford Category:People with epilepsy Category:People with mood disorders Category:Post-punk musicians Category:Rock songwriters Category:Singers who committed suicide Category:Suicides by hanging in England

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