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User:Masaqui/sandbox/Ocean disposal of radioactive waste

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Ocean disposal of radioactive waste or Ocean dumping is a method practiced from 1946 to 1993 by many countries to dispose nuclear/radioactive waste. There is a similar but different method studied by UK and Sweden which is Ocean floor disposal (or Sub seabed disposal). Concept of Ocean floor disposal is actively deliver waste to ocean floor and deposit waste within seabed. This method was studied but not practiced.

Overview

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Ocean dumping is the first method practiced by early nuclear adapting countries to dispose radioactive waste in second half of 20th century. Then other industrial waste also dumped at sea or river without much concern about environment impacts.

Since first disposal of 1946 by US at the Northeast Pacific Ocean Ocean (80km off coast of California), 13 countries had disposed nuclear waste including liquid and solid waste, reactor vessels with and without spent or damaged nuclear fuel into the oceans until 1993.[1]

Ocean dumping of radioactive waste is not permitted by a number of international agreements. (London Convention (1972), Basel Convention, MARPOL 73/78)

History

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Data are from IAEA_tec1105.[1]

  • 1946 First dumping operations (USA) at Northeast Pacific Ocean Ocean (about 80km off the coast of California
  • 1957 First IAEA Advisory Group Meeting on Radioactive Waste Disposal into the Sea
  • 1958 First United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS I)
  • 1972 Adoption of the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention 1972)
  • 1975 The London Convention 1972 entered into force (Prohibition of dumping of high level radioactive waste.)
  • 1983 Decision on moratorium on low level waste dumping
  • 1988 Assessing the Impact of Deep Sea Disposal of Low-level Radioactive Waste on Living Marine Resources. IAEA Technical Reports Series No. 288
  • 1990 Estimation of Radiation Risks at Low Dose. IAEA-TECDOC-557
  • 1993 Russia reported the dumping of high level nuclear waste including spend nuclear fuel by former USSR.
  • 1994 Feb-20 Total prohibition on radioactive waste disposal at sea came into force

Disposal of 1946-93

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Data are from IAEA_tec1105.[1] Disposals were taken place under consideration of;

  • locate ideal dumping site for depth, stability and ocean current
  • treatment of radioactive waste, solidification, containment

However some of dumping were just done to dilute radioactive waste with surface water, or containers implode at depth. Even containers survive with pressure but its physical structure will decay in time at ocean floor and start leaking radioactive material.

Masaqui/sandbox/Ocean disposal of radioactive waste is located in Earth
SU 38,369TBq
SU 38,369TBq
SU 124TBq
SU 124TBq
SU 749TBq
SU 749TBq
BE_2,120TBq
BE_2,120TBq
JP 15.1TBq
JP 15.1TBq
KR ?TBq
KR ?TBq
NZ 1.0TBq
NZ 1.0TBq
CH_4,419TBq
CH_4,419TBq
GB_35,088TBq
GB_35,088TBq
US 2,942TBq
US 2,942TBq
US 554TBq
US 554TBq
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Ocean Disposal, Num are country total, sites are largest of each country, SU=Soviet Union, CH=Switzerland, GB=UK
France (354TBq), Germany (0.2TBq), Italy (0.2TBq), Netherland (336TBq), Sweden (3.2TBq) are within UK marker, Russia (2.8TBq) is within SU marker

USSR, UK, Switzerland, US, Belgium, France, Netherlands, Japan, Sweden, Russia, New Zealand, Germany, Italy and Korea had dumped waste at over 100 dumping site.

Ocean dumping of radioactive waste 1946-93
Country dumped (unit TBq=1012Bq） period num of sites, volume, etc.
Arctic Atlantic Pacific Total
 Soviet Union 38,369 0 874 39,243 1959-91 Arctic; 20 sites, 222x103m3 and reactor w or w/o spent fuel, Pacific Ocean (mainly sea of Japan); 12 sites, 145x103m3
 Russia 0.7 0 2.1 2.8 1992-93 Arctic; 3,066m3, Pacific Ocean (mainly sea of Japan) 6,327m3
 Belgium 0 2,120 0 2,120 1960-82 NE Atlantic 6 sites, 55,324 containers, 23.1x103tons
 France 0 354 0 354 1967-69 NE Atlantic 2 sites, 46,396 containers, 14.3x103tons
 Germany 0 0.2 0 0.2 1967 NE Atlantic 1 site once, 480 containers, 185tons
 Italy 0 0.2 0 0.2 1969 NE Atlantic 1 site, 100 containers, 45tons
 Netherlands 0 336 0 336 1967-82 NE Atlantic 4 sites, 28,428 containers, 19.2x103tons
 Sweden 0 3.2 0 3.2 1959,61,69 baltic sea 1 site, 230 containers, 64 tons, NE Atlantic 1 site, 289.5 containers, 1,080 tons,
  Switzerland 0 4,419 0 4,419 1969-82 NE Atlantic, 3 sites, 7,420 containers, 5,321 tons
 UK 0 35,088 0 35,088 1948-82 NE Atlantic 15 sites, ?? containers, 74052 tons and 18 sites off coast of British isle more than 9.4 TBq
 USA 0 2,942 554 3,496 1946-70 Central(2) and NW(7) of Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico(2) total 11 sites, 34,282 containers, ?? tones, Central (2) and NE of Pacific Ocean (16), total of 18 sites, 56261 containers, ?? tones
 Japan 0 0 15.08 15.08 1955-69 off the coast of Izu, 6 sites 15 times, 3,031 containers, 606x103m3
 New Zealand 0 0 1.04 1.04 1954-76 east coast of New Zealand, 4 sites, 9 containers, 0.62m3
 South Korea 0 0 no data 1968-72 sea of Japan, 1 site 5 times?, 115 container, 45 tons
Total 38,369 45,262 1,446 85,077

Total of 85.1x1015 Becquerel(Bq)(initial radioactivity at the time of dump) of radio active waste were disposed at sea.

< other values for comparison >

Types of waste and packaging

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Data are from IAEA_tec1105.[1]

Liquid waste

  • unpackaged and diluted in surface waters
  • contained in package but not solidified

Solid waste

  • low level waste like resins, filters, material used for decontamination processes, etc., solidified with cement or bitumen and packaged in metal containers
  • unpackaged solid waste, mainly large parts of nuclear installations (steam generators, pumps, lids of reactor pressure vessels, etc.

Reactor vessels

  • without nuclear fuel,
  • containing damaged spent nuclear fuel solidified with polymer agent
  • special container with damaged spent nuclear fuel (icebreaker Lenin by the former Soviet Union)
Ocean disposal (unit TBq = 1012Bq)
Waste type Atlantic Pacific Ocean Arctic total note
Reactors with spent fuel Nil Nil 36,876 36,876
Reactors w/o fuel 1,221 166 143 1,530
Low Level solid 44,043 821 585 45,449
Low level liquid <0.001 459 765 1,223
Total 45,264 1445 38,369 85,078

Locations of dumping

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Data are from IAEA_tec1105.[1]

Marksize

0-10TBq;4, 10-100TBq;6, 100-1000TBq;8, 1000-10000TBq;11, over;15

Arctic Ocean dump sites

Masaqui/sandbox/Ocean disposal of radioactive waste is located in Northwestern Federal District
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19654TBq
19654TBq
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14580TBq
14580TBq
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SU=USSR, RU=Russia, SE=Sweden

North Atlantic dump sites

Masaqui/sandbox/Ocean disposal of radioactive waste is located in North Atlantic
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Waste disposal sites, BE=Belgium, FR=France, DE=Germany, IT=Italy, NL=Netherlands, SE=Sweden, CH=Switzerland, GB=UK, US=USA

Pacific Ocean

Masaqui/sandbox/Ocean disposal of radioactive waste is located in Pacific Ocean
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Waste disposal sites

Sea of Japan

Masaqui/sandbox/Ocean disposal of radioactive waste is located in Japan
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18
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483
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Masaqui/sandbox/Ocean disposal of radioactive waste
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Waste disposal sites

Environmental impact

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Data are from IAEA_tec1105.[1]

Arctic Ocean dumped by USSR and Russia

The joint Russian-Norwegian expeditions (1992-94) collected sample from four waste dumping sites. at immediate vicinity of waste containers, elevated levels of radionuclide are found, but not contaminated surrounding area.


North-East Atlantic Ocean dumping site

Dumped by UK, Switzerland, Belgium, France, Netherland, Sweden, German and Italy. IAEA had been studied since 1977. in the report of 1996 by CRESP suggests measurable leakages of radioactive material but concluded that environmental impact is negligible.

North-East Pacific Ocean, North-West Atlantic Ocean dumping sites of USA

these sites are monitored by US EPA and US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. So far no excess level of radionuclides were found in sample (sea water, sediments) collected in the area, except the sample taken at close location of disposed packages which contained elevated level of isotopes of caesium and plutonium.


North-West Pacific Ocean Ocean dumped by USSR, Japan, Russia and Korea

The joint Japanese-Korean-Russian expedition (1994-95) concluded that contamination are mainly by global fallout.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f IAEA TECDOC-1105 “Inventory of radioactive waste disposals at sea” August 1999 retrieved 2011-12-4
  2. ^ Japan Atomic Industrial Forum Inc(JAIF) “Earthquake-report 250 (30 October 2011)”retrieved2011-11-12
  3. ^ Mainichi Shimbun "Cesium-137 flow into sea 30 times greater than stated by TEPCO report (29 October 2011)"retrieved 2011-11-12

see also

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