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Gitxsan language
[edit]From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Gitxsan language /ˈɡɪtsæn/, or Gitxsanimaax (also rendered Gitksan, Giatikshan, Gityskyan, Giklsan), is an endangered Tsimshianic language of northwestern British Columbia, closely related to the neighboring Nisga’a language. The two groups are, however, politically separate and prefer to refer to Gitxsan and Nisga'a as distinct languages. According to the 2016 census there were 1,020 native speakers.
Gitxsan means "People of the Skeena River" ("Ksan" being the name of the Skeena in Gitxsan).
Dialects
[edit]Gitxsan language is primarily separated into Eastern and Western Gitxsan, although each village has its own dialect. The Eastern villages include Kispiox (Ansbayaxw), Glen Vowell (Sigit'ox), and Hazelton (Git-an'maaxs). The Western villages include Kitwanga (Gjtwjngax), Gitanyow (Git-antaaw) and Kitseguecla (Gijigyukwhla). The main differences between dialects include a lexical shift in vowels and stop lenition use present only in the Eastern dialects. The largest differences in language and culture exist between Eastern and Western Gitxsan, rather than between each village. [1]
History and Usage
[edit]Revitalization Efforts
[edit]The University of Northern British Columbia and Siiwiixo'osxwim Wilnataahl Gitksan Society (Gitksan Language Society) set up a Developmental Standard Term Certificate program offered through Northwest Community College, with all courses offered in Hazelton, BC. The program is designed to help revitalize Gitxsan language by allowing those who complete it to teach language and culture courses at the elementary and secondary school level in the community. [2]
In the spring of 2018, an online dictionary app was released in collaboration with members of Gitksan Nation and researchers at the University of British Columbia. The app includes various dialects of Gitxsan, and includes audio from different villages. Flashcards, stories, and histories are also included in addition to functioning as a dictionary. This app is based on a print dictionary produced in 1973 by Lonnie Hindle and Bruce Rigsby. With its launch, the app briefly held a top spot in Google Play's education category and accumulated around 500 downloads in its first week.[3]
Phonology
[edit]The Gitxsan inventory is as follows:
| i iː | u uː | |
| (e) eː | (ə) | (o) oː |
| a aː |
The mid and high vowels are nearly in complementary distribution, suggesting that Gitxsan once had a three-vowel system. Short mid vowels are emerging. Schwa may not be phonemic.
| Obstruents | p | t | t͡s | c | kʷ | q | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pʼ | tʼ | t͡sʼ | t͜ɬʼ | cʼ | kʷʼ | qʼ | ||
| s | ɬ | ç | xʷ | χ | ||||
| Sonorants | m | n | l | j | w | h | ||
| mˀ | nˀ | lˀ | jˀ | wˀ | ʔ |
The palatal obstruents become velar before /s/ and /l/.
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- ^ Brown, Jason; Davis, Henry; Schwan, Michael; Sennott, Barbara (December 2016). "Gitksan". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 46 (3): 367–378.
- ^ "Gitksan Students Complete Coursework". Aug 10, 2005. Retrieved Dec 14, 2019.
- ^ Muir, Cassidy (May 22, 2018). "Gitksan dictionary goes mobile". The Interior News. Retrieved Nov 12, 2019.