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1994 South African general election

26–29 April 1994
All 400 seats to the National Assembly of South Africa 201 seats needed for a majority
Turnout	86.9%
First party Second party Third party   Leader Nelson Mandela F. W. de Klerk Mangosuthu Buthelezi Party ANC National IFP Last election Banned 94 Barred Seats won 252 82 43 Seat change 252 (new) 8 43 (new) Popular vote 12,237,655 3,983,690 2,058,294 Percentage 62.65% 20.39% 10.54% Swing Banned 27.81% Barred   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader Constand Viljoen Zach de Beer Clarence Makwetu Party VF Democratic PAC Last election Did not contest 33 Banned Seats won 9 7 5 Seat change 9 (new) 26 5 (new) Popular vote 424,555 338,426 243,478 Percentage 2.17% 1.73% 1.25% Swing new 18.27% Banned
Results by province. Lighter shade indicates plurality.
State President before election F. W. de Klerk National Elected President Nelson Mandela ANC

General elections were held in South Africa between 26 and 29 April 1994. The elections were the first in which citizens of all races were allowed to take part, and were therefore also the first held with universal adult suffrage. The election was conducted under the direction of the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC), and marked the culmination of the four-year process that ended apartheid.

Millions queued in lines over a four-day voting period. Altogether, 19,726,579 votes were counted, and 193,081 were rejected as invalid. As widely expected, the African National Congress (ANC), whose slate incorporated the labour confederation COSATU and the South African Communist Party, won a sweeping victory, taking 62 percent of the vote, just short of the two-thirds majority required to unilaterally amend the Interim Constitution. As required by that document, the ANC formed a Government of National Unity with the National Party and the Inkatha Freedom Party, the two other parties that won more than 20 seats in the National Assembly. The new National Assembly's first act was to elect Nelson Mandela as President, making him the country's first black chief executive.

The date 27 April is now a public holiday in South Africa, Freedom Day.

Background

Throughout the 1980s the Government of P. W. Botha passed some minor reforms. However, Internal opposition and the International Community demanded a total end to racial discrimination. Botha appeared to heading for more radical reform, including meeting Mandela, but suffered a stroke leading to his resignation.

Campaign

National Party

The National Party's main goal for the election was to prevent the ANC from winning a two-thirds majority — which would grant the ANC the power to unilaterally draft and pass the permanent constitution — and optimistically win a third of the vote.

Inkatha Freedom Party

On the 19th, the Inkatha Freedom Party entered the election upon reaching an agreement with ANC and NP. The Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) entered the election late, and it was added to the already-printed ballot papers by means of a sticker. In rural areas with limited infrastructure, people queued "for days" in order to vote.

Conduct

External videos
Newsnight - South African Elections, BBC archive

Results

National Assembly

The 400 members of the National Assembly were chosen from party lists in proportion to each party's share of the national ballot.

Party		Votes	%	Seats
	African National Congress	12,237,655	62.65	252
	National Party	3,983,690	20.39	82
	Inkatha Freedom Party	2,058,294	10.54	43
	Freedom Front	424,555	2.17	9
	Democratic Party	338,426	1.73	7
	Pan Africanist Congress	243,478	1.25	5
	African Christian Democratic Party	88,104	0.45	2
	Africa Muslim Party	34,466	0.18	0
	African Moderates Congress Party	27,690	0.14	0
	Dikwankwetla Party	19,451	0.10	0
	Federal Party	17,663	0.09	0
	Minority Front	13,433	0.07	0
	Sport Organisation for Collective Contributions and Equal Rights	10,575	0.05	0
	African Democratic Movement	9,886	0.05	0
	Women's Rights Peace Party	6,434	0.03	0
	Ximoko Progressive Party	6,320	0.03	0
	Keep It Straight and Simple Party	5,916	0.03	0
	Workers' List Party	4,169	0.02	0
	Luso-South African Party	3,293	0.02	0
Total		19,533,498	100.00	400
Valid votes		19,533,498	99.02
Invalid/blank votes		193,112	0.98
Total votes		19,726,610	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		22,709,152	86.87
Source: African Elections Database

Senate

The 90 members of the Senate were chosen, 10 from each province, by the newly elected provincial legislatures. Each province's Senate seats were allocated in proportion to the parties' representation in the provincial legislature.

 Determination of seats in the Senate as a consequence of the 26–29 April 1994 provincial elections

Party		EC	FS	G	KZN	M	NW	NC	NP	WC	Total
	ANC	9	8	6	3	8	8	5	10	3	60
	National	1	1	2	1	1	1	4		6	17
	IFP				5						5
	VF		1	1		1	1	1			5
	Democratic			1	1					1	3
Total		10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	90

In 1997, on the adoption of the final Constitution, the Senate became the National Council of Provinces; its political makeup remained the same, but members were divided into permanent and special delegates, as described in the following table.

 Initial determination of delegates to the National Council of Provinces at the adoption of the new Constitution on 4 February 1997

Party		Delegate type	EC	FS	G	KZN	M	NW	NC	NP	WC	Total
	ANC	Permanent	5	4	3	1	4	4	3	6	2	32	60
		Special	4	4	3	2	4	4	2	4	1	28
	National	Permanent	1	1	1	1	1	1	2		3	11	17
		Special			1				2		3	6
	IFP	Permanent				3						3	5
		Special				2						2
	VF	Permanent		1	1		1	1	1			5
	Democratic	Permanent			1	1					1	3
Total			10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	90

Provincial legislature results

Members of the provincial legislatures were elected from party lists in proportion to each party's share of the provincial ballot.

Party	EC	FS	G	KZN	M	NW	NC	NP	WC
	ANC	48	24	50	26	25	26	15	38	14
	National	6	4	21	9	3	3	12	1	23
	IFP	0	0	3	41	0	0	0	0	0
	VF	0	2	5	0	2	1	2	1	1
	Democratic	1	0	5	2	0	0	1	0	3
	PAC	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0
	ACDP	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1
	MF	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–	–
Total		56	30	86	81	30	30	30	40	42

Eastern Cape

Party		Votes	%	Seats
	African National Congress	2,453,790	84.35	48
	National Party	286,029	9.83	6
	Democratic Party	59,644	2.05	1
	Pan Africanist Congress	59,475	2.04	1
	Freedom Front	23,167	0.80	0
	African Christian Democratic Party	14,908	0.51	0
	Inkatha Freedom Party	5,050	0.17	0
	African Democratic Movement	4,815	0.17	0
	Merit Party	2,028	0.07	0
Total		2,908,906	100.00	56
Valid votes		2,908,906	99.55
Invalid/blank votes		13,248	0.45
Total votes		2,922,154	100.00
Source: Election Resources

Free State

Party		Votes	%	Seats
	African National Congress	1,037,998	76.65	24
	National Party	170,452	12.59	4
	Freedom Front	81,662	6.03	2
	Pan Africanist Congress	24,451	1.81	0
	Dikwankwetla Party	17,024	1.26	0
	Democratic Party	7,664	0.57	0
	Inkatha Freedom Party	6,935	0.51	0
	African Christian Democratic Party	6,072	0.45	0
	African Democratic Movement	2,008	0.15	0
Total		1,354,266	100.00	30
Valid votes		1,354,266	99.25
Invalid/blank votes		10,286	0.75
Total votes		1,364,552	100.00
Source: Election Resources

Gauteng

Party		Votes	%	Seats
	African National Congress	2,418,257	57.60	50
	National Party	1,002,540	23.88	21
	Freedom Front	258,935	6.17	5
	Democratic Party	223,548	5.32	5
	Inkatha Freedom Party	153,567	3.66	3
	Pan Africanist Congress	61,512	1.47	1
	African Christian Democratic Party	25,542	0.61	1
	Federal Party	16,279	0.39	0
	Africa Muslim Party	12,888	0.31	0
	Women's Rights Peace Party	7,279	0.17	0
	Luso-South African Party	5,423	0.13	0
	Dikwankwetla Party	4,853	0.12	0
	African Democratic Movement	4,352	0.10	0
	Ximoko Progressive Party	3,275	0.08	0
Total		4,198,250	100.00	86
Valid votes		4,198,250	99.40
Invalid/blank votes		25,383	0.60
Total votes		4,223,633	100.00
Source: Election Resources

KwaZulu/Natal

Party		Votes	%	Seats
	Inkatha Freedom Party	1,844,070	50.32	41
	African National Congress	1,181,118	32.23	26
	National Party	410,710	11.21	9
	Democratic Party	78,910	2.15	2
	Minority Front	48,951	1.34	1
	Pan Africanist Congress	26,601	0.73	1
	African Christian Democratic Party	24,690	0.67	1
	Freedom Front	18,625	0.51	0
	Africa Muslim Party	17,931	0.49	0
	African Democratic Movement	8,092	0.22	0
	Workers International to Rebuild the Fourth International	4,626	0.13	0
Total		3,664,324	100.00	81
Valid votes		3,664,324	98.94
Invalid/blank votes		39,369	1.06
Total votes		3,703,693	100.00
Source: Election Resources

Mpumalanga

Party		Votes	%	Seats
	African National Congress	1,070,052	80.69	25
	National Party	119,311	9.00	3
	Freedom Front	75,120	5.66	2
	Pan Africanist Congress	21,679	1.63	0
	Inkatha Freedom Party	20,147	1.52	0
	Democratic Party	7,437	0.56	0
	African Christian Democratic Party	6,339	0.48	0
	African Democratic Movement	5,062	0.38	0
	Right Party	921	0.07	0
Total		1,326,068	100.00	30
Valid votes		1,326,068	99.06
Invalid/blank votes		12,631	0.94
Total votes		1,338,699	100.00
Source: Election Resources

North-West

Party		Votes	%	Seats
	African National Congress	1,310,080	83.33	26
	National Party	138,986	8.84	3
	Freedom Front	72,821	4.63	1
	Pan Africanist Congress	27,274	1.73	0
	Democratic Party	7,894	0.50	0
	Inkatha Freedom Party	5,948	0.38	0
	African Christian Democratic Party	5,570	0.35	0
	African Democratic Movement	3,569	0.23	0
Total		1,572,142	100.00	30
Valid votes		1,572,142	98.81
Invalid/blank votes		18,974	1.19
Total votes		1,591,116	100.00
Source: Election Resources

Northern Cape

Party		Votes	%	Seats
	African National Congress	200,839	49.74	15
	National Party	163,452	40.48	12
	Freedom Front	24,117	5.97	2
	Democratic Party	7,567	1.87	1
	Pan Africanist Congress	3,765	0.93	0
	Inkatha Freedom Party	1,688	0.42	0
	African Christian Democratic Party	1,610	0.40	0
	African Democratic Movement	734	0.18	0
Total		403,772	100.00	30
Valid votes		403,772	99.13
Invalid/blank votes		3,534	0.87
Total votes		407,306	100.00
Source: Election Resources

Northern Province

Party		Votes	%	Seats
	African National Congress	1,759,597	91.63	38
	National Party	62,745	3.27	1
	Freedom Front	41,193	2.15	1
	Pan Africanist Congress	24,360	1.27	0
	United People's Front	10,123	0.53	0
	African Christian Democratic Party	7,363	0.38	0
	Ximoko Progressive Party	4,963	0.26	0
	Democratic Party	4,021	0.21	0
	African Democratic Movement	3,662	0.19	0
	Inkatha Freedom Party	2,233	0.12	0
Total		1,920,260	100.00	40
Valid votes		1,920,260	99.29
Invalid/blank votes		13,702	0.71
Total votes		1,933,962	100.00
Source: Election Resources

Western Cape

Party		Votes	%	Seats
	National Party	1,138,242	53.25	23
	African National Congress	705,576	33.01	14
	Democratic Party	141,970	6.64	3
	Freedom Front	44,003	2.06	1
	African Christian Democratic Party	25,731	1.20	1
	Pan Africanist Congress	22,676	1.06	0
	Africa Muslim Party	20,954	0.98	0
	Islamic Party	16,762	0.78	0
	Inkatha Freedom Party	7,445	0.35	0
	Wes-Kaap Federaliste Party	6,337	0.30	0
	South African Women's Party	2,641	0.12	0
	Green Party	2,611	0.12	0
	African Democratic Movement	1,939	0.09	0
	Workers International to Rebuild the Fourth International	855	0.04	0
Total		2,137,742	100.00	42
Valid votes		2,137,742	99.50
Invalid/blank votes		10,714	0.50
Total votes		2,148,456	100.00
Source: Election Resources

Legacy

Following the elections, 27 April subsequently became a national public holiday, Freedom Day.

In a Sunday Independent article on the 20th anniversary of the election, Steven Friedman, who headed the IEC's information analysis department during the election, stated that the lack of a voters roll made verifying the results of the election difficult, and there were widespread accusations of cheating. Friedman characterised the election as a "technical disaster but a political triumph", and intimated that the final results were as a result of a negotiated compromise, rather than being an accurate count of the votes cast, stating that it was impossible to produce an accurate result under the circumstances that the election was held. He wrote that he believed that the result of the election, which gave KwaZulu-Natal to the IFP; gave the National Party 20% of the vote share, and a Deputy President position; and held the ANC back from the two-thirds majority with the ability to unilaterally write the final constitution, helped prevent a civil war.

Bibliography

Mandela, Nelson (1994). Long Walk to Freedom (Abacus, 1995 ed.). Abacus. ISBN 978 0 349 10653 3.
de Klerk, Frederik Willem (1999). The Last Trek: A New Beginning (Pan Books, 2000 ed.). Pan Books. ISBN 0 330 36960 1.

External links

• US Department of the Army, South Africa Country Study, "The 1994 Elections"
• IEC results for 1994 election
• Proportional representation and alternative systems