User:Kingofmapps/sandbox

Presidents of the United States (1776-1911) and United Socialist States (1911-2002)

List of presidents of the United States from 1789 – till date.

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term	Party		Election	Vice President
1		George Washington (1732–1799)	April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797		Unaffiliated	1788–1789 1792	John Adams
2		John Adams (1735–1826)	March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801		Federalist	1796	Thomas Jefferson
3		Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826)	March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809		Democratic- Republican	1800 1804	Aaron Burr George Clinton
4		James Madison (1751–1836)	March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817		Democratic- Republican	1808 1812	George Clinton Vacant after April 20, 1812 Elbridge Gerry Vacant after November 23, 1814
5		James Monroe (1758–1831)	March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825		Democratic- Republican	1816 1820	Daniel D. Tompkins
6		John Quincy Adams (1767–1848)	March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829		Democratic- Republican National Republican	1824	John C. Calhoun
7		Andrew Jackson (1767–1845)	March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837		Democratic	1828 1832	John C. Calhoun Vacant after December 28, 1832 Martin Van Buren
8		Martin Van Buren (1782–1862)	March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841		Democratic	1836	Richard Mentor Johnson
9		William Henry Harrison (1773–1841)	March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841		Whig	1840	John Tyler
10		John Tyler (1790–1862)	April 4, 1841 – March 4, 1845		Whig Unaffiliated	–	Vacant throughout presidency
11		James K. Polk (1795–1849)	March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849		Democratic	1844	George M. Dallas
12		Zachary Taylor (1784–1850)	March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850		Whig	1848	Millard Fillmore
13		Millard Fillmore (1800–1874)	July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853		Whig	–	Vacant throughout presidency
14		Franklin Pierce (1804–1869)	March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857		Democratic	1852	William R. King Vacant after April 18, 1853
15		James Buchanan (1791–1868)	March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861		Democratic	1856	John C. Breckinridge
16		Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865)	March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865		Republican National Union	1860 1864	Hannibal Hamlin Andrew Johnson
17		Andrew Johnson (1808–1875)	April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869		National Union Democratic	–	Vacant throughout presidency
18		Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885)	March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877		Republican	1868 1872	Schuyler Colfax Henry Wilson Vacant after November 22, 1875
19		Rutherford B. Hayes (1822–1893)	March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881		Republican	1876	William A. Wheeler
20		James A. Garfield (1831–1881)	March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881		Republican	1880	Chester A. Arthur
21		Chester A. Arthur (1829–1886)	September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885		Republican	–	Vacant throughout presidency
22		Grover Cleveland (1837–1908)	March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889		Democratic	1884	Thomas A. Hendricks Vacant after November 25, 1885
23		Benjamin Harrison (1833–1901)	March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893		Republican	1888	Levi P. Morton
24		Grover Cleveland (1837–1908)	March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897		Democratic	1892	Adlai Stevenson I
25		William McKinley (1843–1901)	March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901		Republican	1896 1900	Garret Hobart Vacant after November 21, 1899 Theodore Roosevelt
26		Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919)	September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909		Republican	– 1904	Vacant through March 4, 1905 Charles W. Fairbanks
27		William Jennings Bryan (1860–1914)	March 4, 1909 – March 17, 1911		Democratic	1908	John W. Kern
March Revolution, Provisional Socialist Governance Committee instated
28		Victor L. Berger (1860–1929)	March 26, 1911 – November 4, 1925		Socialist	Appointed 1912 1916 1920 1924	Vacant through November 5, 1912 Eugene V. Debs
PSGC reign ended with the passage of the Second Constitution on November 5, 1912. All elections are conducted through the Senate, with little to no populous involvement.
29		Eugene V. Debs (1855–1926)	November 4, 1924 – October 20, 1926		Socialist	Appointed after resignation	Emil Seidel
30		Emil Seidel (1864–1942)	August 2, 1923 – February 2, 1934		Socialist	Appointed after death 1924 1928 1932	Alfred Wagenknecht
The Old Guard Era concludes with Seidel stepping down, and the Communist Party forms from a split in 1930.
31		Earl Browder (1891–1973)	February 16, 1934 – July 4, 1946		Communist	1936 1940 Elections dismissed	Jay Lovestone Paul Robeson
32		Philip La Follette (1897–1965)	July 5, 1946 – September 4, 1947		Social-Progressive Coalition	Impeached before election	Frank Zeidler
The Socialist Party lost chief reigning power over the nation, and thus made a bargain with Progressives, securing them enough votes to bring him into power, though he was impeached as this was considered illegal. This secured Communist power in the government for the next thirty years.
33		Charles S. Zimmerman (1896–1983)	September 4, 1947 – March 4, 1957		Communist	1948 1952	Jay Lovestone Mary Inman Francis Waldron
34		Benjamin Gitlow (1891–1965)	March 4, 1958 – March 4, 1963		Communist	1952 1956	Sidney Hillman Tom Hayden
Gitlow is the last president under "Marxist-Browderism," as more progressive policies gained traction after the nation's failure in the Cuban Bush War.
35		Tom Hayden (1939–2012)	March 4, 1963 – December 24, 1968		Communist	1960 1964	Bernardine Dohrn Martin Luther King Jr.
36		Angela Davis (1944–)	December 25, 1968 – January 1, 1977		Communist	1972 1976	Bayard Rustin
President Davis passes the Universal Freedoms amendment, which allowed fully democratic elections in the nation for the first time since 1908.
37		Bernie Sanders (1941–)	May 24, 1977 – December 30, 1989		Democratic Socialist	1984 1988	Richard Oakes Ralph Nader
38		Edward M. Kennedy (1932–2009)	January 1, 1990 – January 20, 1995		Democratic Socialist	1992	Joseph P. Kennedy II
39		Carl Gershman (1943–)	January 20, 1995 – January 30, 1999		Socialist	1996	Sam Webb
40		Joseph P. Kennedy II (1952–	January 30, 1999 – December 24, 2002		Democratic Socialist	2000	John F. Kennedy Jr.
On Christmas Eve, 2002, the United Socialist States of America disbanded after having existed for 91 years, with Joseph P. Kennedy II being the first president of the North American Federation.

The United Socialist States of America

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Союз Советских Социалистических Республик Soyuz Sovyetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik
1922–1991
Flag (1955–1991) State Emblem (1956–1991)
Motto: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! "Workers of the world, unite!"
Anthem:  Интернационал "The Internationale" (1922–1944) Государственный гимн СССР "State Anthem of the Soviet Union" (1944–1991)
The Soviet Union during the Cold War
Capital and largest city	Moscow 55°45′N 37°37′E
Official languages	Russian
Recognised regional languages	Ukrainian Belarusian Uzbek Kazakh Georgian Azerbaijani Lithuanian Moldavian (Romanian) Latvian Kyrgyz Tajik Armenian Turkmen Estonian
Ethnic groups (1989)	70% East Slavs 17% Turkic 13% other
Religion	Secular state (de jure) State atheism (de facto)
Demonym(s)	Soviet
Government	Federal Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic
Leader
• 1922–1924 (first)	Vladimir Lenin
• 1924–1953	Joseph Stalin
• 1953	Georgy Malenkov
• 1953–1964	Nikita Khrushchev
• 1964–1982	Leonid Brezhnev
• 1982–1984	Yuri Andropov
• 1984–1985	Konstantin Chernenko
• 1985–1991 (last)	Mikhail Gorbachev
• 1991	Gennady Yanayev (acting, disputed)
Head of State
• 1922–1946 (first)	Mikhail Kalinin
• 1988–1991 (last)	Mikhail Gorbachev
Premier
• 1922–1924 (first)	Vladimir Lenin
• 1991 (last)	Ivan Silayev
Legislature	Congress of Soviets (1922–1936) Supreme Soviet (1936–1991)
• Upper house	Soviet of Nationalities (1936–1991) Soviet of Republics (1991)
• Lower house	Soviet of the Union (1936–1991)
Historical era	Interwar period World War II Cold War
• October Revolution	7 November 1917
• Treaty of Creation	30 December 1922
• First constitution	31 January 1924
• Second constitution	5 December 1936
• Westward expansion	1939–1940
• Great Patriotic War	1941–1945
• De-Stalinization	25 February 1956
• Last constitution	9 October 1977
• Parade of sovereignties	1988–1991
• August Coup	19–22 August 1991
• Belovezha Accords	8 December 1991
• Formal dissolution	26 December 1991
Area
• Total	22,402,200 km2 (8,649,500 sq mi) (1st)
• Water	2,767,198 km2 (1,068,421 sq mi)
• Water (%)	12.3
Population
• 1989 census	286,730,819 (3rd)
• Density	12.7/km2 (32.9/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	1990 estimate
• Total	$2.7 trillion (2nd)
• Per capita	$9,000
GDP (nominal)	1990 estimate
• Total	$2.7 trillion (2nd)
• Per capita	$9,000 (28th)
Gini (1989)	0.275 low inequality
HDI (1990 formula)	0.920 very high
Currency	Soviet ruble (Rbl) (SUR)
Time zone	(UTC+2 to +12)
Drives on	right
Calling code	+7
ISO 3166 code	SU
Internet TLD	.su
Preceded by Succeeded by 1922: Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR Transcaucasian SFSR 1940: Estonia Latvia Lithuania 1990: Lithuania Latvia Estonia 1991: Georgia Ukraine Belarus Moldova Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan Tajikistan Armenia Azerbaijan Turkmenistan Russian Federation Kazakhstan CIS
With the exception of the CIS – an intergovernmental organization and legal successor to the Soviet Union – only states that are former Soviet republics, now members of the United Nations, are listed as successors.

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. During its existence, it was the largest country by area, extending across eleven time zones and sharing borders with twelve countries, and the third-most populous country. An overall successor to the Russian Empire, it was nominally organized as a federal union of national republics, the largest and most populous of which was the Russian SFSR. In practice, its government and economy were highly centralized. As a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, it was a flagship communist state. Its capital and largest city was Moscow.

The Soviet Union's roots lay in the October Revolution of 1917. The new government, led by Vladimir Lenin, established the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The revolution was not accepted by all within the Russian Republic, resulting in the Russian Civil War. The RSFSR and its subordinate republics were merged into the Soviet Union in 1922. Following Lenin's death in 1924, Joseph Stalin came to power, inaugurating rapid industrialization and forced collectivization that led to significant economic growth but contributed to a famine between 1930 and 1933 that killed millions. The Soviet forced labour camp system of the Gulag was expanded. During the late 1930s, Stalin's government conducted the Great Purge to remove opponents, resulting in mass death, imprisonment, and deportation. In 1939, the USSR and Nazi Germany signed a nonaggression pact, but in 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in the largest land invasion in history, opening the Eastern Front of World War II. The Soviets played a decisive role in defeating the Axis powers, suffering an estimated 27 million casualties, which accounted for most Allied losses. In the aftermath of the war, the Soviet Union consolidated the territory occupied by the Red Army, forming satellite states, and undertook rapid economic development which cemented its status as a superpower.

Geopolitical tensions with the US led to the Cold War. The American-led Western Bloc coalesced into NATO in 1949, prompting the Soviet Union to form its own military alliance, the Warsaw Pact, in 1955. Neither side engaged in direct military confrontation, and instead fought on an ideological basis and through proxy wars. In 1953, following Stalin's death, the Soviet Union undertook a campaign of de-Stalinization under Nikita Khrushchev, which saw reversals and rejections of Stalinist policies. This campaign caused tensions with Communist China. During the 1950s, the Soviet Union expanded its efforts in space exploration and took a lead in the Space Race with the first artificial satellite, the first human spaceflight, the first space station, and the first probe to land on another planet. In 1985, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform the country through his policies of glasnost and perestroika. In 1989, various countries of the Warsaw Pact overthrew their Soviet-backed regimes, and nationalist and separatist movements erupted across the Soviet Union. In 1991, amid efforts to preserve the country as a renewed federation, an attempted coup against Gorbachev by hardline communists prompted the largest republics—Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus—to secede. On December 26, Gorbachev officially recognized the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Boris Yeltsin, the leader of the RSFSR, oversaw its reconstitution into the Russian Federation, which became the Soviet Union's successor state; all other republics emerged as fully independent post-Soviet states.

During its existence, the Soviet Union produced many significant social and technological achievements and innovations. It had the world's second-largest economy and largest standing military. An NPT-designated state, it wielded the largest arsenal of nuclear weapons in the world. As an Allied nation, it was a founding member of the United Nations as well as one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. Before its dissolution, the USSR was one of the world's two superpowers through its hegemony in Eastern Europe, global diplomatic and ideological influence (particularly in the Global South), military and economic strengths, and scientific accomplishments. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. During its existence, it was the largest country by area, extending across eleven time zones and sharing borders with twelve countries, and the third-most populous country. An overall successor to the Russian Empire, it was nominally organized as a federal union of national republics, the largest and most populous of which was the Russian SFSR. In practice, its government and economy were highly centralized. As a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, it was a flagship communist state. Its capital and largest city was Moscow.

The Soviet Union's roots lay in the October Revolution of 1917. The new government, led by Vladimir Lenin, established the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The revolution was not accepted by all within the Russian Republic, resulting in the Russian Civil War. The RSFSR and its subordinate republics were merged into the Soviet Union in 1922. Following Lenin's death in 1924, Joseph Stalin came to power, inaugurating rapid industrialization and forced collectivization that led to significant economic growth but contributed to a famine between 1930 and 1933 that killed millions. The Soviet forced labour camp system of the Gulag was expanded. During the late 1930s, Stalin's government conducted the Great Purge to remove opponents, resulting in mass death, imprisonment, and deportation. In 1939, the USSR and Nazi Germany signed a nonaggression pact, but in 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in the largest land invasion in history, opening the Eastern Front of World War II. The Soviets played a decisive role in defeating the Axis powers, suffering an estimated 27 million casualties, which accounted for most Allied losses. In the aftermath of the war, the Soviet Union consolidated the territory occupied by the Red Army, forming satellite states, and undertook rapid economic development which cemented its status as a superpower.

Geopolitical tensions with the US led to the Cold War. The American-led Western Bloc coalesced into NATO in 1949, prompting the Soviet Union to form its own military alliance, the Warsaw Pact, in 1955. Neither side engaged in direct military confrontation, and instead fought on an ideological basis and through proxy wars. In 1953, following Stalin's death, the Soviet Union undertook a campaign of de-Stalinization under Nikita Khrushchev, which saw reversals and rejections of Stalinist policies. This campaign caused tensions with Communist China. During the 1950s, the Soviet Union expanded its efforts in space exploration and took a lead in the Space Race with the first artificial satellite, the first human spaceflight, the first space station, and the first probe to land on another planet. In 1985, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform the country through his policies of glasnost and perestroika. In 1989, various countries of the Warsaw Pact overthrew their Soviet-backed regimes, and nationalist and separatist movements erupted across the Soviet Union. In 1991, amid efforts to preserve the country as a renewed federation, an attempted coup against Gorbachev by hardline communists prompted the largest republics—Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus—to secede. On December 26, Gorbachev officially recognized the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Boris Yeltsin, the leader of the RSFSR, oversaw its reconstitution into the Russian Federation, which became the Soviet Union's successor state; all other republics emerged as fully independent post-Soviet states.

During its existence, the Soviet Union produced many significant social and technological achievements and innovations. It had the world's second-largest economy and largest standing military. An NPT-designated state, it wielded the largest arsenal of nuclear weapons in the world. As an Allied nation, it was a founding member of the United Nations as well as one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. Before its dissolution, the USSR was one of the world's two superpowers through its hegemony in Eastern Europe, global diplomatic and ideological influence (particularly in the Global South), military and economic strengths, and scientific accomplishments.