User:KilimAnnejaro/sandbox
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (March 2013) |
| La Garita Caldera | |
|---|---|
 Volcanic ash formations of La Garita Caldera, looking northeast (Wheeler Geologic Area) | |
| Highest point | |
| Coordinates | 37°45′23″N 106°56′03″W / 37.75639°N 106.93417°W |
| Geography | |
  La Garita Caldera Location of La Garita Caldera within Colorado | |
| Location | Mineral County, Colorado, US, around Creede |
| Parent range | San Juan Mountains |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type(s) | Caldera, extinct supervolcano |
| Last eruption | 26.3 Ma (Fish Canyon Tuff 27.8 Ma) |
La Garita Caldera is a large caldera and extinct supervolcano in the San Juan volcanic field in the San Juan Mountains around the town of Creede in southwestern Colorado, United States.[1] It is west of La Garita, Colorado. The eruption that created the La Garita Caldera is among the largest known volcanic eruptions in Earth's history, as well as being one of the most powerful known supervolcanic events.[2][3]
Geography
[edit]The La Garita Caldera is located in the San Juan mountains in southern Colorado, roughly centered on the town of Creede.[4] Parts of it are contained in Colorado's Mineral county, Rio Grande county, and Saguache county.[5]
La Garita mountains
[edit](how were these formed? by caldera or not?)
Date
[edit]The La Garita Caldera is one of a number of calderas that formed during a massive ignimbrite flare-up in Colorado, Utah, and Nevada from 40 to 18 million years ago, and was the site of massive eruptions about 28.01±0.04 million years ago, during the Oligocene Epoch.[6]
Area devastated
[edit]The area devastated by the La Garita eruption is thought to have covered a significant portion of what is now Colorado. The deposit, known as the Fish Canyon Tuff, covered at least 11,000 sq mi (28,000 km2). Its average thickness is 330 ft (100 m). The eruption might have formed a large-area ash-fall, but none has yet been identified.[7]
Size of eruption
[edit]The scale of La Garita volcanism was the second greatest of the Cenozoic Era. The resulting Fish Canyon Tuff has a volume of approximately 1,200 cubic miles (5,000 km3), giving it a volcanic explosivity index rating of 8.[8] By comparison, the eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980, was 0.25 cubic miles (1.0 km3) in volume.[9] By contrast, the most powerful human-made explosive device ever detonated, the Tsar Bomba, had a yield of 50 megatons, whereas the eruption at La Garita was about 5,000 times more energetic.[10]
The Fish Canyon eruption was the second most energetic event to have occurred on Earth since the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago. The asteroid impact responsible for that mass-extinction, equivalent to 100 teratons of TNT,[11] was approximately 420 times more powerful than the Fish Canyon eruption.
Geology
[edit] | This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2017) |
The Fish Canyon Tuff, made of dacite, is uniform in its petrological composition and forms a single cooling unit despite the huge volume. Dacite is a silicic volcanic rock common in explosive eruptions, lava domes and short thick lava flows. There are also large intracaldera lavas composed of andesite, a volcanic rock compositionally intermediate between basalt (poor in silica content) and dacite (higher silica content) in the La Garita Caldera.
The caldera itself, like the eruption of Fish Canyon Tuff, is large in scale. It is 22 by 47 miles (35 by 75 km) and oblong in shape. Many calderas of explosive origin are slightly ovoid or oblong in shape. Because of the vast scale and erosion, it took scientists over 30 years to fully determine the size of the caldera. La Garita is considered an extinct volcano.
La Garita is also the source of at least seven major eruptions of welded tuff deposits over a span of 1.5 million years since the Fish Canyon Tuff eruption. The caldera is also known to have extensive outcrops of a very unusual lava-like rock unit, called the Pagosa Peak Dacite, made of dacite that is very similar to that of the Fish Canyon Tuff. The Pagosa Peak Dacite, which has characteristics of both lava and welded tuff, was likely erupted shortly before the Fish Canyon Tuff. The Pagosa Peak Dacite has been interpreted as having erupted during low-energy pyroclastic fountaining and has a volume of about 50–70 cubic miles (200–300 km3). These rocks were identified as lava because the unit has a highly elongated shape (1:50) and very high viscosity of the crystal-rich magma similar to those of flow-layered silicic lava. The Pagosa Peak Dacite formed by low-column pyroclastic fountaining and lateral transport as dense, poorly-inflated pyroclastic flows.[12]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ Steven, Thomas A.; Lipman, Peter W. (1976). "Calderas of the San Juan Volcanic Field, Southwestern Colorado". U.S. Geological Survey Professional Papers. 958. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office: 1–35. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
- ^ "What's the Biggest Volcanic Eruption Ever?". livescience.com. November 10, 2010. Retrieved 2014-02-01.
- ^ Best, MG (2013). "The 36–18 Ma Indian Peak–Caliente ignimbrite field and calderas, southeastern Great Basin, USA: Multicyclic super-eruptions". Geosphere. 9 (4): 864–950. Bibcode:2013Geosp...9..864B. doi:10.1130/GES00902.1.
- ^ "The super volcano beneath the San Juan mountains" (PDF). Retrieved July 20, 2024..
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - ^ Steven, Thomas; Lipman, Peter (1976). "Calderas of the San Juan Volcanic Field, Southwestern Colorado" (PDF). Retrieved July 20, 2024.
- ^ Phillips, D (2013). "Ultra-high precision 40Ar/39Ar ages for Fish Canyon Tuff and Alder Creek Rhyolite sanidine: New dating standards required?". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 121: 229–239. Bibcode:2013GeCoA.121..229P. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2013.07.003.
- ^ Lipman, Peter W (2000). "Central San Juan caldera cluster: regional volcanic framework". Geological Society of America Special Papers. 346: 9–69. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.9. ISBN 0-8137-2346-9.
- ^ Super Volcano: The Ticking Time Bomb Beneath Yellowstone National Park. Voyageur Press. 10 November 2007.
- ^ Mason, et al.
- ^ "La Garita Mountains grew from volcanic explosions 35 million years ago". US Forest Service. 2021-08-25. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
- ^ Schulte, Peter; Alegret, Laia; Arenillas, Ignacio; Arz, José A.; Barton, Penny J.; Bown, Paul R.; Bralower, Timothy J.; Christeson, Gail L.; Claeys, Philippe; Cockell, Charles S.; Collins, Gareth S. (2010-03-05). "The Chicxulub Asteroid Impact and Mass Extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary". Science. 327 (5970): 1214–1218. doi:10.1126/science.1177265. ISSN 0036-8075.
- ^ Bachmann, O.; Dungan, M.A.; Lipman, P.W. (May 2000). "Voluminous lava-like precursor to a major ash-flow tuff: low-column pyroclastic eruption of the Pagosa Peak Dacite, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 98 (1–4): 153–171. Bibcode:2000JVGR...98..153B. doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00185-7.
Bibliography
[edit]- Lipman, Peter W.; Robinson, Joel E.; Dutton, Dillon R.; Ramsey, David W.; Felger, Tracey J. (2006). Geologic Map of the Central San Juan Caldera Cluster, Southwestern Colorado. USGS Geologic Investigations Series I-2799. (includes maps, photo collection, and links to on-line abstracts)
- Mason, Ben G.; Pyle, David M.; Oppenheimer, Clive (2004). "The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth". Bulletin of Volcanology. 66 (8): 735–748. Bibcode:2004BVol...66..735M. doi:10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9. S2CID 129680497.
- Askren, Daniel R.; Rodden, Michael F.; Whitney, James A. (1997). "Petrogenesis of Tertiary Andesite Lava Flows Interlayered with Large-Volume FelsicAsh-Flow Tuffs of the Western USA". Journal of Petrology. 38 (8): 1021–1046. doi:10.1093/petrology/38.8.1021.
- Largest explosive eruptions: New results for the 27.8 Ma Fish Canyon Tuff and the La Garita caldera, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado
- The Mid-Tertiary Ignimbrite Flare-Up
External links
[edit]- USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory: Supersized eruptions are all the rage!
- Maps:
- Robinson, Joel E.; Dutton, Dillon R.; Ramsey, David W.; Lipman, Peter W.; Felger, Tracey J. (2006). Geologic Map of the Central San Juan Caldera Cluster, Southwestern Colorado: Geologic Investigations Series. Vol. I-2799. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
- "Central Colorado Volcanic field". Journal of Petrology. Archived from the original on 2013-01-13. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
- "Central Colorado Volcanic field". Dr. Matthew E. Brueseke, Department of Geology, Kansas State University. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-03-26.
