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DRAFT

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Former governments

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Independent

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Current entities

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Independent

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Autonomous

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Sources

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Book

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  • Kennedy, H. N. (1986). "The Kurds". The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East From the Sixth to the Eleventh Century. Routledge.
  • Kennedy, H. N. (1990). "The ʿAbbasid Caliphate: a Historical Introduction". In Ashtiany, J.; Johnstone, T. M.; Latham, J. D.; Serjeant, R. B.; Smith, G. R (eds.). ʿAbbasid Belles-Lettres. Cambridge University Press.
  • Bosworth, C.E (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties: a Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Columbia University Press.
  • Vacca, A. (2017). Non-Muslim Provinces under Early Islam: Islamic Rule and Iranian Legitimacy in Armenia and Caucasian Albania. Cambridge University Press.
  • Amanat, A. (2017). Iran: a Modern History. Yale University Press.
  • Matthee, R. P. (2005). The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500-1900. Princeton Universty Press.
  • Tapper, R. L. (1997). Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan. Cambridge University Press.
  • Manz, B. F. (2021). Nomads in the Middle East. Cambridge University Press.
  • Wink, A. (2020). The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: c. 700–1800 CE. Cambridge University Press.
  • Riley-Smith, J. S. C. (2008). The Crusades, Christianity, and Islam. Columbia University Press.
  • Ruggles, D. F. (2020). Tree of Pearls: The Extraordinary Architectural Patronage of the 13th Century Egyptian Slave-Quenn Shajar al-Durr. Oxford University Press.
  • Humphreys, R. S. (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260. State University of New York Press.
  • Hourani, A. H. (1991). A History of the Arab Peoples. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-39565-7.

The Cambridge History of Iran

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The Cambridge History of Islam

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Encyclopedia

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References

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  1. ^ Lecoq 1986, p. 151: "APARNA (Gk. Aparnoi/Parnoi, Lat. Aparni or Parni), an east Iranian tribe established on the Ochos (modern Taǰen, Teǰend) and one of the three tribes in the confederation of the Dahae (Dahā in the inscription of Xerxes, Ph 26, see Kent, Old Persian, p. 151)."
  2. ^ Yarshater 2004d, p. 212–225: "The Arsacids (q.v.) came from a Saka tribe, the Aparni (see APARNA), who penetrated Parthia, adopted its language, and eventually challenged the Seleucids when the Arsacid eponymous king Arsaces (Aršak) challenged the Seleucids’ power in Parthia in 247 B.C.E."
  3. ^ Bosworth 2001, pp. 586–590: "The Ghurids came from the Šansabānī family. [...] Nor do we know anything about the ethnic stock of the Ḡūrīs in general and the Šansabānīs in particular; we can only assume that they were eastern Iranian Tajiks."
    Wink 2020, p. 78: "The immediate successors of the Ghaznavids, the twelfth-century dynasty of the Ghurids, originally came from Ghur – the almost inaccessible, arid, and mountainous center of what is now Afghanistan, and they were not Turkish nomads but instead of sedentary Tajik origin."
  4. ^ Bosworth 1975, p. 90: "The Ṭāhirids were culturally highly Arabicized, but they were nevertheless Persians. The firm and generally just rule which they gave to the eastern Iranian world favoured a material and cultural progress, whereas earlier, the indigenous, older Iranian culture had been weak- ened by the dynamic impact of Islamic religion and Arab political dominance."
    Yarshater 2004, pp. 227–230: "The Taherids were thoroughly Arabicized and remained loyal to the caliphate, but the fact that they were of Persian extraction and were ruling in Persian territory made a start for dynasties in Persia enjoying local autonomy."
  5. ^ Frye 1975, p. 160.
  6. ^ Bosworth 1996, p. 147: "The Sājids were a line of caliphal governors in north-western Persia, the family of a commander in the ʿAbbāsid service of Soghdian descent which became culturally Arabised."
  7. ^ Bosworth 1996, p. 148: "The Daylamī Musāfirids were a sister-dynasty of the Justānids and were closely linked with them (see above, no. 69), but, as a newer and, it seems, more vigorous family, were to direct their energies outside Daylam as well as within it."
    Bosworth 2000: "MOSAFERIDS (also Sallarids or Kangarids; this last form is more probable than that of Langarids; see Kasravi, pp. 36–37), a dynasty of Deylamite origin that ruled in northwestern Iran in the 4th-5th/10th-11th centuries."
  8. ^ Nagel 1990, pp. 578–586: "BUYIDS (also Bowayhids, Buwaihids, etc.; Pers. Āl-e Būya), dynasty of Daylamite origin ruling over the south and western part of Iran and over Iraq from the middle of the 4th/10th to the middle of the 5th/11th centuries."
    Bosworth 1996, p. 155: "Out of the Daylamī dynasties which formed in the Persian world as the ʿAbbāsid grip over the provinces of the caliphate weakened, the Būyids were the most powerful and ruled over the greatest extent of territories."
  9. ^ Bosworth 1996, p. 151: "The Shaddādids were another of the dynasties which arose in north-western Persia during the 'Daylamī interlude', and it is probable that they were of Kurdish origin. In such a linguistically and ethnically confused region as north-western Persia and the adjacent Caucasus, onomastic was also varied; the Shaddādids' need to find a place for themselves between the Daylamīs of Azerbaijan on one side, and the Christian Armenians and Georgians on the other, doubtless explains why Daylamī names like Lashkarī and Armenian ones like Ashūt/Ashot are found in the Shaddādids' genealogy."
    Peacock 2000: "SHADDADIDS (Šaddādiya), Caucasian dynasty of Kurdish origin reigning from about 950 until 1200, first in Dvin and Ganja, later in Ani."
    Kennedy 2016, p. 215: "The Kurdish dynasties which emerged in the second half of the fourth/tenth century, the Hasanuyids and ʿAnnazids of the central Zagros, the Rawwadids and Shaddadids of Āzarbayjān and the Marwanids of southeastern Anatolia, based their power on the military prowess of the Kurdish tribesmen."
    Vacca 2017, p. 7: "The Iranian intermezzo in fact includes a number of other Iranian ethnic groups, mostly Kurdish, minor dynasties in the former caliphal provinces of Armenia, Albania, and Azerbaijan before the arrival of the Seljuks, such as the Kurdicized Arab Rawwādids in Azerbaijan and the Kurdish Marwānid family in eastern Anatolia from the tenth to the eleventh centuries. Finally, the most famous Kurdish dynasty, the Shaddādids, came to power in Dabīl/Duin in the tenth century, ruling until the twelfth. The Shaddādids named their children after Sasanian shāhanshāhs and even claimed descent from the Sasanian line."
  10. ^ Bosworth 1996, p. 89: "The Marwānids of Diyār Bakr, Khilāṭ and Malāzgird were Kurdish in origin. The founder Bādh was a Kurdish chief who seized various strongholds on the frontiers of Armenia and Kurdistan; taking advantage of the decline of Būyid influence there after ʿAḍud al-Dawla's death in 372/983 (see below, no. 75), he took over Diyār Bakr from the Ḥamdānids (see above, no. 35), held Mosul for a time and even threatened Baghdad at one point."
    Kennedy 1990, p. 15: "Other areas of the Middle East saw the emergence of dynasties of local, often tribal, origin at this time; some, like the ʿUqaylids of Mosul and the Mazyadids of Ḥillah, were Arab; others, like the Hasanuyids of the central Zagros mountains or the Marwanids of Mayyāfāriqīn, were Kurdish."
    Kennedy 2016, p. 215: "The Kurdish dynasties which emerged in the second half of the fourth/tenth century, the Hasanuyids and ʿAnnazids of the central Zagros, the Rawwadids and Shaddadids of Āzarbayjān and the Marwanids of southeastern Anatolia, based their power on the military prowess of the Kurdish tribesmen."
    Vacca 2017, p. 7: "The Iranian intermezzo in fact includes a number of other Iranian ethnic groups, mostly Kurdish, minor dynasties in the former caliphal provinces of Armenia, Albania, and Azerbaijan before the arrival of the Seljuks, such as the Kurdicized Arab Rawwādids in Azerbaijan and the Kurdish Marwānid family in eastern Anatolia from the tenth to the eleventh centuries. Finally, the most famous Kurdish dynasty, the Shaddādids, came to power in Dabīl/Duin in the tenth century, ruling until the twelfth. The Shaddādids named their children after Sasanian shāhanshāhs and even claimed descent from the Sasanian line."
  11. ^ Kennedy 1990, p. 15: "Other areas of the Middle East saw the emergence of dynasties of local, often tribal, origin at this time; some, like the ʿUqaylids of Mosul and the Mazyadids of Ḥillah, were Arab; others, like the Hasanuyids of the central Zagros mountains or the Marwanids of Mayyāfāriqīn, were Kurdish."
    Kennedy 2016, p. 215: "The Kurdish dynasties which emerged in the second half of the fourth/tenth century, the Hasanuyids and ʿAnnazids of the central Zagros, the Rawwadids and Shaddadids of Āzarbayjān and the Marwanids of southeastern Anatolia, based their power on the military prowess of the Kurdish tribesmen."
  12. ^ Aḥmad 1985, p. 97–98: "ʿANNAZIDS (BANŪ ʿANNĀZ), a Kurdish dynasty (r. ca. 380–510/990–1117) whose territory on the Iran-Iraq frontier included Kermānšāh, Ḥolwān, Dīnavar (now in western Iran), Šahrazūr, Daqūqā (Daqūq), Daskara, Bandanīǰīn (Mandelī), and Noʿmānīya (now in northeast Iraq)."
    Kennedy 2016, p. 215: "The Kurdish dynasties which emerged in the second half of the fourth/tenth century, the Hasanuyids and ʿAnnazids of the central Zagros, the Rawwadids and Shaddadids of Āzarbayjān and the Marwanids of southeastern Anatolia, based their power on the military prowess of the Kurdish tribesmen."
  13. ^ Bosworth 2003, p. 93.
  14. ^ Bosworth 1996, p. 73 "Najm al-Dīn Ayyūb and Asad al-Dīn Shīrkūh b. Shādhī, the progenitors of the dynasty, were from the Hadhbānī tribe of Kurds, although the family seems to have become considerably Turkicised from their service at the side of Turkish soldiers. [...] In 564/1169, Shīrkūh gained control of Egypt on the demise of the last Fāṭimid caliph al-ʿĀḍid (see above, no. 27) but died almost immediately, and his nephew Ṣālāḥ al-Dīn b. Najm al-Dīn Ayyūb (Saladin) was recognised by his troops as Shīrkūh's successor. The celebrated foe of the Frankish Crusaders, Saladin, was accordingly the real founder of the dynasty."
  15. ^ Riley-Smith 2008, p. 64: "Saladin's relative obscurity in Muslim history was understandable. He was a Kurd. He had an attractive, if ruthless, personality, but his commitment to his religion had been doubtful and he had often been in trouble with the caliph in Baghdad."
    Humphreys 1977, p. 29: "Among the free-born amirs the Kurds would seem the most dependent on Saladin's success for the progress of their own fortunes. He too was a Kurd, after all, and under his aegis they might hope for broader opportunities in rank, estates, and political influence than they could otherwise expect in the predominantly Turkish dynasties of the age."
    Hourani 1991, p. 84: "In Egypt, the Fatimids continued to rule until 1171, but were then replaced by Salah al-Din (Saladin, 1169–93), a military leader of Kurdish origin."
    Ruggles 2020, p. 14: "In 1169, Saladin (al-Malik al-Nāṣir Yūsuf b. Najm al-Dīn Ayyūb), a military commander of Kurdish origins who had served under the Zangids and then as vizier to the last Fatimid ruler, took charge of Egypt and ended Fatimid rule, thus launching what was to become the Ayyubid dynasty."
  16. ^ Savory 1970, p. 394: "Despite recent research, the origins of the Safavid family are still obscure. Such evidence as we have seems to suggest that the family hailed from Kurdistān. What does seem certain is that the Safavids were of native Iranian stock, and spoke Āzarī, the form of Turkish used in Āzarbāyjān. Our lack of reliable information derives from the fact that the Safavids, after the establishment of the Safavid state, deliberately falsified the evidence of their own origins."
    Amoretti & Matthee 2009: "Of Kurdish ancestry, the Ṣafavids started as a Sunnī mystical order (...)"
    Matthee 2005, p. 18: "The Safavids, as Iranians of Kurdish ancestry and of nontribal background, did not fit this pattern, although the stat they set up with the aid of Turkmen tribal forces of Eastern Anatolia closely resembled this division in its makeup. Yet, the Turk versus Tajik division was not impregnable."
    Matthee 2008: "As Persians of Kurdish ancestry and of a non-tribal background, the Safavids did not fit this pattern, though the state they set up with the assistance of Turkmen tribal forces of eastern Anatolia closely resembled this division in its makeup."
    Savory 2008, p. 8: "This official version contains textual changes designed to obscure the Kurdish origins of the Safavid family and to vindicate their claim to descent from the Imams."
    Hamid 2006, p. 456–474: "The Safavids originated as a hereditary lineage of Sufi shaikhs centered on Ardabil, Shafeʿite in school and probably Kurdish in origin."
    Amanat 2017, p. 40 "The Safavi house originally was among the landowning nobility of Kurdish origin, with affinity to the Ahl-e Haqq in Kurdistan (chart 1). In the twelfth century, the family settled in northeastern Azarbaijan, where Safi al-Din Ardabili (d. 1334), the patriarch of the Safavid house and Ismail's ancestor dating back six generations, was a revered Sufi leader."
    Tapper 1997, p. 39: "The Safavid Shahs who ruled Iran between 1501 and 1722 descended from Sheikh Safi ad-Din of Ardabil (1252–1334). Sheikh Safi and his immediate successors were renowned as holy ascetics Sufis. Their own origins were obscure; probably of Kurdish or Iranian extraction, they later claimed descent from the Prophet."
    Manz 2021, p. 169: "The Safavid dynasty was of Iranian – probably Kurdish – extraction and had its beginnings as a Sufi order located at Ardabil near the eastern border of Azerbaijan, in a region favorable for both agriculture and pastoralism."
  17. ^ Yarshater 2004c, p. 234–238: "The Zand were a Lor tribe that lived in the vicinity of Malāyer in western Persia."
  18. ^ Perry 2011, pp. 561–564: "The Zand were a pastoral tribe of the Lak branch of the northern Lors, ranging between the inner Zagros and the Hamadān plains, centered on the villages of Pari and Kamāzān in the vicinity of Malāyer."
  19. ^ Perry 2000: "The founder of the dynasty was Moḥammad Karim Khan b. Ināq Khan (Figure 1; commonly known as Karim Khan Zand) of the Bagala branch of the Zand, a pastoral tribe of the Lak branch of Lors (perhaps originally Kurds; see Minorsky, p. 616), with winter ranges on the Hamadan plains near Malāyer and summer pastures in the Zagros slopes north of Kermanshah."

Notes

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  1. ^ The Parni was an eastern Iranian tribe established on the Amu Darya in the conferedation of Dahae.[1] To Yarshater, they were a Saka tribe.[2]
  2. ^ A branch of the Ayyubid dynasty ruled Hasankeyf until the early 16th century. See Emirate of Hasankeyf.
  3. ^ Saladin, the founder of dynasty, was a Kurd.[15]
  4. ^ Yarshater 2004c, p. 234–238: "The origins of the Safavids are clouded in obscurity. They may have been of Kurdish origin (see R. Savory, Iran Under the Safavids, 1980, p. 2; R. Matthee, “Safavid Dynasty” at iranica.com), but for all practical purposes they were Turkish-speaking and Turkified."
    Perry 2006: "In the 16th century, the Turcophone Safavid family of Ardabil in Azerbaijan, probably of Turkicized Iranian (perhaps Kurdish), origin, conquered Iran and established Turkic, the language of the court and the military, as a high-status vernacular and a widespread contact language, influencing spoken Persian, while written Persian, the language of high literature and civil administration, remained virtually unaffected in status and content."
  5. ^ The Zand tribe is described as a Lur tribe.[17][18]
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