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Transport

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Main article: Public transport in Mumbai
A brown building with clock towers, domes and pyramidal tops. A wide street in front of it
The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, formerly known as Victoria Terminus, is the headquarters of the Central Railway and a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Public transport systems in Mumbai include the Mumbai Suburban Railway, Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST) buses, taxis, auto rickshaws, ferries, and aeroplanes, and plays a dominant role. Rail and bus services combined carry about 88% of the passenger traffic.[1] Black and yellow metered taxis traverse most of the metropolis. Auto rickshaws operate only in the suburban areas of Mumbai, while taxis mostly operate in South Mumbai.[2] Taxis and rickshaws run on Compressed Natural Gas,[3] and are the most convenient, economical, and easily available means of transport.[2] Mumbai has about 1.53 million vehicles,[4] 56,459 black and yellow taxis, and 1,02,224 auto rickshaws.[5]

Mumbai is served by National Highway 3, National Highway 4 and National Highway 8 of the Indian National Highways system.[6] The Mumbai-Pune Expressway was the first expressway ever built in India,[7] while the Mumbai-Vadodara Expressway is under construction.[8] Recently, the Bandra-Worli Sea Link bridge was opened, which along with Mahim Causeway, links the island city to the western suburbs.[9] The two main road stretches within the city are the Eastern Express Highway from Sion to Mulund, and the Western Express Highway from Bandra to Borivali.[10]

Mumbai is the headquarters of two railway zones: the Central Railway (CR) headquartered at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, and the Western Railway (WR) headquartered near Churchgate.[11] The backbone of the city's transport, the Mumbai Suburban Railway, consists of three separate networks: Central, Western, and Harbour Line, running the length of the city, in a north-south direction.[12] The Mumbai Metro is an underground and elevated rapid transit system currently under construction.[13] The Mumbai Monorail, currently under construction, will run from Jacob Circle to Wadala when it is completed.[14] Mumbai is well connected to most parts of India by the Indian Railways. Trains originate from Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Dadar, Lokmanya Tilak Terminus, Mumbai Central, Bandra terminus and Andheri.[15] Mumbai's suburban rail systems carry a total of 6.3 million passengers every day.[16] Trains are overcrowded during peak hours, with nine-car trains having a maximum capacity of 1,700 passengers, carrying around 4,500 passengers.[17] During 2003-2008, about 20,000 rail deaths were reported on the suburban railway, with an average of 10 deaths per day.[18]

A red bus on a road. Blue letters are seen on its side
A Modern BEST bus (Starbus). BEST buses carry a total of 4.5 million passengers daily

The bus services carry over 5.5 million passengers per day.[1] Public buses run by BEST cover almost all parts of the metropolis, as well as parts of Navi Mumbai, Mira-Bhayandar and Thane.[19] Buses are used for commuting short to medium distances, while train fares are more economical for long distance commutes.[20] The BEST runs a total of 4,013 buses,[21] ferrying 4.5 million passengers daily[1] over 390 routes.[22] Its fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker, vestibule, low-floor, disabled-friendly, air-conditioned and the Euro III compliant Compressed Natural Gas powered buses.[21] Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC) buses provide intercity transport and connect Mumbai with other major cities of Maharashtra and India.[23][24] The Mumbai Darshan is a tourist bus service which explores numerous tourist attractions in Mumbai.[25] Mumbai BRTS (Bus Rapid Transit System) lanes have been planned throughout Mumbai, with buses running on seven routes as of March 2009.[26] Though 88% of the commuters travel by public transport, Mumbai still continues to struggle with traffic congestion.[27] The city has been categorized as one of the most congested cities in the world.[28]

A hall with curved ceiling inside an airport. Indicators, blue screens and counters on the left side
Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport is India's busiest airport.[29]

The Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (formerly Sahar International Airport) is the main aviation hub in the city and the busiest airport in India.[29] The Juhu aerodrome was India's first airport, and now hosts a flying club and a heliport.[30] The proposed Navi Mumbai International Airport which is to be built in the Kopra-Panvel area has been sanctioned by the Indian Government and would help relieve the increasing traffic burden on the existing airport.[31]

Mumbai is served by two major ports, Mumbai Port and Jawaharlal Nehru Port.[32] Mumbai Port has one of the best natural harbours in the world, and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation facilities.[33] Jawaharlal Nehru Port, commissioned on 26 May 1989, is the most modern major port in India.[34] It handles 55-60% of the country's total containerized cargo.[35] Mumbai is the headquarters of the Western Naval Command, and also an important base for the Indian Navy, Indian Army and the Indian Air Force.[36] Ferries from Ferry Wharf in Mazagaon allow access to islands near the city.[37]

Citations

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  1. ^ a b c "Development of Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) in Mumbai" (DOC). Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA). Retrieved 2009-08-28.
  2. ^ a b Ghose, Anindita (2005-08-24). "What's Mumbai without the black beetles?". Daily News and Analysis (DNA). Retrieved 2009-08-29. In Mumbai autos run only in the suburbs upto Mahim creek. This is probably the perfect arrangement because it is not economically viable for autos and taxis to solicit the same passengers. So autos monopolise the suburbs while taxis rule South Mumbai.
  3. ^ "Taxi, auto fares may dip due to CNG usage". The Times of India. 2004-04-22. Retrieved 2009-08-29.
  4. ^ Vaswani, Karishma (2008-04-07). "Mumbai attempts 'no honking' day". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 2009-08-29.
  5. ^ Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR, p. 2-9
  6. ^ "NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI" (PDF, 62.2 KB). National Highways Authority of India (NHAI). Retrieved 2008-07-04.
  7. ^ Dalal, Sucheta (2000-04-01). "India's first international-class expressway is just a month away". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2009-06-14. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  8. ^ Kumar, K.P. Narayana; Chandran, Rahul (2008-03-06). "NHAI starts work on Rs 6,672 cr expressway". Mint. Retrieved 2009-06-14. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  9. ^ "MSRDC - Project - Bandra Worli Sea Link". Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation (MSRDC). Retrieved 2009-07-02.
  10. ^ Mumbai Plan, 1.10 Transport and Communication Network
  11. ^ Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR, p. 2-14
  12. ^ Kumar, Akshey. "Making Rail Commuting Easier in Mumbai" (Press release). Press Information Bureau (Government of India). Retrieved 2009-08-29.
  13. ^ "Mumbai Metro Rail Project". Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA). Retrieved 2009-06-14.
  14. ^ "Mumbai monorail to run in two years". The Times of India. 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2009-03-19.
  15. ^ "Terminal Facilities in Metropolitanc Cities" (PDF). Ministry of Railways (India). p. 14. Retrieved 2009-08-28. The port city of Mumbai is served by 5 passenger terminals namely Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminal (CST), Mumbai Central, Dadar, Bandra and Lokmanya Tilak Terminal.
  16. ^ "Overview of existing Mumbai suburban railway". Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation. Retrieved 2008-07-07.
  17. ^ Environment and urbanization 2002, p. 160
  18. ^ Ahmed, Shoaib (2008-05-06). "Mumbai's death trap: 10 railway commuters die per day". CNN-IBN. Retrieved 2009-08-28.
  19. ^ "Organisational Setup". Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST). Retrieved 2009-06-14.
  20. ^ Metropolitan planning and management in the developing world 1993, p. 49
  21. ^ a b "Composition of Bus Fleet". Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST). Retrieved 2006-10-12.
  22. ^ "Bus Transport Profile". Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST). Retrieved 2009-08-28.
  23. ^ Tembhekar, Chittaranjan (2008-08-04). "MSRTC to make long distance travel easier". The Times of India. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
  24. ^ "MSRTC adds Volvo luxury to Mumbai trip". The Times of India. 2002-12-29. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
  25. ^ Seth, Urvashi (2009-03-31). "Traffic claims Mumbai darshan hot spots". MiD DAY. Retrieved 2009-06-14. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  26. ^ "Bus Routes Under Bus Rapid Transit System" (PDF). Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST). p. 5. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
  27. ^ Khanna, Gaurav. "7 Questions You Wanted to Ask About the Mumbai Metro". Businessworld. Retrieved 2009-08-28. Road congestion has worsened, though 88 per cent of journeys are made by public transport. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  28. ^ Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR, p. 2-1: "The 137% increase in cars, a 306% increase in two wheelers, the 420% increase in autos and 128% increase in taxis during 1991-2005 has created a lethal dose of traffic congestion which has catagorised Mumbai as one of the congested cities in the world."
  29. ^ a b "India's 10 longest runways". Rediff News. Rediff. 2008-08-25. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
  30. ^ "MIAL eyes Juhu airport". MiD DAY. 2007-06-07. Retrieved 2009-06-14. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  31. ^ "Work on Navi Mumbai airport may start next year". Business Line. The Hindu. 2006-12-19. Retrieved 2009-05-16. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  32. ^ Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR, p. 2-12
  33. ^ Chittar 1973, p. 65: "The Port is endowed with one of the best natural harbours in the world and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation to meet the normal needs of the city."
  34. ^ "Laudable Achievement of JNPT" (Press release). Press Information Bureau (Government of India). 2003-01-07. Retrieved 2009-08-29.
  35. ^ "Our Mission". Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
  36. ^ Cite error: The named reference mloc was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  37. ^ Sonawane, Rakshit (2007-05-13). "Cruise terminal plan gets MoU push". Daily News and Analysis. Retrieved 2009-08-27. While Arthur Bunder is used by small boats and Hay Bunder caters to declining traffic of barges, Ferry Wharf offers services to Mora, Mandva, Rewas and Uran ports. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

References

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