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Coordinates: 47°30′25″N 19°2′50″E / 47.50694°N 19.04722°E / 47.50694; 19.04722
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47°30′25″N 19°2′50″E / 47.50694°N 19.04722°E / 47.50694; 19.04722

Parliament Square Massacre
Bloody Thursday
Part of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956
Bullet holes from the massacre in Parliament Square restored
LocationKossuth tér, Budapest, Hungary
Date25 October 1956
TargetHungarian demonstrators
Attack type
Massacre
DeathsBetween 100 and 1,000 (see text)
PerpetratorsState Protection Authority
Soviet Army (according to some accounts)

The Parliament Square Massacre, also known as the Kossuth Square Massacre, Kossuth tér Massacre, or Bloody Thursday, was an armed attack by elements of the Communist Hungarian secret police force, the State Protection Authority (ÁVH), on an unarmed crowd of demonstrating civilians during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. It took place on Thursday, October 25, 1956 in Kossuth tér, the large square facing the Hungarian Parliament Building, and was perpetrated by ÁVH snipers atop the Ministry of Agriculture and other adjacent buildings and Soviet troops in the square.

The massacre, the bloodiest atrocity of the Hungarian Revolution and once of the bloodiest in postwar Europe [cite], galvanized support for the Revolution among ordinary Hungarians. It

Background

[edit]

On October 23, 1956, a massive popular uprising broke out in Hungary against the country’s Soviet-backed Communist regime. After members of the ÁVH secret police fired on unarmed demonstrators in Budapest—and the latter began to fire back with weapons provided by the Hungarian army and regular police—the government of Ernő Gerő had called in Soviet troops, and a full-scale uprising began. However, in the early days of the rising the Soviet Army was not fully engaged in combat against the revolutionaries; the wrath of the latter was largely focused on the ÁVH, and many Soviet soldiers even showed sympathy for the demonstrators.[1] Appeals were even made by protesting students and workers to the Soviet troops not to shoot, and the two groups were often seen fraternizing with each other.[2]

At the same time, Ernő Gerő, the General Secretary of the Hungarian Working People's Party, was under great pressure. He was widely loathed by the Hungarian public at large as a symbol of the repression they had experienced, and his recalcitrant rejection of the revolution's demands only added to their fury [cite]. His own Soviet superiors had begun to doubt his governing abilities, and many had become disillusioned with him.

The massacre

[edit]

Around noon on October 25, a crowd of around 3,000 protesters began to move towards Parliament Square to join them, with many riding there on Soviet tanks displaying Hungarian flags.[3] They joined a crowd of another 5,000 people which had already formed in the square, which had been the site of earlier protests in the previous few days. The protesters carried slogans calling for Ernő Gerő's dismissal from the government, the firing of other Stalinist hardliners, and another public speech by Prime Minister Imre Nagy.[4] Soon, around 20,000 people were gathered in the square; despite martial law being in effect and demonstrations being banned, most of the protesters were not worried and the demonstration was allowed to continue for around half an hour.[5][6] An ÁVH officer ordered the crowd to disperse, but was ignored. Unbeknownst to the demonstrators, a group of secret policemen had been stationed on the rooftop of the nearby Ministry of Agriculture building to control the crowd.[7]

Accounts differ as to what happened next. According to British journalist Noel Barber, who was in Budapest at the time, the ÁVH opened fire suddenly and without warning at the crowd, killing hundreds. Some shots, either on purpose or by accident, hit the Soviet troops in the square, who returned fire and silenced the ÁVH guns. But many of said soldiers, believing that they had been led into a trap by the protesters, also opened fire and added to the massacre.[8]

According to then-Budapest police chief Sándor Kopácsi, ---

Other firsthand accounts state that the Soviet troops were the first to open fire, as many of the victims were of shellfire and other weaponry the ÁVH did not have access to. ----

Estimates for the casualties of the massacre vary by source. According to the 1957 UN report of the events, between 300 and 800 were acounted as dead, and the British Embassy reported twelve truckloads of corpses being carried from the square.[9] http://www.hungarianreview.com/print/20140115_bloody_thursday_1956_the_anatomy_of_the_kossuth_square_massacre (Mention Kádár regime lies about 22 killed)

Aftermath

[edit]

The massacre was the bloodiest atrocity of the Hungarian Revolution, and indeed one of the bloodiest in postwar Europe.[10] In its aftermath, thousands of young Hungarians flocked to the revolutionary bannder, galvanized in their support of the uprising by the atrocity. ---

Research into the massacre was suppressed for decades by the Kádár regime, which maintained the line that only 22 people had died and that it had been the "counter-revolutionaries" who opened fire first.[11]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) "Chapter IV. B (Resistance of the Hungarian people) para 166 (p. 52) and XI. H (Further developments) para 480 (p 152)" (PDF). (1.47 MB)
  2. ^ Hall, Simon. 1956: The World in Revolt. Pegasus Books, 2016. p. 306
  3. ^ Sebestyen, Victor. Twelve Days: the Story of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. Pantheon Books, 2006. p. 144.
  4. ^ Sebestyen, p. 144.
  5. ^ Barber, Noel. Seven Days of Freedom: the Hungarian Uprising, 1956. Stein and Day, 1974. p. 89
  6. ^ Sebestyen, p. 145.
  7. ^ Barber, 89
  8. ^ Barber, 90
  9. ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957). Chapter X. I. (Student Demonstrations and the Origins of Armed Conflict in Budapest) para 483 (p. 153)
  10. ^ Gábor Jobbágyi (19 January 2019). "BLOODY THURSDAY, 1956: THE ANATOMY OF THE KOSSUTH SQUARE MASSACRE". Hungarian Review. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  11. ^ Gábor Jobbágyi (19 January 2019). "BLOODY THURSDAY, 1956: THE ANATOMY OF THE KOSSUTH SQUARE MASSACRE". Hungarian Review. Retrieved 15 November 2014.

1989 Sejm

[edit]
Contract Sejm

Sejm kontraktowy
Contract Sejm and 1st Senate
Type
Type
HousesSejm
Senate
History
Founded4 July 1989 (1989-07-04)
Disbanded24 November 1991 (1991-11-24)
(2 years, 143 days)
Preceded by9th term Sejm of the Polish People's Republic
Succeeded by1st term Sejm and 2nd term Senate of the Republic of Poland
Leadership
Mikołaj Kozakiewicz, ZSLPSL
since 4 July 1989
Andrzej Stelmachowski, KO "S"
since 4 July 1989
Structure
Seats460
Senate political groups
Government (99)
  OKP (99)

Opposition (1)

  Independent (PRON) (1)
Government (97)
  OKP (67)
  UD (29)
  Independent (1)

Opposition (1)

  Independent (1)
Vacant (2)
Sejm political groups
Government (264)
  OKP (161)
  ZSL (76)
  SD (27)

Opposition (196)

  PZPR (173)
  PAX (10)
  UChS [pl] (8)
  PZKS [pl] (5)
Government (175)
  OKP (105)
  UD (49)
  SD (21)

Opposition (282)

  PKLD (102)
  PSL (65)
  PKP (39)
  PAX (10)
  UChS [pl] (8)
  PFLCh [pl] (8)
  KNP (7)
  KPW (7)
  SP (5)
  PSL (M) [pl] (4)
  PZKS [pl] (4)
  PEK (3)
  Non-attached (20)
Vacant (3)
Elections
Multiple non-transferable vote, two-round system
Multiple non-transferable vote, two-round system
Last general election
4 and 18 June 1989
Next general election
27 October 1991
Meeting place
Sejm and Senate Complex, Warsaw

1991 Sejm

[edit]
First Sejm

Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej I kadencji (1991–1993)
1st Sejm and 2nd Senate
Type
Type
HousesSejm
Senate
History
Founded25 November 1991 (1991-11-25)
Disbanded30 May 1993 (1993-05-30)
(1 year, 186 days)
Preceded byContract Sejm
Succeeded by2nd term Sejm and 3rd term Senate of the Republic of Poland
Leadership
Wiesław Chrzanowski, ZChN
since 25 November 1991
August Chełkowski, Solidarity
since 26 November 1991
Structure
Seats100 Senators
460 deputies
4
9
7
11
8
4
22
7
9
12
3
4
Senate political groups
Government (28)
  ZChN (12)
  PC (9)
  PSL–PL (7)

Confidence and supply (23)

  Solidarity (11)
  PSL (9)
  PChD (3)

Opposition (49)

  UD (22)
  KLD (7)
  KSN (8)
  SLD (4)
  KPN (4)
  Non-attached (4)
Government (51)
  UD (22)
  ZChN (12)
  KLD (7)
  PSL–PL (7)
  PChD (3)

Confidence and supply (11)

  Solidarity (11)

Opposition (38)

  PC (9)
  PSL (9)
  KSN (8)
  SLD (4)
  KPN (4)
  Non-attached (4)
59
50
28
5
27
11
62
37
16
42
49
5
7
5
51
3
3
Sejm political groups
Government (119)
  ZChN (49)
  PC (42)
  PSL–PL (28)

Confidence and supply (115)

  PSL (50)
  Solidarity (27)
  PPG (13)
  KWMN (7)
  ChD (5)
  PChD (5)
  SP (5)
  X (3)

Opposition (226)

  UD (62)
  SLD (59)
  KPN (51)
  KLD (37)
  PPPP (3)
  UPR (3)
  Non-attached (11)
Government (194)
  UD (62)
  ZChN (48)
  KLD (37)
  PSL–PL (19)
  PPG (12)
  SLCh (10)
  PChD (6)

Confidence and supply (39)

  Solidarity (27)
  KWMN (7)
  ChD (5)

Opposition (227)

  SLD (59)
  KPN (51)
  PSL (50)
  PC (42)
  SP (5)
  X (3)
  PPPP (3)
  UPR (3)
  Non-attached (11)
Elections
First-past-the-post voting
Open-list proportional representation in 37 constituencies with a 5% national threshold
Last general election
27 October 1991
Next general election
18 September 1993
Meeting place
Sejm and Senate Complex, Warsaw

Wars

[edit]
Polish Wars of Independence
Part of Aftermath of World War I
Date11 November 1918 – 18 March 1921
(2 years, 4 months and 1 week)
Location
Result

Decisive Polish victory

Territorial
changes
Poland is restored as an independent state, gaining the territories of Galicia (Eastern Europe), Greater Poland, Volhynia, the Suwałki Region and Vilnius Region, parts of Upper Silesia, and modern Western Belarus through armed action
Belligerents
 Poland
Ukraine (from 1920)
 Latvia (1920)
Support:
 France
 United Kingdom
 Romania
 Hungary
1918–19, 1919–21
 Germany
1918–19
Ukraine
WUPR
1919–21
 Russian SFSR
 Ukrainian SSR
 Byelorussian SSR
1919
Czechoslovakia
1919, 1920
 Lithuania
Five Years' War
DateApril 12, 1861 – August 20, 1866
(5 years, 4 months, 1 week and 1 day)
Location
Result US–Russian–Prussian coalition victory
Territorial
changes
Belligerents
 United States
 Russia
 Prussia
 Italy
 Mexican Republicans
 Confederate States
 United Kingdom
 France
 Austria
 Mexican Empire
Commanders and leaders
United States Abraham Lincoln
United States Ulysses S. Grant
Russian Empire Alexander II
Russian Empire Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich
Kingdom of Prussia Wilhelm I
Kingdom of Prussia Otto von Bismarck
Kingdom of Italy Victor Emmanuel IIMexico Benito Juárez
Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis
Confederate States of America Robert E. Lee
United Kingdom Queen Victoria
United Kingdom Henry John Temple
Second French Empire Napoleon III
Austrian Empire Franz Joseph I
Austrian Empire Albrecht von Teschen
Second Mexican Empire Maximilian I

In postwar Hungary

[edit]

After Soviet armies expelled Nazi German forces from Hungary in early 1945, Moscow decided to hold free elections in that country hoping that the local Hungarian Communist Party would win them. However, the general elections in November 1945 resulted in an overwhelming victory for the non-Communist Independent Smallholders' Party, which won a whopping 57% of the vote and 245 out of 409 Parliamentary seats. The Social Democratic Party of Hungary won 17.4% while the Communists won 17%.

The Communists set out to reverse this defeat by all possible means, with Communist leader Mátyás Rákosi declaring that the defeat would not impact their plans at all.[1] They set up a Supreme Economic Council soon after the elections which had the power to sidestep the elected government itself.[2] All parties had pledged to continue the coalition arrangement set up at the end of the war, but with the support of the Allied Control Commission in Hungary—dominated there by the Soviet Union—the Communists demanded key seats in the new government.[3] These included the Deputy Premiership which went to Rákosi and the Interior Ministry which went to the Communists Imre Nagy and then László Rajk, giving the Communist Party control over the country's police forces. The Smallholder's Party leader Zoltán Tildy became Prime Minister of a cabinet in which his party held half the ministries, but the roots of a "people's democracy" had already been planted.[4]

In February 1946, Hungary was formally proclaimed a republic, and Tildy became President while his ally Ferenc Nagy succeeded him as Prime Minister of the same cabinet. The Communists immediately set out to win total control of the government. On 5 March 1946, they formed a "Left-Wing Bloc" with the Social Democrats and National Peasant Party, which took the opposite position of the majority Smallholder's on every issue and caused a series of coalition crises intended to weaken the non-Communists.[5] With the open backing of their Soviet sponsors, the Hungarian Communists began demanding the removal of ostensibly "reactionary" members of the Smallholders' Party from the coalition. Under extreme pressure, the Smallholder's Party leaders capitulated before most of these demands, soon losing their absolute majority in Parliament as a result. Prime Minister Ferenc Nagy believed that by doing so, he could put Hungary a in a better positions vis-à-vis the Soviets for the upcoming peace conference, as the Hungarian Communists would thus be able to negotiate better terms with Moscow in exchange for their domestic demands.[6] The Hungarian government was hoping for some—however minor—revision of the country's borders as established at the Treaty of Trianon. This policy was a failure, as the Soviets and other Allies had no intention of any border changes for Hungary.[7]

On 17 July 1946, there was a mysterious attack on Soviet troops in central Budapest, officially blamed on a member of the Catholic Scouts Association. The Communists used this as an excuse to systematically dismantle all independent civic institutions, including youth and religious groups.[8]

Cold War
Date1945/7–1989/91
Location
Belligerents
 Soviet Union

Other Communist countries:

Socialist-leaning countries and other allies:
 United States
 NATO:

Other allies:

Socialist countries, temporarily aligned:

Commanders and leaders
Soviet Union Joseph Stalin (until 1953)
Soviet Union Georgy Malenkov (1953–1955)
Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev (1953–1964)
Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982)
Soviet Union Yuri Andropov (1982–1984)
Soviet Union Konstantin Chernenko (1984–1985)
Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev (1985–1991)
United States Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)
United States Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961)
United States John F. Kennedy (1961–1963)
United States Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969)
United States Richard M. Nixon (1969–1974)
United States Gerald R. Ford (1974–1977)
United States James E. Carter (1977–1981)
United States Ronald W. Reagan (1981–1989)
United States George H. W. Bush (from 1989)
Date Conflict Allies Enemies Result
1861–1862 War of Secession  United States  Confederate States
 British Empire
 France
Defeat
1881–1882 Second Mexican War  United States  Confederate States
 British Empire
 France
 Mexican Empire
Defeat
1914–1917 Great War  United States
 Germany
 Austria-Hungary
 Ottoman Empire
 Bulgaria
 Brazil
 Haiti
 Liberia
 Chile
 Paraguay
 Confederate States
 British Empire
 France
 Russia
 Japan
 Mexican Empire
 Belgium
 Serbia
 Greece
 Argentina
Victory
1941–1944 Second Great War  United States
 Germany
 Austria-Hungary
 Ottoman Empire
 China
 Bulgaria
 Romania
Poland
 Ukraine
 Ireland
 Brazil
 Netherlands
 Norway
 Finland
 Denmark
 Quebec
 Haiti
 Liberia
Confederate States
United Kingdom
 France
 Russia
 Japan
 Australia
 New Zealand
 South Africa
 Mexican Empire
 Belgium
 Serbia
 Greece
 Spain
 Argentina
 Manchukuo
Victory
Historical affiliations


Proto-Canaanites (c. 4500–c. 1770 BC)

Canaanites (c. 1700–c. 1100 BC)

Egypt (c. 1550–c. 1100 BC)

Jebusites (?–c. 1010 BC)

Kingdom of Israel (c. 1010–930 BC)

Kingdom of Judah (930–586 BC)

Neo-Assyrian Empire (733–627 BC)

Neo-Babylonian Empire (627–609 BC)

Egypt (609–605 BC)

Neo-Babylonian Empire (605–539 BC)

Achaemenid Empire (539–332 BC)

Macedonian Empire (332-320 BC)

Ptolemaic Dynasty (320–315 BC)

Antigonid Dynasty (315–312 BC)

Ptolemaic Dynasty (312–311 BC)

Antigonid Dynasty (311–301 BC)

Ptolemaic Kingdom (301–219 BC)

Seleucid Empire (219–110 BC)

Hasmonean Kingdom (140–37 BC)

Roman Republic (63–40 BC)

Parthian Empire (40–37 BC)

Roman Republic (37–27 BC)

 Roman Empire (27 BC–395)

Eastern Roman Empire (395–614)

Sasanian Empire (614–629)

Eastern Roman Empire (629–637)

Rashidun Caliphate (637–661)

Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)

Abbasid Caliphate (750–969)

Fatimid Caliphate (969–1073)

File:Seljuqs Eagle.svg Great Seljuk Empire (1073–1098)

Fatimid Caliphate (1098–1099)

 Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1187)

Ayyubid Sultanate (1187–1229)

 Kingdom of Jerusalem (1229–1244)

Ayyubid Sultanate (1244–1260)

Mamluk Sultanate (1260–1516)

 Ottoman Empire (1516–1831)

Egypt Eyalet (1831–1840)

 Ottoman Empire (1840–1917)

 United Kingdom (1917–1948)

 Jordan (partially, 1948–1967)

 Israel (1948–present)

Conflict Belligerents Result
Date Name Allies Enemies Outcome
1526–1527 Jovan Nenad uprising Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
 Ottoman Empire
Serbian rebels Victory
1527–1528 Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528 (Hungarian Civil War) Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
 Ottoman Empire
 Moldavia
 Habsburg Monarchy
 Kingdom of Bohemia
 Kingdom of Croatia
Royal Hungary
Rascians
Indecisive
  • Part of Hungary comes under Habsburg rule
1529 Suleiman's Hungarian campaign Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
 Ottoman Empire
 Habsburg Monarchy
 Kingdom of Bohemia
 Kingdom of Croatia
Royal Hungary
Victory
  • Ottomans retake western and northern Hungarian territories
Conflict Start date End date Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result Location Region
Dekemvriana December 3, 1944 January 11, 1945 Kingdom of Greece
 United Kingdom
ELAS British and Greek Royal victory Greece Southern Europe
Anti-Communist resistance in Poland Late 1944 Mid-Late 1947 (scattered resistance until 1963)  Soviet Union
Polish People's Republic
Polish Underground State Cursed Soldiers Soviet and Polish Communist victory
  • Defeat of resistance
Poland Central Europe
Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Summer 1944 March 1953 (scattered resistance until 1960s)  Soviet Union Forest Brothers:
 Estonia
 Latvia
 Lithuania
Soviet victory
  • Defeat of national partisans
Baltic States Northeastern Europe
Korean conflict August 15, 1945 April 27, 2018  North Korea
Supported by:
 China
 Soviet Union (until 1991)
 South Korea
Supported by:
 United States
 Japan
Indecisive; partially ongoing Korean Peninsula Eastern Asia
War in Vietnam (1945–46) September 13, 1945 March 30, 1946  United Kingdom
France France
Japan Japanese holdouts
North Vietnam Việt Minh Allied victory French Indochina Southeast Asia
Iran crisis of 1946 November 15, 1945 December 15, 1946 Iran
Supported by:
 United States
 United Kingdom
Azerbaijan People's Republic
Republic of Mahabad
Supported by:
 Soviet Union
Iranian victory
  • Soviet withdrawal from Iran and collapse of puppet regimes
Iran Southern Asia
Greek Civil War March 30, 1946 October 16, 1949 Kingdom of Greece
Supported by:
 United Kingdom (until 1947)
 United States (from 1947)
Provisional Democratic Government
Supported by:
 Yugoslavia
 Albania
 Bulgaria
Greek Monarchist victory
  • Defeat of Communist forces
Greece Southern Europe
Corfu Channel incident May 15, 1946 November 13, 1946  United Kingdom  Albania Corfu Channel Case of 1949 Straits of Corfu Southern Europe
Chinese Civil War (post-WWII) March 31, 1946 May 1, 1950  Republic of China
Supported by:
 United States
Chinese Communist Party (until 1949)
 People's Republic of China (from 1949)
Supported by:
 Soviet Union
Chinese Communist victory China Eastern Asia
Hukbalahap Rebellion July 4, 1946 May 17, 1954 Philippines Phillipines
Supported by:
 United States
Hukbalahap Phillippine government victory Philippines Southeast Asia
First Indochina War December 19, 1946 August 1, 1954 North Vietnam Việt Minh
Laos Lao Issara and Pathet Lao
Khmer Issarak
Japanese holdouts
Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 China (from 1949)
 East Germany
Poland
 France
Cambodia Kingdom of Cambodia}
 Kingdom of Laos
South Vietnam State of Vietnam
Supported by:
 United States
Việt Minh victory French Indochina Southeast Asia
1948 Palestine war November 29, 1947 July 20, 1949 Until May 14, 1948:
Israel Yishuv
After May 14, 1948:
 Israel
After November 29, 1947:
All-Palestine Protectorate Holy War Army
Arab League ALA
After May 14, 1948:
 Egypt
 Iraq
 Transjordan
Syria Syria
 Lebanon (limited involvement)
Decisive Israeli victory Levant Western Asia
1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état February 20, 1948 February 25, 1948 Czechoslovakia Government of Czechoslovakia Czechoslovak Communist Party
Supported by:
 Soviet Union
Communist takeover of Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia Central Europe
Arab–Israeli conflict (from 1948–1991) May 15, 1948 Present  Israel
 Palestine
Western Asia
Malayan Emergency June 16, 1948 July 12, 1960 Federation of Malaya Southeast Asia
Berlin Blockade June 24, 1948 May 12, 1949 Allied-occupied Germany Western Europe
Korean War June 25, 1950 July 27, 1953  North Korea
 South Korea
Eastern Asia
Egyptian Revolution of 1952 July 22, 1952 July 26, 1952 Kingdom of Egypt North Africa
Uprising of 1953 in East Germany June 16, 1953 June 17, 1953  East Germany Western Europe
Cuban Revolution July 26, 1953 January 1, 1959 Cuba Caribbean
1953 Iranian coup d'état August 15, 1953 August 20, 1953 Iran Southern Asia
Laotian Civil War November 9, 1953 December 2, 1975  Kingdom of Laos Southeast Asia
1954 Guatemalan coup d'état June 18, 1954 June 27, 1954  Guatemala Central America
First Taiwan Strait Crisis September 3, 1954 May 1, 1955 Taiwan Strait Eastern Asia
Vietnam War November 1, 1955 April 30, 1975  North Vietnam
 South Vietnam
Southeast Asia
Poznań 1956 protests June 28, 1956 June 30, 1956 Polish People's Republic Central Europe
Hungarian Revolution of 1956 October 23, 1956 November 10, 1956 Hungarian People's Republic Central Europe
Suez Crisis October 29, 1956 November 7, 1956 Egypt North Africa
14 July Revolution July 14, 1958 July 14, 1958 Arab Federation Western Asia
Second Taiwan Strait Crisis August 23, 1958 October 6, 1958 Taiwan Strait Eastern Asia
1959 Tibetan uprising March 10, 1959 March 21, 1959  Tibet Central Asia
1960 U-2 incident May 1, 1960 May 1, 1960 Soviet Union Eastern Europe
Congo Crisis June 30, 1960 November 25, 1965 Congo Central Africa
Guatemalan Civil War November 13, 1960 December 19, 1996 Guatemala Central America
Portuguese Colonial War February 4, 1961 April 25, 1974 Portuguese Angola
Portuguese Mozambique
Portuguese Guinea
Western/Southern Africa
Angolan War of Independence February 4, 1961 January 15, 1975 Portuguese Angola Southern Africa
Bay of Pigs Invasion April 17, 1961 April 19, 1961 Cuba Caribbean
Berlin Crisis of 1961 June 4, 1961 November 9, 1961 East Germany Western Europe
Nicaraguan Revolution July 23, 1961 April 25, 1990 Nicaragua Central America
Eritrean War of Independence September 1, 1961 May 29, 1991  Ethiopia Eastern Africa
Cuban Missile Crisis October 14, 1962 October 28, 1962 Cuba Caribbean
Sino-Indian War October 20, 1962 November 21, 1962 China/India border Southern Asia
Guinea-Bissau War of Independence January 23, 1963 September 11, 1974 Portuguese Guinea Western Africa
1964 Brazilian coup d'état July 4, 1964 April 1, 1964 Brazil South America
Rhodesian Bush War March 31, 1964 December 12, 1979 Rhodesia Southern Africa
Mozambican War of Independence September 25, 1964 September 8, 1974 Portuguese Mozambique Eastern Africa
Colombian conflict May 27, 1964 Present Colombia South America
Dominican Civil War April 24, 1965 September 3, 1965 Dominican Republic Caribbean
United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–66) April 28, 1965 July 1, 1966 Dominican Republic Caribbean
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 August 15, 1965 September 23, 1965 India Indian subcontinent
30 September Movement September 30, 1965 October 1, 1965 Indonesia Southeast Asia
Indonesian killings of 1965–66 October 1, 1965 March 1966 Indonesia Southeast Asia
South African Border War August 26, 1966 March 21, 1990 South-West Africa
Angola
Southern Africa
Namibian War of Independence August 26, 1966 March 21, 1990 South-West Africa Southern Africa
Ñancahuazú Guerrilla November 3, 1966 October 9, 1967  Bolivia South America
Greek military junta of 1967–74 April 21, 1967 July 23, 1974 Greece Southern Europe
Six-Day War June 5, 1967 June 10, 1967 Egypt
 Syria
 Jordan
 Israel
Western Asia
War of Attrition July 1, 1967 August 7, 1970 Sinai Peninsula Western Asia
Communist Insurgency in Malaysia June 17, 1968 December 2, 1989 Malaysia Southeast Asia
Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia August 20, 1968 August 21, 1989 Czechoslovakia Eastern Europe
Sino-Soviet border conflict March 2, 1969 September 11, 1969 China/ Soviet Union border Eastern Asia
1969 Libyan coup d'état September 1, 1969 September 1, 1969 Libya North Africa
1969 Somali coup d'état October 21, 1969 October 21, 1969 Somalia Eastern Africa
Black September in Jordan September 1, 1970 July 1971 Jordan Western Asia
Cambodian Civil War October 9, 1970 April 17, 1975 Cambodia Southeast Asia
First Quarter Storm January 1970 March 1970  Philippines Southeast Asia
Bangladesh Liberation War March 26, 1971 December 16, 1971 Bangladesh Southern Asia
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 December 3, 1971 December 16, 1971 Bangladesh
Pakistan
Southern Asia
1973 Chilean coup d'état September 11, 1973 September 11, 1973 Chile South America
Armed resistance in Chile (1973–90) September 11, 1973 1990 Chile South America
Yom Kippur War October 6, 1973 October 25, 1973 Egypt
 Syria
 Israel
Western Asia
Carnation Revolution April 25, 1974 April 25, 1974 Portugal Southern Europe
Ethiopian Civil War November 28, 1974 May 21, 1991 Ethiopia Eastern Africa
Operation Independence February 5, 1975 September 28, 1977 Argentina South America
Cambodian–Vietnamese War May 1, 1975 September 26, 1989 Cambodia
Vietnam
Thailand
Southeast Asia
Lebanese Civil War April 13, 1975 October 13, 1990 Lebanon Near East
Angolan Civil War November 11, 1975 April 4, 2002 Angola Southern Africa
Indonesian invasion of East Timor December 7, 1975 July 17, 1976 East Timor Southeast Asia
Operation Entebbe July 4, 1976 July 4, 1976 Uganda Western Africa
1976 Argentine coup d'état March 24, 1976 March 24, 1976 Argentina South America
Shaba I March 8, 1977 May 26, 1977 Zaire (present day Democratic Republic of the Congo) Central Africa
Mozambican Civil War May 30, 1977 October 15, 1992 Mozambique Southern Africa
Ethio-Somali War July 13, 1977 March 15, 1978 Ethiopia Eastern Africa
Shaba II May 11, 1978 June 1978 Zaire (present day Democratic Republic of the Congo) Central Africa
Korean Air Lines Flight 902 April 20, 1978 April 20, 1978 Soviet Union Eastern Europe
Iranian Revolution January 16, 1979 February 1979 Iran Southern Asia
Sino-Vietnamese War February 17, 1979 March 16, 1979  China /  Vietnam border Southeast Asia
Salvadoran Civil War May 9, 1979 January 16, 1992 El Salvador Central America
Soviet–Afghan War December 24, 1979 February 15, 1989 Afghanistan Central Asia
Internal conflict in Peru May 17, 1980 Present Peru South America
Iran–Iraq War September 22, 1980 August 20, 1988 Iran
Ba'athist Iraq
Persian Gulf
1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War June 23, 1982 August 3, 1982 Somalia Eastern Africa
Korean Air Lines Flight 007 September 1, 1983 September 1, 1983 Soviet Union Eastern Asia
Invasion of Grenada October 25, 1983 December 15, 1983 Grenada Caribbean
People Power Revolution February 22, 1986 February 25, 1986  Philippines Asia
1986 United States bombing of Libya April 15, 1986 April 15, 1986 Libya North Africa
8888 Uprising March 12, 1988 September 21, 1988 Burma Asia
United States invasion of Panama December 20, 1989 January 31, 1990  Panama Central America
Revolutions of 1989 March 9, 1989 April 27, 1992 Countries of the Eastern Bloc and Warsaw Pact Central/Eastern Europe
Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 April 15, 1989 June 4, 1989  China Eastern Asia
Velvet Revolution November 17, 1989 December 29, 1989 Czechoslovakia Central Europe
Mongolian Revolution of 1990 December 10, 1989 March 9, 1990 Mongolia Central Asia
Romanian Revolution December 16, 1989 December 25, 1989 Romania Central Europe
Gulf War August 2, 1990 February 28, 1991 Iraq Western Asia
Yugoslav Wars March 31, 1991 November 12, 2001  Yugoslavia Eastern Europe
1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt August 19, 1991 August 21, 1991  Soviet Union Eastern Europe
24th National Assembly of Hungary
Overview
Jurisdiction Kingdom of Hungary
 Hungarian Republic
Term29 November 1945 – 25 July 1947
Election4 November 1945
National Assembly
Members421
SpeakerFerenc Nagy (1945–46)
Béla Varga (1946–47)
Árpád Szabó (1947)
Prime MinisterZoltán Tildy (1945–46)
Ferenc Nagy (1946–47)
Lajos Dinnyés (1947)
Party controlIndependent Smallholders' Party

This is a list of members of the unicameral National Assembly of Hungary according to the results of the elections of 1945. This was the first legislature in Hungary's history to be freely and fairly elected by full and universal suffrage, and would be the last such parliament until 1990.

Composition

[edit]

At the opening of Parliament

[edit]

List of members of the National Assembly of Hungary, 1945–1947

Party MPs Of total
Independent Smallholders' Party
245
 
58.19%
Hungarian Communist Party
70
 
16.63%
Hungarian Social Democratic Party
69
 
16.39%
National Peasant Party
23
 
5.46%
Civic Democratic Party
2
 
0.48%
Independents
12
 
2.85%
Total 421 100%

At the closing of Parliament

[edit]
Party MPs Of total
Independent Smallholders' Party
187
 
44.52%
Hungarian Communist Party
70
 
16.67%
Hungarian Social Democratic Party
69
 
16.42%
National Peasant Party
21
 
5.00%
Hungarian Freedom Party
21
 
5.00%
Civic Democratic Party
1
 
0.24%
Independents
49
 
11.67%
Total 420 100%

List of members

[edit]

Members and their parties upon the opening of Parliament, 29 November 1945.

  Independent Smallholders' Party
  Hungarian Communist Party
  National Peasant Party
  Social Democratic Party
  Civic Democratic Party
  Independents

County Seats Members
Baranya and Tolna 22 Jenő Dulin
Viktor Perr
János Taksonyi
Pál Rőth
János Borbély
Antal Lábady
Nándor Koszér
Béla Szécsey
Béla Padányi Gulyás
Jenő Czövek
Vendel Barkóczy
János Babody
Sándor Dömötör
László Samu
Lajos Matzkó
Mihály Farkas
Pál Krancz
Gyula Hajdu
József Czéh
József Tolnai
Péter Bechtler
Gyula Pozsgay
Somogy 15 József Kovács
Olivér Gaál
József Jónás
János Gabriél
Mihály Hompola
János Molics
József Németh
Tibor Fekete
Gyula Papszt
Ödön Antl
Ferenc Kiss
József Zákányi
István Sinkovics
Ferenc Erdei
Anna Kéthly
Zala 14 Ferenc Kovács
Győzo Drózdy
Ferenc Bekéfi
Imre Bencze
Lajos Németh
Károly Mangliár
László Cifra
János Magyar
Ernő Megyesy
Lajos Ledniczky
László Fillér
Károly Bedő
Mátyás Rákosi
János Dombáy
Vas 10 Sándor Mándli
Tibor Hám
János Janzsó
Imre Pászthory
Gyula Belső
János Czeiczel
Jenő Katona
Kálmán Erőss
Imre Szabó
György Marosán
Győr-Moson-Sopron 15 György Parragi
Lajos Hajdu Németh
Ernő Meixner
András Szalay
Pál Jaczkó
György Horváth
Géza Komlós
Bálint Czupy
József Pécsi
István Kossa
Zoltán Szantó
Imre Szomogyi
Géza Malasits
Vilmos Zentai
István Udvaros
Vesprém 9 Dezső Sulyok
Lajos Kocsi
Ferenc Vidovics
Jenő Ruip
György Farkas
József Antall, Sr.
Pál Kocsi
István Horváth
Károly Peyer
Fejér-Komárom-Esztergom 18 István Dobi
István Kovács
László Cseh-Szombathy
István Tőke
Ferenc Vócsa
József Gróh
József Dancs
Ignác Nagy
Sándor Nyirjessy
Kálmán Szabó
László Rajk
György Osztrovszki
János Zgyerka
Lajos Jócsik
Árpád Szakasits
Miklós Vas
Dénes Czézner
János Borbély
Budapest 68 Zoltán Tildy
Imre Oltványi
Albert Bereczky
Viktor Csornoky
Jószef Kővágó
József Bognár
Pál Auer
György Gulácsy
Erzsébet Gyenis
László Jékelyi
Gyula Dessewffy
Zoltán Pfeiffer
Tamás Pásztor
Ilma Oberschall
László Pesta
László Felvinczi
Anna Veress
László Gyulai
Sándor Eckhardt
Kálmán Saláta
Gyula Jármay
János Horváth
Dezső Futó
Pál Tessik
István Csurgai
Ferenc Palinay
József Szenner
István Szolnoki
Ferenc Gordon
György Esterhás
Ignác Sári
Béla Halter
József Szemes
Zoltán Vas
Ernő Gerő
Károly Kiss
Piroska Szabó
István Kovács
Lajos Drahos
Anna Ratkó
Antal Apró
István Rusznyák
József Prieszol
Aranka Némety
István Varga
Jenő Gyósci
József Sipka
Imre Kovács
István Ries
István Száva
Gyula Kelemen
Mihály Révész
Lajos Szamay
János Dávid
Alfréd Halász
László Faragó
Jolán Koronya
István Ivanics
Tibor Vágvölgyi
Imre Jancsecz
Béla Lányi
Lajos Gallai
Antal Kárpáti
Károly Gyurkovits
János Popik
Sándor Visnyei
Sándor Szent-Iványi
Margit Slachta
Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun
and Bács-Bodrog
48 Ferenc Nagy
Lajos Dinnyés
László Révész
Gyula Bencsik
József Bácsalmási
Aladár Pongrácz
Elek Patonay
Imre Almási
István Csala
Jenő Némethy
Ferenc Kiss
László Kiss
Gedeon Vargha
András Palásti
Imre Veér
Tibor Pongrácz
István Kiss
Alfréd Ofner
József Szenthe
József Sisitka
György Hódy
Antal Kovács
Dömötör Balla
Sándor Vass
István Blaskó
Imre G. Fülöp
Antal Balla
János Rózsahegyi
Bódog Nagy
Endre Reicher
Mihály Haluska
Erik Molnár
Ferenc Donáth
József Gábor
József Macskasi
Márton Horváth
János Török
Géza Losonczy
Pál S. Szabó
János Adorján
János Válóci
Imre Szélig
Ödön Kisházi
István Turi
Lászó Tóth
István Bundzsák
Fanni Auer
László Csala
Csongrád and Csanád 22 István Balogh
János Márk Nagyiván
János S. Saghy
János Mihály
Ferenc Tárkány Szücs
Imre Szőnyi
Bálint Józsai
Gyula Dobó
Tamás Keresztes
István Dénes
Ferenc Implom
Sándor Bálint
József Révai
Imre Kiss
Imre Dadi
Imre Tombácz
Mihály Oláh
János Pap
Ferenc Takács
Ágoston Valentiny
István Erdei
Ernő Kiss
Békés 14 István B. Szabó
Árpád Szabó
Lajos Rácz
József Futó
Antal Ravasz
János Gálik
János Gyuska
István Szirmai
Imre Birkás
András Vári
János Hegyesi
Ferenc Szeder
Erzsébet Müller
Péter Kurunczi
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok 16 János Gyöngyösi
Mihály Guba
Ferenc Z. Nagy
Kornél Milassin
Béla Mizsei
Mihály Kerék
Sándor Csíkos
Dezső Udvary
Ferenc Gaál
Antal Ragó
Antal Gyenes
Kálmán Bakó
Győző Vidor
László Nánási
József Takács
József Kiss
Hajdú-Bihar 19 István Vásáry
Lajos Bihari Nagy
Ferenc Kálmán
Lászó Csősz
Lajos Csizmadia
Miklós Zsom
Zoltán Lévay
Gyula Szigethy
Kálmán Hajdu
Lajos N. Gál
Gyula Kállai
István Szabó
Sándor Zöld
Pál Szabó
Imre Kondor
Ferenc Gém
István Szabó
János Kovács
Sándor Kállai
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg 21 Mária Bende
János Erőss
István Szabó
Mihály Tomasosvszky
József Virág
Sándor Kiss
Dániel Andrássy
Menyhért Veress
István Ternay
József Gyulai
György Papp
Sándor Csoma
Sándor Lengyel
József Mócsán
Imre Nagy
András Pintér
László Bartha
János Tóth
István Mikita
Roland Kiss
József Pásztor
Borsod-Gömör-Zemplén-Abaúj 25 József Vásáry
Gábor Rácz
Tivadar Pártay
László Acsay
Endre Cziáky
József G. Tóth
István Dubay
Ferenc Augusztin
János Szabó Pap
József Szabó
József Szakács
László Pocsai
Sándor Illés
István Brunszvik
János Bodnár
Sándor Nógrádi
Mihály Fekete
Gyula Leniczky
Mihály Urbancsek
József Fülöp
József Darvas
Sándor Rónai
Ferenc Reisinger
Júlia Nemes
István Juhász
Heves-Nógrád-Hont 23 Géza Mátéffy
József Adorján
Ender Baráth
István Szántó Vezekényi
János Piatrik
Jószef Csépány
Károly Vértesy
László Nagy
Ferenc Szabó
István Miskolczy
Lajos Nagy
János Nagy
László Kováts
János Kádár
János Oczel
György Sulyán
Ferenc Hermann
Ferenc Dömötör
Péter Veres
Márton Buzás
Antal Bán
István Szurdi
Károly Spitálszky
National list 50 Béla Varga
Béla Kovács
Lajos Szentiványi
Samu Filó
Zoltán Tildy Jr.
Gergely Kiss
Vince Nagy
Vince Vörös
Gyula Ortutay
Mihály Vaskó
Jenő Tombor
Gyula Kanta
Béla Andaházi-Kasnya
Vince Gáspár
Lajos Harmathy
Lajos Györgyi
Pál Hegymegi Kiss
Ferenc Dajkovich
István Reők
Albert Bartha
László Vatai
József Törő
István B. Rácz
György Szintén
Iván Lenárt
Ferenc Juhász
Sándor Pali
Tibor Horányi
István Kiss
András Szobek
László Rudas
Károly Olt
Erzsébet Andics
Miklós Somogyi
Aladár Mód
Lajos Papp
László Orbán
László Piros
Gyula Illyés
Ferenc B. Farkas
Ferenc S. Szabó
Manó Buchinger
Pál Justus
Miklós Kertész
József Kőmüves
János Pintér
Imre Vajda
Ferenc Révész
Pál Schiffer
Imre Pásztor
Honorary mandates 12 György Bölöni
Sándor Juhász Nagy
Mihály Károlyi
Zoltán Kodály
Béla Miklós
Gyula Moór
Pál Pátzay
Albert Szent-Györgyi
István Szőnyi
Áron Tamási
Rusztem Vámbéry
Béla Zsedényi
Total 421

Source (in Hungarian): Az 1945. november 29-ére összehívott nemzetgyűlés képviselőinek lakáskönyve (1946. január)

Category:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Category:Massacres in Hungary Category:Hungarian People's Republic Category:Protests in Hungary Category:Conflicts in 1956 Category:Mass murder in 1956 Category:1950s in Budapest Category:October 1956 events

  1. ^ Borhi, p.77-8
  2. ^ Hungary 1944-1953. 2: Communist take-over, 1946-1949. The Institute for the History of the 1956 Revolution.
  3. ^ Hungary 1944-1953. 1: An Attempt at a New, Democratic Start, 1944-1946. The Institute for the History of the 1956 Revolution.
  4. ^ Ibid
  5. ^ 2: Communist take-over, 1946-1949.
  6. ^ Ibid
  7. ^ Ibid
  8. ^ Ibid