User:Halenhardy/sandbox
List of endemic plants in Puerto Rico
[edit]The following is a list of plant species or subspecies endemic only to the island of Puerto Rico. This list was generated by Plants of the World Online in October 2024, but may change with taxonomic revisions and new discoveries.
Selected plants endemic to Puerto Rico and nearby islands
[edit]The following list is incomplete but includes some of the more recognized species that have a narrow endemic range around Puerto Rico.
| Image | Scientific name | Common name(s) | Order | Native distribution | Conservation status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tabernaemontana oppositifolia | Puerto Rico, Tobago, Trinidad | ||||
| Ilex sintenisii | Sintenis' holly | Greater Antilles | |||
| Justicia culubritae |
List of historical Spanish-language films
[edit]The following is a list of Spanish-language period films set in historical time periods in the Spanish-speaking world, or older films that address important contemporary historical events.
| Spanish name | English name | Released | Setting | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Los Cántabros | The Cantabrians | 1980 | 29–19 BC | Set during the Cantabrian Wars between Spanish tribes and Rome |
| La abadesa | Holy Mother or The Abbess | 2024 | 9th century | |
| El Cid, la leyenda | El Cid: The Legend | 2003 | 1081 | |
| Reina santa | The Holy Crown | 1947 | 1297 | Portrays the life of Isabel of Aragon |
| Inquisición | Inquisition | 1976 | Medieval period | Set in Medieval France |
| Tirant lo Blanc | The Maidens' Conspiracy | 2006 | 1401 | |
| La marrana | The Sow | 1992 | 1492 | |
| Alba de América | Dawn of America | 1951 | 1492 | |
| Juana la Loca... de vez en cuando | 1983 | 1496 | Based on the arranged marriage of Joanna of Castile in 1496 | |
| Juana la Loca | Mad Love | 2001 | 1496 & 1554 | |
| Teresa | Teresa | 2023 | 16th century | The plot follows the dialectic duel between an inquisitor and mystic nun Teresa of Ávila, who lived from 1515 to 1582 |
| Lázaro de Tormes | 2001 | 16th century | ||
| El hombre que supo amar | The Man Who Knew Love | 1976 | 16th century | Set in 16th-century Granada |
| Asesinato en la universidad | 2018 | 16th century | Set in the Universidad de Salamanca | |
| La otra vida del capitán Contreras | The Other Life of Captain Contreras | 1955 | 16th century | |
| Oro | Gold | 2017 | 16th century | |
| La corona partida | The Broken Crown | 2016 | 1504 | Focuses on the events after the death of Queen Isabella of Castile, who died in 1504 |
| Locura de amor | Madness for Love | 1948 | 1504 | Portrays Queen Joanna of Castile, whose reign began in 1504 |
| El capitán de Loyola | Loyola, the Soldier Saint | 1509 | Portrays the life of Ignatius of Loyola, who began his military career in 1509 | |
| La leona de Castilla | The Lioness of Castille | 1951 | 1521 | Portrays María Pacheco, who was in office from 1521 to 1522 |
| Alatriste | 2006 | 1623 | Set in the 17th century Spanish Netherlands (1556–1714) during the Dutch Revolt (1566–1648) during the reign of Philip IV (1621-1665) | |
| El Dorado | 1988 | 1560 | ||
| Jeromin | 1576 | Portrays the early life of John of Austria, who was born in 1576 | ||
| La dama del armiño | Lady in Ermine | 1947 | 1577 | Takes place during the life of El Greco while painting Lady in a Fur Wrap (1577-1579) |
| La conjura de El Escorial | The Escorial Conspiracy | 2008 | 1578 | Set in the reign of Philip II of Spain |
| Akelarre | Coven | 2020 | 1609 | The film won five Goya Awards |
| Don Juan | 1950 | 1630 | Based on the legend of Don Juan, published 1630 | |
| Akelarre | 1984 | 1700 | Set in the end of 16th century | |
| La princesa de los ursinos | The Princess of the Ursines | 1947 | 1700 | Loosely based on real events that took place in the eighteenth century reign of Philip V of Spain |
| Dick Turpin | 1974 | 1739 | Portrays life of Dick Turpin (1705-1739) | |
| Goya, historia de una soledad | Goya, a Story of Solitude | 1971 | 1746 | Portrays the life of Francisco Goya, who lived from 1746 to 1828 |
| Diego Corrientes | 1959 | 1780 | ||
| Goya's Ghosts | 1792 | |||
| El tambor del Bruch | The Drummer of Bruch | 1808 | ||
| Sangre de mayo | Blood in May | 2008 | 1808 | |
| El abanderado | 1943 | 1808 | ||
| La guerrilla | The Guerrilla | 1973 | 1808-1814 | Set during the Peninsular Wars |
| Aventuras de Juan Lucas | Adventures of Juan Lucas | 1949 | 1808 | |
| Los Guerrilleros | 1863 | 1808 | ||
| Carmen, la de Ronda | A Girl Against Napoleon or The Devil Made a Woman | 1959 | 1808 | |
| Agustina de Aragón | Agustina of Aragon | 1950 | 1808 | |
| Libertador | The Liberator | 2013 | 1810 | Based on the life of Simón Bolívar, who started his military career in 1810 |
| Simón Bolívar | 1810 | Based on the life of Simón Bolívar, who started his military career in 1810 | ||
| Goya en Burdeos | Goya in Bordeaux | 1999 | 1824 | |
| Category:Peninsular War films | ||||
| Cinco de mayo: La batalla | May Fifth: The Battle | 2013 | 1862 | Documentary with reenactments of the Battle of Puebla |
| Category:Spanish historical films | ||||
| Category:Spanish historical comedy films | ||||
| Category:Spanish historical comedy-drama films | ||||
| Category:Spanish historical thriller films | ||||
| Category:Spanish historical drama films | ||||
| Category:Spanish historical romance films | ||||
| Category:Spanish historical musical films | ||||
| Category:Spanish historical horror films | ||||
| Category:Spanish historical adventure films | ||||
| List of Spanish Civil War films | 1936 | |||
| Category:Documentary films about the Spanish Civil War | 1936 | |||
| Category:Films about Francisco Franco | 1936 | |||
| Category:Films about the Spanish Maquis | 1939 | |||
| Category:Films about ETA (separatist group) | 1959 | |||
| Category:Films about the Spanish Transition | 1975 | |||
| Chavela Vargas | 2017 | 1919 | Documentary about the Costa Rican-Mexican singer, Chavela Vargas | |
| Solos en la madrugada | Alone in the Dark | 1978 | 1978 | Set in the Spanish democratic transition of the late 1970s |
| Sombras en una batalla | Shadows in a Conflict | 1993 | 1975–1982 | Set in the Spanish democratic transition (1975-1982) |
| Siete días de enero | Seven Days in January | 1979 | 1977 | Film about the 1977 Atocha massacre |
| Los años desnudos. Clasificada S | Rated R | 2008 | 1975 | Set in the Spanish democratic transition (1975-1982) |
| Modelo 77 | Prison 77 | 2022 | 1976–1978 | Set in the Spanish democratic transition (1975-1982) |
| La mujer del ministro | The Minister’s Wife | 1981 | 1975-1981 | Set in the Spanish democratic transition (1975-1982) |
| La isla mínima | Marshland | 2014 | 1975–1982 | Set in the Spanish democratic transition (1975-1982) |
| Mambrú se fue a la guerra | Mambru Went to War | 1986 | 1975 | Set after Francisco Franco's death in 1975 |
| Te estoy amando locamente | Love & Revolution | |||
19th century
[edit]| Date | Category | Origin | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1800s | New potato varieties are brought from Chile to Europe, in an attempt to widen disease resistance of European potatoes. The import could have instead introduced or heightened vulnerability to the fungus Phytophthora infestans.[1] | Vegetables | Chile |
| 1801 | G. H. Bent Company starts producing Bent's water crackers, one of the earliest branded foods.[2] | Grains | USA |
| 1802 | First modern production process for dried milk was invented by the Russian physician Osip Krichevsky in 1802. The first commercial production of dried milk was organized by the Russian chemist M. Dirchoff in 1832. In 1855, T.S. Grimwade took a patent on a dried milk procedure, though a William Newton had patented a vacuum drying process as early as 1837. | Dairy | Russia |
| 1809 | Gyuhap chongseo ("Women's Encyclopedia"), including many recipes, published in Korea | Cookbooks | Korea |
| 1824 | The Virginia House-Wife cookbook published. Includes recipe for "Mary Randolph's Transparent Pudding," an early version of chess pie | Cookbook | USA |
| 1835 | Baking powder is invented by food manufacturer, Alfred Bird.[3] | Technology | England |
| 1837 | Soufflé potatoes invented by accident.[4] | Vegetables | France |
| 1837 | Bird's Custard invented by Alfred Bird | Confections | England |
| 1841 | Edmond Albius, a 12-year-old slave who lived on the French island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean, discovered that vanilla could be hand-pollinated. Hand-pollination allowed global cultivation of the plant.[5] | Technology | Réunion |
| 1843 | Nancy M. Johnson invents the hand cranked freezer, credited for the fast diffusion of ice cream.[6] | Technology | USA |
| 1845 | 1845-1852: Potato blight infection leads to famine in Ireland, killing or forcing the emigration of 1.5 million Irish people.[7] | Vegetables | Ireland |
| 1847 | The Carolina Housewife cookbook published, including one of the earliest recipes for peanut brittle, referred to as "groundnut candy" (the term "peanut brittle" was not used until 1892).[8] | Cookbooks, Confections | USA |
| 1848 | One of the earliest recipes for butterscotch, in the Liverpool Mercury | Confections | England |
| 1848 | John Curtis introduces the first commercially produced chewing gum, State of Maine Pure Spruce Gum[9][10] | Chewing gum | USA |
| 1850 | John Curtis introduces the first flavored paraffin chewing gum[9] | Chewing gum | USA |
| 1860s | Earliest known fish and chips shops were opened in London during the 1860s by Eastern European Jewish immigrant Joseph Malin,[11] and by John Lees in Mossley, Lancashire.[12][13] | Seafood | England |
| 1867 | Charles Feltman invented the hot dog in his stall in Coney Island, New York by pairing a frankfurter with a bread bun.[14] | Meat | USA |
| 1869 | Thomas Adams buys chicle, the milky latex of the sapodilla tree, from exiled Mexican President, Antonio López de Santa Anna, in the hopes of processing it for use as an alternative to rubber, but later sold it for its original purpose as chewing gum | Chewing gum | Mexico |
| 1869 | Thomas Adams markets “New York Chewing Gum”[9] | Chewing gum | USA |
| 1869 | Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès invents margarine,[15] winning the prize offered by Napoleon III to invent a suitable substitute for butter. The original substitute however used beef suet rather than vegetable oils.[16] | Fats and oils | France |
| 1871 | Thomas Adams patents first chewing gum-making machine and begins producing chicle-based gum as a novelty item with no flavorings or additives.[9][17] | Chewing gum | USA |
| 1879 | William White discovers how to flavor chicle, using peppermint, and marketing it as Yucatan chewing gum[9] | Chewing gum | USA |
| 1879 | Wheatena first advertised by George H. Hoyt | Grains | USA |
| 1884 | Thomas Adams begins adding licorice flavoring to his chicle gum, marketed as Adams Black Jack. | Chewing gum | USA |
| 1885 | 1885-1904: Depending on claims, range for the invention of the modern hamburger.[18] | Meat | |
| 1886 | Jonathan Primely makes the first fruit-flavored chewing gum, sold as Kis-Me[9] | Chewing gum | USA |
| 1886 | Canada bans margarine.[16] | Fats and oils | Canada |
| 1888 | Thomas Adams' “Tutti Frutti” becomes first chewing gum sold in vending machines, which were placed in NYC subway stations.[9] | Chewing gum | USA |
| 1890 | Beeman's gum invented[19] (elsewhere reported as 1882[9]) | Chewing gum | USA |
| 1890 | Henry Fleer purportedly invents Chiclets, the first commercially available candy-coated chewing gum[9] | Chewing gum | USA |
| 1891 | William Wrigley Jr. introduces the Vassar, Lotta, and Sweet 16 chewing gum brands.[9] | Chewing gum | USA |
| 1892 | William Wrigley Jr. introduces Spearmint Pepsin gum[9] | Chewing gum | USA |
| 1892 | Experimental plantations of rice in Australia begin, in New South Wales.[20] | Grains | Australia |
| 1893 | Cream of Wheat introduced by Scottish-born chief miller, Tom Amidon | Grains | USA |
| 1893 | Juicy Fruit gum introduced | Chewing gum | USA |
| 1894 | Walker's Nonsuch toffee manufacturer founded | Confections | England |
| 1896 | First self-service restaurant (the "Stollwerck-Automatenrestaurant") opens in Berlin's Leipziger Straße.[21] | Fast food | Germany |
| 1897 | Machine-spun cotton candy invented by dentist William Morrison and confectioner John C. Wharton, and first introduced to a wide audience at the 1904 World's Fair as Fairy Floss | Confections | USA |
| 1897 | Gallo (Famosa) Guatemalan beer introduced | Alcoholic beverages | Guatemala |
| 1897 | Grape Nuts introduced | Grains | |
| 1897 | Al Ahram brewery founded | Alcoholic beverages | Egypt |
| 1897 | Dos Equis first brewed by the German-Mexican Wilhelm Hasse | Alcoholic beverages | Mexico |
| 1898 | Brunswick stew introduced | Soups and stews | |
| 1898 | Walkers Shortbread introduced | Breads | |
| 1898 | Tarte Tatin introduced | Confections | |
| 1898 | Lane cake introduced | Confections | |
| 1898 | Barq's Root Beer introduced | Beverages | |
| 1898 | Gin sour introduced | Alcoholic beverages | |
| 1898 | Pepsi Cola introduced | Beverages | |
| 1898 | Perrier mineral water | Beverages | |
| 1899 | Dentyne gum created by New York druggist, Franklin V. Canning[9] | Chewing gum | USA |
| 1899 | Licorice Allsorts introduced | Confections | England |
| 1899 | Oysters Rockefeller introduced | Seafood | USA |
| 1899 | Club sandwich introduced | Sandwiches | USA |
| 1899 | Maltex introduced[22] | Grains | USA |
| 1899 | Dentyne gum introduced[9] | Confections | USA |
| 1899 | American Chicle Company founded[9] | Chewing gum | USA |
20th century
[edit]| Date | Category | Origin | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1900 | Clark's Teaberry chewing gum invented by Charles Burke | Chewing gum | USA |
| 1905 | Lactobacillus bulgaricus, the lactic acid-producing bacteria, discovered by Stamen Grigorov as the true cause for the existence of natural yogurt.[23] | Dairy | Bulgaria |
| 1907 | Gumballs and gumball machines introduced[24] | Chewing gum | USA |
| 1912 | Bread-slicing machine invented by Otto Rohwedder, although it would not enter use before 1928 however.[25] | Technology | USA |
| 1914 | Wrigley introduces [24] | Chewing gum | USA |
| 1914 | Thomas Adams introduces Clove brand gum[24] | Chewing gum | USA |
| 1913 | Violet Crumble chocolate bar introduced by Hoadley's Chocolates in South Melbourne | Confections | Australia |
| 1912 | The first domesticated blueberries reach the market.[26] | Fruits | USA |
| 1918 | Fox's Glacier Mints introduced as "Acme Clear Mint Fingers" by Eric Fox, later named Fox's Glacier Mints in 1919 | Confections | England |
| 1919 | Campbell Cereal Company, maker of Malt-O-Meal, founded. | Companies | USA |
| 1920s | French fries introduced in the United States by returning First World War soldiers.[27] | Vegetables | Belgium or France |
| 1920 | Flake chocolate bar introduced by Cadbury | Confections | England |
| 1922 | Minties candy invented by James Noble Stedman | Confections | Australia |
| 1928 | One of the earliest references to lucky tattie candy, in the Dundee Evening Telegraph[28] | Confections | Scotland |
| 1924 | Botan Rice Candy invented by Seika Foods | Confections | Japan |
| 1924 | Red River Cereal introduced by the Red River Grain Co. | Grains | Canada |
| 1927 | Wrigley introduces PK Gum (discontinued in 1975) | Chewing gum | USA |
| 1928 | Heath chocolate toffee bar introduced by the Heath Brothers Confectionery | Confections | USA |
| 1928 | Walter Diemer, working for the Fleer Chewing Gum Company in Philadelphia, invents Dubble Bubble, the first bubble gum[24] | Chewing gum | USA |
| 1929 | Crunchie chocolate-covered honeycomb toffee candy bar introduced by J. S. Fry & Sons | Confections | England |
| 1930s | Gum trading cards introduced | Chewing gum | USA |
| 1933 | Peter Paul Co. sells a charcoal gum, advertising on Mounds box | Chewing gum | USA |
| 1934 | Farex baby cereal first produced by the company Glaxo. | Grains | USA |
| 1936 | Quality Street first produced by Mackintosh's | Confections | England |
| 1940 | The McDonalds brothers open their first McDonald's restaurant on May 15 in San Bernardino, California.[29] | Fast food | USA |
| 1943 | White Rabbit Creamy Candy introduced | Confections | China |
| 1947 | Bazooka Bubble Gum introduced | Chewing gum | USA |
| 1948 | Polo breath mint introduced by Rowntree's Factory, York | Confections | England |
| 1948 | Canada lifts the ban on margarine.[30] | Fats and oils | Canada |
| 1950 | Harvey’s Sugarless Gum introduced | Chewing gum | USA |
| 1951 | Maypo introduced by the Maltex Corporation | Grains | USA |
| 1953 | First commercial fish fingers. The American company Gorton-Pew Fisheries, now known as Gorton's, was the first company to introduce a frozen ready-to-cook fish finger; the product, named Gorton's Fish Sticks, won the Parents magazine Seal of Approval in 1956.[31][32] The developer of those fish sticks was Aaron L. Brody. | Seafood | USA |
| 1958 | The instant noodle was invented by Momofuku Ando of Nissin Foods in Japan, and launched the same year. | Grains | Japan |
| 1958 | The first conveyor belt sushi restaurant, Mawaru Genroku Sushi, opens in Higashiosaka.[33] | Fast food | Japan |
| 1953 | Daim chocolate caramel almond bar introduced | Confections | Sweden |
| 1958 | Nestle Nestum introduced | Grains | Portugal |
| 1959 | Caramac caramel bar introduced by Mackintosh's | Confections | England |
| 1960s | Dalgona candy becomes a popular street food in Korea | Confections | South Korea |
| 1960 | The invention of the potato water gun knife facilitates the mass production of French fries by fast food restaurants.[27] | Technology | |
| 1961 | Invention of the Chorleywood bread process.[34] | Grains | England |
| 1964 | Toffo toffee (originally named Toff-O-Lux until 1975) introduced by Mackintosh’s[35] | Confections | England |
| 1964 | The iconic Australian biscuit Tim Tam enters the market.[36][37] | Confections | Australia |
| 1976 | Pop Rocks fizzing candy introduced by General Foods (although it had been invented and patented earlier, in 1961) | Confections | USA |
| 1981 | Skor chocolate toffee bar introduced by The Hershey Company | Confections | USA |
| 1983 | Fruit Roll-Ups introduced | Confections | USA |
| 1995 | McFlurry soft serve dessert introduced by McDonald's | Fast Food | USA |
- ^ "Palm Oil". The Cambridge World History of Food. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
- ^ Andrew F. Smith (2 December 2011). Fast Food and Junk Food: An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat: An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat. ABC-CLIO. pp. 176–. ISBN 978-0-313-39394-5. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- ^ Campbell, G. (1999). "Creation and characterisation of aerated food products". Trends in Food Science & Technology. 10 (9): 283–296. doi:10.1016/S0924-2244(00)00008-X.
- ^ Linda Civitello (16 February 2011). Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 98–. ISBN 978-0-470-41195-7. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
- ^ Silver Cloud Estates. "History of Vanilla". Silver Cloud Estates. Retrieved 2008-07-23.
In 1837 the Belgian botanist Morren succeeded in artificially pollinating the vanilla flower. On Reunion, Morren's process was attempted, but failed. It was not until 1841 that a 12-year-old slave by the name of Edmond Albius discovered the correct technique of hand-pollinating the flowers.
- ^ Anne Cooper Funderburg (1995). Chocolate, Strawberry, and Vanilla: A History of American Ice Cream. Popular Press. pp. 34–. ISBN 978-0-87972-692-8. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- ^ "Potato (white)". The Cambridge World History of Food. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
- ^ "The Food Timeline: history notes-candy". www.foodtimeline.org. Retrieved 2024-11-25.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "History of Chewing Gum". www.usmintindustry.com. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
- ^ "John B. Curtis". www.chewinggumfacts.com. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
- ^ Rayner, Jay (3 November 2005). "Enduring Love". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 January 2003.
In 1860 a Jewish immigrant from Eastern Europe called Joseph Malin opened the first business in London's East End selling fried fish alongside chipped potatoes which, until then, had been found only in the Irish potato shops.
- ^ Hyslop, Leah (30 October 2013). "Potted histories: fish and chips". Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
- ^ "Federation of Fish Friers - Serving the Fish and Chips Industry - History". www.federationoffishfriers.co.uk. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
- ^ Bly, Robert W. (2007). All-American Frank: A History of the Hot Dog (1st ed.). New York: PublishAmerica. ISBN 978-1-4137-5062-1.
- ^ Pompeo Capella (1997). Manuale degli oli e grassi. Tecniche Nuove. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-88-7081-979-3. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
- ^ a b W. H. Heick (1991). A Propensity to Protect: Butter, Margarine and the Rise of Urban Culture in Canada. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-88920-994-7. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
- ^ "History". Vintage Gums. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
- ^ Smith, Andrew F. (November 2008). Hamburger: A Global History (1st ed.). Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-390-1.
- ^ "BEEMAN, EDWIN E. | Encyclopedia of Cleveland History | Case Western Reserve University". case.edu. 2024-04-14. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
- ^ "Rice". The Cambridge World History of Food. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
- ^ Grothe, Solveig (2013-08-15). "Automatenrestaurants: Klapp satt". Spiegel Geschichte (in German). Retrieved 2023-06-20.
- ^ "History of Chewing Gum". www.usmintindustry.com. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
- ^ Grigoroff, Stamen, 1905. Étude sur une lait fermentée comestible. Le “Kissélo mléko” de Bulgarie. Revue Médicale de la Suisse Romande. Genève. Georg&G., Libraires-Éditeurs. Librairie de L’Université.
- ^ a b c d "History of Chewing Gum". www.usmintindustry.com. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
- ^ "fob.co.uk: "History of bread – 20th century"". Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
- ^ Jim Minick (June 29, 2016). "The Delicious Origins of The Domesticated Blueberry". JSTOR News. Archived from the original on February 8, 2018. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
- ^ a b Linda Civitello (16 February 2011). Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 98–. ISBN 978-0-470-41195-7. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
- ^ "Scotslanguage.com - Lucky tattie". www.scotslanguage.com. Retrieved 2024-11-25.
- ^ "The world's first McDonald's restaurant". The Times of India.
- ^ "Resolving Canada's conflicted relationship with margarine". CBC News. July 9, 2008. Archived from the original on March 13, 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
- ^ Pacific Fisherman 54 (1956) p. 55.
- ^ Josephson, Paul (2008). "The Ocean's Hot Dog: The Development of the Fish Stick". Technology and Culture. 49 (1): 41–61. doi:10.1353/tech.2008.0023. ISSN 0040-165X. JSTOR 40061377. S2CID 110903114.
- ^ "Yoshiaki Shiraishi, 87, Sushi Innovator". The New York Times. 2001-08-21. Retrieved 2010-05-11.
- ^ bbc.com: "Chorleywood: The bread that changed Britain" Archived 13 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 7 June 2011
- ^ "Toffo – Nostalgia Central". nostalgiacentral.com. 2021-11-08. Retrieved 2024-11-25.
- ^ Pulley, Roz (24 September 2005). "Welcome to Cairns... Tim Tam capital of OZ". The Cairns Post. News Corporation. p. 3.
- ^ "Tim Tam biscuits turn 50". Herald Sun. News Corp Australia. AAP. 16 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.