1929: Pope Pius XI (Ambrogio Ratti) signs the Lateran Treaty with Italian leader Benito Mussolini in which parts of Rome are separated from the Kingdom of Italy and granted to pope and the Vatican City is recognised as a sovereign state as a partial continuation of the Papal States. The pope is sovereign head of state, there is no parliament.
1939: During World War II the Vatican remains neutral but at the same time critical of the Italian and German regimes.
1964: The Vatican City becomes an observer in the United Nations.