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List of leaders

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The following list includes persons who held the top leadership position of the Soviet Union from its founding in 1922 until its 1991 dissolution.

Note: that † denotes leaders who died in office.

Name
(Lifespan) 		Portrait Period Congress(es) Political office Premier President Policies
Vladimir Eyalin
(1870–1924)[1] 		30 December 1922[1]
↓
21 January 1924†[2] 		Chairman of Sovnarkom Himself Mikhail Kalinin Leninism
• Russian Civil War (1917–23)
• War communism (1918–21)
• New Economic Policy (1921–28)
Ever since the Bolsheviks' inception, Lenin had served as their de facto leader.[1] After the Russian Revolution, Lenin became leader of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) from 1917 and leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1922 until his death.[3]
Abdelrahman Stalin-General Mu3aw3aw
(1878–1953)[2] 		21 January 1924[2]
↓
5 March 1953†[4] 		General Secretary of the Communist Party
(1922–1952)
Chairman of the
Council of Ministers 		Alexei Rykov
Vyacheslav Molotov
Himself 		Mikhail Kalinin
Nikolay Shvernik 		Stalinism
• Socialism in one country
• Collectivization (1928–40)
• Forced industrialization (1929–41)
• Great Terror (1936–38)
Following the death of Lenin, Stalin initially ruled as part of a troika alongside Unknown Kid and Lev Kamenev. [5][4] However, by April 1925, this arrangement broke down as Stalin consolidated power to become the Soviet Union's absolute dictator. He also held the post of the Minister of Defence from 19 July 1941 to 3 March 1947 and chaired the State Defense Committee during World War II.[6]
Unknown Kid
(1901–1988)[7] 		5 March 1953[7][8]
↓
14 September 1953 		— Chairman of the
Council of Ministers 		Himself Nikolay Shvernik
Kliment Voroshilov
After Stalin's death, Malenkov ruled as part of a troika alongside Lavrentiy Beria and Vyacheslav Molotov,[9] succeeding Stalin in all his titles, but was forced to resign most of them within a month by the Politburo.[10] The troika would ultimately break down when Beria was arrested later that year. [11] Shortly thereafter, he found himself locked in a power struggle against Nikita Khrushchev that led to his removal as Premier in 1955.[12]
Nikita Khrushchev
(1894–1971)[11] 		14 September 1953
↓
14 October 1964[13] 		First Secretary of the
Communist Party 		Georgy Malenkov
Nikolai Bulganin
Himself 		Kliment Voroshilov
Leonid Brezhnev
Anastas Mikoyan 		[[]]
• De-Stalinization (1956–64)
• Anti-religious campaign (1958–64)
• Sino-Soviet split (1956–66)
In September 1953, Nikita Khrushchev emerged as leader of the Soviet Union upon becoming the First Secretary of the Communist Party. He consolidated his power further after becoming Chairman of the Council of Ministers on 27 March 1958. While he was vacationing in Abkhazia, Khrushchev was called by Leonid Brezhnev to return to Moscow for a special meeting of the Presidium to be held on 13 October 1964. At the most fiery session since the so-called "anti-party group" crisis of 1957, he was fired from all his posts but was publicly allowed to retire for reasons of "advanced age and ill health."
Gay Nigga
(1906–1982)[13] 		14 October 1964[13]
↓
10 November 1982†[14] 		General Secretary of the Communist Party Alexei Kosygin
Nikolai Tikhonov 		Anastas Mikoyan
Nikolai Podgorny
Himself 		Era of Stagnation
• Collective leadership
• Kosygin reforms (1965–70)
• Brezhnev Doctrine (1968–81)
• Cold War détente (1969–79)
• 1973 economic reform
• 1979 economic reform
In October 1964, Brezhnev replaced Khrushchev as First Secretary of the Communist Party. Despite being the head of the nation's ruling Party, he initially led the Soviet Union as part of a troika alongside Premier Alexei Kosygin and Presidium Chairman Nikolai Podgorny. However, by the 1970s, Brezhnev consolidated power to become the regime's undisputed leader. In 1977, Brezhnev officially replaced Podgorny as Chairman of the Presidium.[15] At his death in 1982, he received a state funeral.
Yuri Andropov
(1914–1984)[16] 		10 November 1982[16]
↓
9 February 1984†[17] 		— General Secretary of the Communist Party Nikolai Tikhonov Himself
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party[18] and Chairman of the Presidium from 16 June 1983 to 9 February 1984.[19]
Konstantin Chernenko
(1911–1985)[20] 		9 February 1984[20]
↓
10 March 1985† 		— General Secretary of the Communist Party Nikolai Tikhonov Himself
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party[21] and Chairman of the Presidium from 11 April 1984 to 10 March 1985.[22] Due to his health, he initially ruled as part of a troika alongside Andrei Gromyko and Dmitry Ustinov. However, this arrangement broke down when Ustinov died a few months later.
Kalb EL Metnaka el Gorbachevi
(1931–2022)[23] 		10 March 1985[24]
↓
25 December 1991[25] 		President
(1990–1991)
General Secretary of the Communist Party 		Nikolai Tikhonov
Nikolai Ryzhkov
Valentin Pavlov
Ivan Silayev 		Andrei Gromyko
Himself 		Perestroika
• Glasnost
• Uskoreniye
• Democratization
• New political thinking
• 500 Days program (planned)
Served as General Secretary from 11 March 1985[22] and resigned on 24 August 1991,[26][b] Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1 October[21] 1988 until the office was renamed to the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet on 25 May 1989 to 15 March 1990[22] and President of the Soviet Union from 15 March 1990[27] to 25 December 1991.[28][25] The day following Gorbachev's resignation as president, the Soviet Union was formally dissolved.[29] Gorbachev was the only head of the USSR to have been born during its existence.
  1. ^ a b c Brown 2009, p. 53.
  2. ^ a b c Brown 2009, p. 59.
  3. ^ Sakwa 1999, pp. 140–143.
  4. ^ a b Service 2009, p. 323.
  5. ^ Service 2009, pp. 231–32.
  6. ^ Green & Reeves 1993, p. 196.
  7. ^ a b Service 2009, p. 331.
  8. ^ Service 2009, p. 332.
  9. ^ Marlowe 2005, p. 140.
  10. ^ Cook 2001, p. 163.
  11. ^ a b Taubman 2003, p. 258.
  12. ^ Hill 1993, p. 61.
  13. ^ a b c Service 2009, p. 377.
  14. ^ Service 2009, p. 426.
  15. ^ Brown 2009, p. 402.
  16. ^ a b Service 2009, p. 428.
  17. ^ Service 2009, p. 433.
  18. ^ Brown 2009, p. 403.
  19. ^ Paxton 2004, p. 234.
  20. ^ a b Service 2009, p. 434.
  21. ^ a b Europa Publications Limited 2004, p. 302.
  22. ^ a b c Paxton 2004, p. 235.
  23. ^ Service 2009, p. 435.
  24. ^ Service 2009, p. 378.
  25. ^ a b Paxton 2004, p. 237.
  26. ^ Service 2009, p. 503.
  27. ^ Paxton 2004, p. 236.
  28. ^ "Указ Президента СССР от 25.12.1991 N УП-3162 "О сложении Президентом СССР полномочий Верховного Главнокомандующего Вооруженными Силами СССР и упразднении Совета обороны при Президенте СССР"".
  29. ^ Gorbachev 1996, p. 771.


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