User:DanielWhernchend/Ladin grammar

This article outlines the grammar of the standard variant of Ladin language, Ladin Standard.^[1]

Nouns

The Ladin nouns (Ladin: sostantif) are classified into either masculine or feminine genders, and inflected in two numbers, singular and plural, also have no grammatical cases. There are yet numerous irregularities on forming plurals.^[1]

Masculine nouns

Nouns ending in tonic vowels including accented vowels marking irregular stress (e.g. -ì, -é, -ò, etc.), ending in -i, monosyllabic nouns or diphthongs (e.g. -au, -ei, etc.) use the plural ending -s.

concei "council" → conceis

Except in the nouns pe,^{[translation?]} piesc; fre "brother", fredesc; and re,^{[translation?]} resc; latter are treated like nouns ending in non-tonic vowels.

Nouns in -a and -e use the plural ending -esc, sometimes -es (both endings make the last vowel removed).

berba "beard" → berbesc

ciochera^{[translation?]} → ciocheres

Except in the nouns Die "god", Dis and rie "thing", riei. Possessive pronouns also have irregular forms, see also #Pronouns.

Nouns ending in most consonants use the plural ending -s.

mur "wall" → murs

Nouns in -ch use the plural ending -c, sometimes -cs (both endings make the last consonant removed).

blanch "white" → blanc

Verbs

In Ladin, verbs are conjugated for tenses (present, imperfect, future), moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative), persons (first, second, third), numbers (singular, plural), and non-finite tenses (infinitive, gerund, and past participle). The most marked feature in Ladin verbs is separate conjugations for normal and inverted word order positions. As in Romanian but not in Italian and other Romance languages, there are two separate first conjugation groups, the second of these (group 1B) contains the infix -ei-.^[1]

Present tense

Word order		Ia: Cianté "to sing"		Ib: Informé "to inform"		II: Vedei "to see"		III: Perde "to lose"		IVa: Dormì "to sleep"		IVb: Capì "to understand"
Word order		Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Normal	1st	ciante	cianton	informeie	informon	veide	vedon	perde	perdon	dorme	dormion	capesce	capion
	2nd	ciantes	cianteis	informeies	informeis	veides	vedeis	perdes	perdeis	dormes	dormieis	capesces	capieis
	3rd	cianta	cianta	informeia	informeia	veid	veid	perd	perd	dorm	dorm	capesc	capesc
Inverted	1st	cianti	ciantonse	informeii	informonse	veidi	vedonse	perdi	perdonse	dormi	dormionse	capesci	capionse
	2nd	cianteste	cianteise	informeieste	informeise	veideste	vedeise	perdeste	perdeise	dormeste	dormieise	capesceste	capieise
	3rd m	ciàntel	ciàntei	informeiel	informeiei	veidel	veidei	pérdel	pérdei	dòrmel	dòrmei	capéscel	capéscei
	3rd f	ciàntela	ciànteles	informeiela	informeieles	veidela	veideles	pérdela	pérdeles	dòrmela	dòrmeles	capéscela	capésceles
	indef	ciànten		informeien		veiden		pérden		dòrmen		capéscen

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Grammatica dl Ladin Standard (PDF). Servisc de Planificazion y Elaborazion dl Lingaz Ladin (SPELL). 2001. ISBN 8881710293. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 14, 2011.

[Ladinia-1] Grammatica dl Ladin Standard (PDF). Servisc de Planificazion y Elaborazion dl Lingaz Ladin (SPELL). 2001. ISBN 8881710293. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 14, 2011.

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