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User:ChessEric/Tornado outbreak sequence of April 25 – May 3, 1954

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Tornado outbreak sequence of April 25 – May 3, 1954
TypeTornado outbreak
DurationApril 25 – May 3, 1954
Tornadoes
confirmed		100 confirmed[1]
Max. rating1F4 tornado
Duration of
tornado outbreak2		9 days, 16 hours, 20 minutes
Fatalities4 fatalities, 165 injuries
Damage$19.433 million (1954 USD)[nb 1][2]
Areas affectedMidwestern and Southeastern United States

1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale
2Time from first tornado to last tornado

A long-lived and destructive tornado outbreak sequence struck the Great Plains, Mississippi Valley, and Southeast from late-April into early-May, 1954. 100 tornadoes were confirmed, including three violent F4 tornadoes. Four people killed, 165 others were injured, and there was $19.433 million (1954 USD) in damage.[nb 2][nb 3][nb 4]

Meteorological synopsis

[edit]

[12][13]

Confirmed tornadoes

[edit]
Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Total
0 11 39 37 10 3 0 100*
  • In addition to confirmed tornadoes, the Climatological Data National Summary listed the following, which are not officially listed as tornadoes:

April 25 event

[edit]
List of confirmed tornadoes – Sunday, April 25, 1954[nb 5][nb 6]
F# Location County / Parish State Start
coord. 		Time (UTC) Path length Max. width Summary
F2 NNW of Holyrood Ellsworth KS 38°37′N 98°25′W / 38.62°N 98.42°W / 38.62; -98.42 (Holyrood (April 25, F2)) 06:40–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 10 yards (9.1 m) A strong tornado unroofed a shed. A portion of the roof was tossed over a house and left atop power lines. Losses were unknown. Tornado researcher Thomas P. Grazulis did not list the tornado as an F2 or stronger.[16][17][18]
F1 Southern Brighton Adams CO 39°59′N 104°49′W / 39.98°N 104.82°W / 39.98; -104.82 (Brighton (April 25, F1)) 19:00–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 17 yards (16 m) A tornado struck and damaged the roof of a house. Losses totaled $250.[19][20][18]
F2 Gettysburg to Bonneauville to McSherrystown to Hanover Adams, York PA 39°50′N 77°14′W / 39.83°N 77.23°W / 39.83; -77.23 (Gettysburg (April 25, F2)) 22:30–23:00 13.3 miles (21.4 km) 500 yards (460 m) This large, low-end F2 tornado, accompanied by high winds and heavy rain, hit multiple populated areas, causing $25,000 in damage. In Gettysburg the tornado damaged trees, utility wires, and small structures, clogging streets with debris and causing three vehicles to collide. Between McSherrystown and Hanover the tornado damaged TV antennae on 600 homes; one of the homes was unroofed as well. In the same area wires, chimneys, and trees were extensively impacted, as were storefront windows, unfinished walls, a pair of barn doors, and a barn.[21][22][18]
F2 ESE of Collyer Trego KS 39°03′N 100°06′W / 39.05°N 100.1°W / 39.05; -100.1 (Collyer (April 25, F2)) 00:45–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 10 yards (9.1 m) A strong tornado caused $25,000 in damage on a pair of farmsteads to the east-southeast and east of Collyer. Grazulis did not list the tornado as an F2 or stronger.[16][23][18]

April 26 event

[edit]
List of confirmed tornadoes – Monday, April 26, 1954[nb 5][nb 6]
F# Location County / Parish State Start
coord. 		Time (UTC) Path length Max. width Summary
F1 Council Bay La Crosse, Trempealeau WI 44°00′N 91°15′W / 44°N 91.25°W / 44; -91.25 (Council Bay (April 26, F1)) 21:25–? 5.6 miles (9.0 km) 33 yards (30 m) A tornado struck Camp Decorah, causing $2,500 in damage. Trees, utility lines, power poles, and a small cabin were destroyed or downed. A 40-foot-tall (12 m) tree was found 60 ft (18 m) from its original location. NCEI lists the path as extending from north of Holmen to north-northwest of Stevenstown.[24][25]
F1 SSW of Clinton Custer OK 35°28′N 99°00′W / 35.47°N 99°W / 35.47; -99 (Clinton (April 26, F1)) 21:30–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 10 yards (9.1 m) A weak tornado, attended by 1+1⁄2-inch-diameter (3.8 cm) hail, caused $30 in damage. Only a single farmstead was impacted.[26][25]
F1 N of North Andover Grant WI 42°50′N 90°48′W / 42.83°N 90.8°W / 42.83; -90.8 (North Andover (April 26, F1)) 22:00–? 1.3 miles (2.1 km) 33 yards (30 m) A tornado blew a chicken coop across a road, partly unroofed a barn, and unroofed a weigh house. A main barn incurred partial collapse of its end as well. Losses totaled $2,500. NCEI lists the path as extending from north-northeast of Five Points to northwest of Lancaster.[27][25]
F2 N of Miller Lyon KS 38°04′N 95°59′W / 38.07°N 95.98°W / 38.07; -95.98 (Miller (April 26, F2)) 22:20–? 1 mile (1.6 km) 20 yards (18 m) A funnel-less but strong tornado, coincident with golfball-sized hail, uplifted a roof, shifted a barn, and downed several trees. Losses totaled $2,500. Grazulis did not list the tornado as an F2 or stronger. NCEI incorrectly lists this tornado as having occurred southeast of Lamont, in Greenwood County.[16][28][29]
F2 SW of Royal to NW of Cornell Clay IA 43°03′N 95°18′W / 43.05°N 95.3°W / 43.05; -95.3 (Royal (April 26, F2)) 23:23–? 8.4 miles (13.5 km) 10 yards (9.1 m) Several funnel clouds were observed with this strong tornado touching down and damaging structures near Rossie. Losses totaled $250. Grazulis did not list the tornado as an F2 or stronger.[16][30][29]
F0 E of Carnegie Caddo OK 35°06′N 98°33′W / 35.1°N 98.55°W / 35.1; -98.55 (Carnegie (April 26, F0)) 00:00–00:05 1 mile (1.6 km) 50 yards (46 m) A brief tornado touched down in an open field with no damage being reported.[31][29]
F1 N of New Liberty Scott IA 41°45′N 90°53′W / 41.75°N 90.88°W / 41.75; -90.88 (New Liberty (April 26, F1)) 01:30–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 10 yards (9.1 m) A tornado struck a farmstead, damaging outbuildings and killing a cow. Losses totaled $2,500. No funnel cloud was seen, but a "roaring" sound was heard.[32][29]

April 27 event

[edit]
List of confirmed tornadoes – Tuesday, April 27, 1954[nb 5][nb 6]
F# Location County / Parish State Start
coord. 		Time (UTC) Path length Max. width Summary
F1 Antioch Garvin OK 34°44′N 97°24′W / 34.73°N 97.40°W / 34.73; -97.40 (Antioch (April 27, F1)) 08:00–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 33 yards (30 m) A tornado damaged a trio of homes. Losses totaled $25,000.[33][29]
F1 Westover Clearfield PA 40°45′N 78°40′W / 40.75°N 78.67°W / 40.75; -78.67 (Westover (April 27, F1)) 20:00–? 1 mile (1.6 km) 67 yards (61 m) A tornado moved directly through Westover, tossing goods off shelves in grocery stores, rocking buildings, smashing windows, and downing trees and wires. Losses totaled $250.[34][29]
F1 SSW of Luther Howard TX 32°25′N 101°28′W / 32.42°N 101.47°W / 32.42; -101.47 (Luther (April 27, F1)) 20:00–? 2 miles (3.2 km) 17 yards (16 m) A tornado did slight damage in mostly open fields. Losses were unknown.[12][35]
F2 Adena Jefferson OH 40°13′N 80°53′W / 40.22°N 80.88°W / 40.22; -80.88 (Adena (April 27, F2)) 23:55–? 1 mile (1.6 km) 33 yards (30 m) A strong tornado damaged a garage, three outbuildings, 12 homes, fuel tanks, plate glass, automobiles, chimneys, and trees. A man was injured in an apartment above the garage and losses totaled $250,000. Grazulis did not list the tornado as an F2 or stronger.[21][36][37]
F0 Lake Creek Greer OK 35°02′N 99°25′W / 35.03°N 99.42°W / 35.03; -99.42 (Lake Creek (April 27, F0)) 00:30–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 33 yards (30 m) A brief tornado killed or injured poultry and damaged chicken coops. Losses totaled $2,500.[38][37]
F2 Ballinger to SW of Rowena Runnels TX 31°44′N 99°57′W / 31.73°N 99.95°W / 31.73; -99.95 (Ballinger (April 27, F2)) 00:30–? 11.5 miles (18.5 km) 33 yards (30 m) A tornado moved southwestward from Ballinger. It unroofed or otherwise damaged five homes. A garage was shifted and unroofed, windows were shattered, and a chicken coop was wrecked. Losses were unknown. The NCEI lists the endpoint as south-southeast of Olfen.[21][39][37]

April 28 event

[edit]
List of confirmed tornadoes – Wednesday, April 28, 1954[nb 5][nb 6]
F# Location County / Parish State Start
coord. 		Time (UTC) Path length Max. width Summary
F1 W of Vidalia Concordia LA 31°33′N 91°30′W / 31.55°N 91.50°W / 31.55; -91.50 (Vidalia (April 28, F1)) 12:30–? 0.5 miles (0.80 km) 50 yards (46 m) A funnel was observed damaging several homes. Losses totaled $25,000.[40][37]
F1 S of Des Arc Prairie AR 34°55′N 91°30′W / 34.92°N 91.50°W / 34.92; -91.50 (Des Arc (April 28, F1)) 18:30–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 33 yards (30 m) The funnel from this tornado was observed from Letchworth. No damage was reported.[41][14]
F0 NE of Atomic City Butte ID 43°30′N 112°43′W / 43.50°N 112.72°W / 43.50; -112.72 (Atomic City (April 28, F0)) 19:20–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 33 yards (30 m) A tornado affected open country at the National Reactor Testing Station. Losses totaled $30.[19][42][43]
F1 NW of Cayote Bosque TX 31°47′N 97°28′W / 31.78°N 97.47°W / 31.78; -97.47 (Cayote (April 28, F1)) 23:00–? 2 miles (3.2 km) 100 yards (91 m) A tornado shifted a home, severed an electrical wire, destroyed a pair of outbuildings, and unroofed a barn. Losses were unknown. NCEI listed one injury, but not the Climatological Data National Summary.[44][43]
F1 Kendrick (1st tornado) Alcorn MS 34°55′N 88°35′W / 34.92°N 88.58°W / 34.92; -88.58 (Kendrick #1 (April 28, F1)) 01:00–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 33 yards (30 m) This tornado and the following were a pair. Losses totaled $2,500.[19][45][43]
F1 Kendrick (2nd tornado) Alcorn MS 34°55′N 88°35′W / 34.92°N 88.58°W / 34.92; -88.58 (Kendrick #2 (April 28, F1)) 01:00–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 33 yards (30 m) This tornado and the preceding were a pair. Losses totaled $2,500.[46][43]
F2 Walkertown Hardin TN 35°11′N 88°15′W / 35.18°N 88.25°W / 35.18; -88.25 (Walkertown (April 28, F2)) 01:15–01:30 2 miles (3.2 km) 300 yards (270 m) A brief but strong tornado unroofed a home and destroyed a store. A number of vehicles were damaged as well, along with the roofs of 25 other homes. Four people were injured and losses totaled $250,000. This and the preceding two tornadoes may have been part of the same storm.[21][47][43]
F2 WNW of Fairview Itawamba MS 34°22′N 88°20′W / 34.37°N 88.33°W / 34.37; -88.33 (Fairview (April 28, F2)) 01:30–? 3.3 miles (5.3 km) 10 yards (9.1 m) A strong tornado destroyed a home and unroofed another. Two people were injured and losses totaled $25,000.[21][48][43]

April 29 event

[edit]
List of confirmed tornadoes – Thursday, April 29, 1954[nb 5][nb 6]
F# Location County / Parish State Start
coord. 		Time (UTC) Path length Max. width Summary
F1 Norton to Hatchel Runnels TX 31°51′N 99°57′W / 31.85°N 99.95°W / 31.85; -99.95 (Hatchel/Norton (April 29, F1)) 20:50–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 33 yards (30 m) A brief tornado destroyed sheep enclosures and hurled a barn onto a house, damaging the latter. A woman was tossed by the wind and injured as a result. Losses were unknown.[49][43]
F2 NW of Roll to S of Vici Roger Mills, Ellis, Dewey OK 35°48′N 99°45′W / 35.80°N 99.75°W / 35.80; -99.75 (Roll (April 29, F2)) 21:00–? 33.3 miles (53.6 km) 33 yards (30 m) A strong tornado skipped over rural countryside, tearing up a segment of blacktop near Arnett, before destroying various outbuildings and barns on five farmsteads. Losses totaled $25,000.[21][50][43]
F1 Amorita Alfalfa OK 36°40′N 98°18′W / 36.67°N 98.30°W / 36.67; -98.30 (Amorita (April 29, F1)) 21:30–? 0.8 miles (1.3 km) 100 yards (91 m) A brief tornado damaged a farmstead. Losses totaled $2,500.[51][43]
F1 E of Hawley to W of Phantom Hill Jones TX 32°37′N 99°45′W / 32.62°N 99.75°W / 32.62; -99.75 (Hawley (April 29, F1)) 22:40–? 3.6 miles (5.8 km) 17 yards (16 m) A tornado was spotted on the ground north of Abilene with no damage being reported. The CDNS report incorrectly placed the tornado occurred in Taylor County.[52]
F1 W of Camargo to Cestos Dewey OK 36°06′N 99°12′W / 36.10°N 99.20°W / 36.10; -99.20 (Camargo (April 29, F1)) 23:30–? ≥0.1 miles (0.16 km) 33 yards (30 m) This tornado damaged several outbuildings. Losses totaled $30. The Climatological Data National Summary listed a loss of $900 and a 4-mile-long (6.4 km) path.[53][54]
F2 SSE of Loyal Kingfisher OK 35°56′N 98°06′W / 35.93°N 98.10°W / 35.93; -98.10 (Loyal (April 29, F2)) 00:45–? 4.6 miles (7.4 km) 100 yards (91 m) This tornado struck four farmsteads, destroying a barn. Two people were injured and losses totaled $25,000.[21][55][54]
F0 NE of Valley Center Sedgwick KS 37°50′N 97°22′W / 37.83°N 97.37°W / 37.83; -97.37 (Valley Center (April 29, F0)) 01:15–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 33 yards (30 m) This tornado briefly touched down over open country. Losses were unknown.[56][54]
F2 W of Yukon Canadian OK 35°30′N 97°48′W / 35.50°N 97.80°W / 35.50; -97.80 (Yukon (April 29, F2)) 03:00–? 2 miles (3.2 km) 33 yards (30 m) This tornado affected four farms. Losses were unknown. Grazulis did not list the tornado as an F2 or stronger.[21][57][54]
F1 E of Lawton Comanche OK 34°36′N 98°18′W / 34.60°N 98.30°W / 34.60; -98.30 (Lawton (April 29, F1)) 03:45–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 20 yards (18 m) A brief tornado produced minimal damage. Losses totaled $30.[58][54]

April 30 event

[edit]
List of confirmed tornadoes – Friday, April 30, 1954[nb 5][nb 6]
F# Location County / Parish State Start
coord. 		Time (UTC) Path length Max. width Summary
F0 SW of Liberty Montgomery KS 37°18′N 95°42′W / 37.30°N 95.70°W / 37.30; -95.70 (Liberty (April 30, F0)) 05:00–? 0.8 miles (1.3 km) 50 yards (46 m) This tornado damaged six farms. Losses totaled $2,500. Only a "loud roar" was perceived, not a funnel cloud. NCEI incorrectly lists the touchdown as south-southeast of Sycamore.[59][54]
F1 NNE of Fairy to SSW of Iredell Hamilton TX 31°51′N 97°59′W / 31.85°N 97.98°W / 31.85; -97.98 (Fairy (April 30, F1)) 06:30–? 6.1 miles (9.8 km) 880 yards (800 m) This tornado damaged 22 structures. Television antennae and windmills were downed as well. Losses totaled $25,000.[60][61]
F1 NE of Maxwell Pontotoc OK 34°55′N 96°49′W / 34.92°N 96.82°W / 34.92; -96.82 (Maxwell (April 30, F1)) 07:00–? ≥0.1 miles (0.16 km) 33 yards (30 m) This tornado damaged three farmsteads. Losses totaled $2,500.[62][61]
F1 S of Kyle to WSW of Lytton Springs Hays, Caldwell TX 29°59′N 97°53′W / 29.98°N 97.88°W / 29.98; -97.88 (Kyle (April 30, F1)) 11:37–? 15 miles (24 km) 67 yards (61 m) A tornado damaged homes, outbuildings, TV antennas, and a gin. Losses totaled $250,000.[63][61]
F3 S of Carlson to Beyersville to Gause to SSE of Grapeland Travis, Williamson, Milam, Robertson, Leon, Houston TX 30°25′N 97°27′W / 30.42°N 97.45°W / 30.42; -97.45 (Carlson (April 30, F3)) 12:10–? 139.9 miles (225.1 km) 880 yards (800 m) See section on this tornado – Six people were injured and losses totaled $500,000. Grazulis listed the tornado as an F2.[21][64][65][66][61]
F2 Northrup to Carmine to La Bahia to WSW of Union Hill Lee, Fayette, Washington TX 30°06′N 96°58′W / 30.10°N 96.97°W / 30.10; -96.97 (Northrup (April 30, F2)) 12:30–? 15.8 miles (25.4 km) 880 yards (800 m) This large, relatively weak tornado wrecked barns and unroofed homes near Northrup and west of Ledbetter. The tornado reportedly caused some damage near Serbin as well, but besides Northrup only directly impacted two other communities, Carmine and La Bahia. Two people were injured and losses totaled $275,000. According to Grazulis, this tornado only affected Lee County; the rest of its path likely consisted of one or more separate, weaker tornadoes.[21][67][68][61]
F2 S of Bryan Brazos TX 30°38′N 96°20′W / 30.63°N 96.33°W / 30.63; -96.33 (Bryan (April 30, F2)) 13:30–? 1.9 miles (3.1 km) 67 yards (61 m) This tornado damaged a couple of churches and destroyed a few homes. Losses were unknown. NCEI lists the touchdown as southeast of Bryan.[21][69][61]
F2 NNE of Groveton to Beulah to NNE of San Augustine Trinity, Angelina, Nacogdoches, San Augustine TX 31°04′N 95°07′W / 31.07°N 95.12°W / 31.07; -95.12 (Groveton (April 30, F2)) 14:00–? 68.8 miles (110.7 km) 883 yards (807 m) This large, long-lived tornado family mostly generated weak spin-ups, except in Angelina County, at Beulah, where a rural school collapsed and a nearby home was unroofed. A pair of teachers and a few students at the school were hospitalized. In all, there were 25 injuries and $750,000 in losses. Neither Grazulis nor the Climatological Data National Summary included Nacogdoches County, though NCEI does and the official linear segment passes through the county.[21][70][71][72][61]
F3 Southeastern Hugo Choctaw OK 34°00′N 95°31′W / 34.00°N 95.52°W / 34.00; -95.52 (Hugo (April 30, F3)) 15:30–? 1 mile (1.6 km) 150 yards (140 m) An intense tornado moved northeastward through Hugo, causing extensive damage across 20 square blocks. At least 100 homes were leveled with 50 others being obliterated and swept away, leaving only a bare slab behind. About 200 phones were knocked out of service, trees were snapped, and utility lines were downed. There were 12 injuries, including one man that suffered serious back and chest injuries when his house collapsed around him, and $250,000 in damage. Grazulis listed the tornado as a low-end F3.[73][21][74][61]
F3 Southern Lone Star, TX to Bodcaw, AR Morris (TX), Cass (TX), Miller (AR), Lafayette (AR), Nevada (AR) TX, AR 32°55′N 94°43′W / 32.92°N 94.72°W / 32.92; -94.72 (Lone Star (April 30, F3)) 16:00–18:00 86.3 miles (138.9 km) 50 yards (46 m) This intense, long-tracked tornado first destroyed or severely damaged five structures at Lone Star. It then unroofed a barn and tore a home off its foundation in Atlanta. A pair of barns and a home were also damaged at Bloomburg. After crossing into Arkansas, the tornado caused further damage to property at Fouke and Bodcaw. One person was injured and losses totaled $52,500. Grazulis did not list the tornado as an F2 or stronger.[75][76][77][78][79]
F3 SW of College Hill, TX to Hot Springs, AR Bowie (TX), Little River (AR), Sevier (AR), Howard (AR), Pike (AR), Hot Spring (AR), Garland (AR) TX, AR 33°24′N 94°38′W / 33.40°N 94.63°W / 33.40; -94.63 (College Hill (April 30, F3)) 16:30–18:54 111.6 miles (179.6 km) 1,760 yards (1,610 m) See section on this tornado – Two people were injured and losses totaled $775,000. Grazulis listed the tornado as an F2.[75][80][81][82][83][79]
F1 W of Stigler Haskell OK 35°15′N 95°10′W / 35.25°N 95.17°W / 35.25; -95.17 (Stigler (April 30, F1)) 16:45–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 33 yards (30 m) This brief tornado damaged a rural schoolhouse. Losses totaled $2,500.[84][14]
F1 Southern Fort Smith Sebastian AR 35°20′N 94°25′W / 35.33°N 94.42°W / 35.33; -94.42 (Fort Smith (April 30, F1)) 17:10–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 33 yards (30 m) This tornado damaged a number of trees and structures at Cavanaugh. Losses totaled $2,500.[85][14]
F3 SSW of Natural Dam to Greenland to Harris to Goshen Crawford, Washington AR 35°38′N 94°24′W / 35.63°N 94.40°W / 35.63; -94.40 (Natural Dam (April 30, F3)) 17:55–18:25 40.7 miles (65.5 km) 440 yards (400 m) This long-tracked tornado destroyed or damaged chicken coops near Goshen. One person was injured and losses totaled $1 million. Grazulis did not list the tornado as an F2 or stronger.[86][87][88][89][90][14]
F1 S of Atkins Pope AR 35°14′N 92°56′W / 35.23°N 92.93°W / 35.23; -92.93 (Atkins (April 30, F1)) 18:00–? 0.5 miles (0.80 km) 50 yards (46 m) A tornado was confirmed near Atkins, although no damage information is available.[91]
F1 Hartman to W of Clarksville Johnson AR 35°27′N 93°35′W / 35.45°N 93.58°W / 35.45; -93.58 (Hartman (April 30, F1)) 18:30–? 6.9 miles (11.1 km) 100 yards (91 m) This tornado extensively damaged farmland, affecting chicken coops and poultry. Losses totaled $25,000. NCEI lists the path as extending from north of Hinkle to the northern outskirts of Clarksville, passing through Shady Grove.[92][14]
F1 S of Pasley to N of Smalleys Corner Barry MO 36°35′N 93°54′W / 36.58°N 93.90°W / 36.58; -93.90 (Pasley (April 30, F1)) 19:00–? 7.3 miles (11.7 km) 50 yards (46 m) This tornado occurred between Roaring River State Park and Cassville. Outbuildings, small machinery, and trees were damaged or shredded. Losses totaled $25,000.[93][14]
F2 Negreet to SE of Many Sabine LA 31°30′N 93°36′W / 31.50°N 93.60°W / 31.50; -93.60 (Negreet (April 30, F2)) 19:30–? 16.7 miles (26.9 km) 100 yards (91 m) 1 death – This strong tornado destroyed a barn and home, scattering their debris for 100 yd (300 ft). Six homes nearby were damaged as well. The body of the dead was found "wrapped around a fencepost." Six people were injured and losses totaled $25,000.[86][94][14]
F0 Southwestern Bartow Polk FL 27°53′N 81°51′W / 27.88°N 81.85°W / 27.88; -81.85 (Bartow (April 30, F0)) 20:00–? 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 33 yards (30 m) This tornado damaged a pair of roofs. Losses totaled $2,500.[95][96]
F2 E of Versailles to W of Excelsior Morgan MO 38°26′N 92°50′W / 38.43°N 92.83°W / 38.43; -92.83 (Versailles (April 30, F2)) 20:00–? 3.6 miles (5.8 km) 400 yards (370 m) This tornado destroyed outbuildings, barns, and a two-story home. Losses totaled at least $30. Both the Climatological Data National Summary and Grazulis listed one injury, that of a woman struck by airborne debris. Grazulis also noted $45,000 in losses.[86][97][14]
F1 N of Royal Winn LA 32°00′N 92°27′W / 32°N 92.45°W / 32; -92.45 (Royal (April 30, F1)) 20:30–? 0.5 miles (0.80 km) 33 yards (30 m) Losses totaled $25,000.[98]
F2 W of Driftwood to Beech Grove Lawrence, Greene AR 35°58′N 91°16′W / 35.97°N 91.27°W / 35.97; -91.27 (Driftwood (April 30, F2)) 21:15–22:00 38.8 miles (62.4 km) 100 yards (91 m) This tornado wrecked barns and caused severe damage to roofing and porches. It tracked through Arbor Grove, the northwestern part of Hoxie, and Walnut Ridge before ending at Beech Grove. Losses totaled $25,000.[86][99][96]
F2 E of Franklin to SSW of Lowden Lee, Henry, Des Moines, Louisa, Muscatine, Cedar IA 40°40′N 91°30′W / 40.67°N 91.50°W / 40.67; -91.50 (Franklin (April 30, F2)) 21:15–? 85.2 miles (137.1 km) 200 yards (180 m) 1 death (unofficial) – This long-tracked tornado family damaged at least 20 farmsteads, unroofing a pair of homes. One or more barns and a chicken coop were destroyed as well. Nine people were injured and losses totaled $275,000. The NCEI only lists a single injury and no fatality, but both the Climatological Data National Summary and Grazulis list the fatality and nine injuries. Grazulis split the event into twin F2 tornadoes with 18-mile (29 km) and 20-mile-long (32 km) paths, respectively.[86][100][101][96]
F2 NNE of Riggs to SSE of Clark City Boone, Audrain, Monroe, Shelby, Lewis, Clark MO 39°12′N 92°20′W / 39.20°N 92.33°W / 39.20; -92.33 (Riggs (April 30, F2)) 21:15–? 89.6 miles (144.2 km) 100 yards (91 m) Another long-tracked tornado family impacted at least 34 farmsteads, damaging or destroying numerous outbuildings, several homes, and at least three barns. The tornado passed through or near Holliday, Granville, Steffenville, and Lewistown. Losses totaled $75,000.[86][102][103][104][96]
F2 Northern West Monroe Ouachita LA 32°32′N 92°09′W / 32.53°N 92.15°W / 32.53; -92.15 (West Monroe (April 30, F2)) 21:30–? 1 mile (1.6 km) 67 yards (61 m) This tornado destroyed a home and a water plant. Other structures were badly damaged as well. One person was injured and losses totaled $250,000.[86][105][96]
F2 Northern Williamsburg to E of Delaware Iowa, Benton, Linn, Delaware IA 41°40′N 92°00′W / 41.67°N 92.00°W / 41.67; -92.00 (Williamsburg (April 30, F2)) 01:00–? 65.8 miles (105.9 km) 200 yards (180 m) This long-tracked tornado produced its main damage southeast of Ryan. Losses were unknown. Grazulis did not list the tornado as an F2 or stronger.[75][106][96]
F4 W of Toddville to Eastern Garber to SSW of Harpers Ferry Linn, Buchanan, Delaware, Clayton, Allamakee IA 42°06′N 91°45′W / 42.10°N 91.75°W / 42.10; -91.75 (Toddville (April 30, F4)) 01:00–02:30 80.4 miles (129.4 km) 200 yards (180 m) This long-tracked tornado leveled homes between Alburnett and Lafayette. Other homes were unroofed and barns were destroyed southwest of Manchester. A farmstead near Dundee was stripped of its outbuildings, a barn, and a kitchen. Business establishments and homes were ripped apart and unroofed in Garber as well. Losses were unknown. The tornado was listed by Grazulis as a family of at least four tornadoes, with seven injuries.[86][107][96]
F2 Monticello to SSE of Dyersville Jones, Delaware, Dubuque IA 42°13′N 91°12′W / 42.22°N 91.20°W / 42.22; -91.20 (Monticello (April 30, F2)) 01:05–01:30 16.6 miles (26.7 km) 50 yards (46 m) This tornado wrecked barns and outbuildings on eight farmsteads, primarily between Worthington and Dyersville. Losses were unknown.[86][108][96]
F2 NNE of Lamont Buchanan IA 42°38′N 91°38′W / 42.63°N 91.63°W / 42.63; -91.63 (Lamont (April 30, F2)) 01:30–? ≥1 mile (1.6 km) 200 yards (180 m) A farm was obliterated, except for its farmhouse. Seven farmsteads sustained damage in Buchanan County. Losses were unknown.[86][109][96]
F1 E of Pulaski to SW of Forest Scott MS 32°16′N 89°35′W / 32.27°N 89.58°W / 32.27; -89.58 (Pulaski (April 30, F1)) 04:00–? 6.8 miles (10.9 km) 33 yards (30 m) This tornado struck only forested land in the Bienville National Forest. Losses were unknown.[110][111]

May 1 event

[edit]
List of confirmed tornadoes – Saturday, May 1, 1954[nb 5][nb 6]
F# Location County / Parish State Start
coord. 		Time (UTC) Path length Max. width Summary
F4 Crowell, TX to E of Snyder, OK Foard (TX), Wilbarger (TX), Tillman (OK), Kiowa (OK) TX, OK 33°59′N 99°43′W / 33.98°N 99.72°W / 33.98; -99.72 (Crowell (May 1, F4)) 20:15–22:30 68.6 miles (110.4 km) 440 yards (400 m) See section on this tornado – Five people were injured and losses totaled $277,500. Grazulis noted that the tornado "probably" reached F5 intensity.[86][112][113][114][115][116][117]
F2 WNW of Davidson Tillman OK 34°15′N 99°06′W / 34.25°N 99.10°W / 34.25; -99.10 (Davidson (May 1, F2)) 21:30–21:40 0.1 miles (0.16 km) 33 yards (30 m) This strong tornado affected three farmsteads with losses totaling $25,000. Grazulis did not list the tornado as an F2 or stronger. This may have been a satellite tornado of the previous event.[118][119][116]
F3 E of Grandfield to E of Ahpeatone Tillman, Cotton OK 34°14′N 98°37′W / 34.23°N 98.62°W / 34.23; -98.62 (Grandfield (May 1, F3)) 22:00–? 12.3 miles (19.8 km) 10 yards (9.1 m) 3 deaths – This strong tornado moved erratically northeastward, damaging 10 homes. A woman and her son were killed in Cotton County when the tornado changed directions, and caught up with their pickup truck, throwing it 1⁄4 mi (0.40 km). Three other people were injured, including two critically after a farm lost its house and all its barns. Grazulis listed the casualty count as two deaths and four injuries.[86][120][121][116]
F2 N of Broxton to Eastern Washita to NW of Anadarko Caddo OK 35°00′N 98°29′W / 35.00°N 98.48°W / 35.00; -98.48 (Broxton (May 1, F2)) 22:00–? 11.6 miles (18.7 km) 300 yards (270 m) A strong tornado damaged three homes and a dozen barns.
F2 OK Grazulis rated the tornado F3 and said the track continued into Osage County.
F3 OK Grazulis rated the tornado F2.
F3 OK The NCEI only list the Cotton County part of the track.
F1 OK
F4 OK 00:00–? The beginning of this violent tornado's path was listed by Grazulis, the CDNS report, and the NWS Norman to have been in Pottawatomie County instead of Oklahoma County. It was first reported at 6:00 pm northeast of the town of Dale in Pottawatomie County. It moved northeastward, producing damage in the towns of Meeker, Sparks, and Davenport in Lincoln County. The tornado continued northeastward into Creek County, near the town of Depew. A large bus was carried 300 feet, and overturned on the US 62 just east of Meeker. Property damage was estimated at $820,000. In Lincoln County, 120 buildings were damaged or destroyed. A total of 65 people were injured.[117]
F2 OK 00:00–? Grazulis rated the tornado F3.
F2 Grazulis did not list the tornado as an F2 or stronger.
F2
F2 Grazulis did not list the tornado as an F2 or stronger.
F2
F1 TX 01:00–? Grazulis rated the tornado F2.
F2 OK 01:05–? The NCEI only list the Seminole County part of the track.
F2 OK 01:20–?
F1 TX 03:00–?
F2 TX 03:15–?

May 2 event

[edit]
List of confirmed tornadoes – Sunday, May 2, 1954[nb 5][nb 6]
F# Location County / Parish State Start
coord. 		Time (UTC) Path length Max. width Summary
F1 Comanche TX [122]
F1 New Madrid MO Grazulis rated the tornado F2.[123]
F1 Miller AR [124]
F2 Gregg TX Grazulis did not list the tornado as an F2 or stronger.[125]
F1 McCurtain OK [126]
F1 Clark AR [127]
F1 Mississippi AR [128]
F3 Arkansas AR Grazulis did not list the tornado as an F2 or stronger.[129]
F1 Ohio KY [130]
F1 Hamilton OH Grazulis rated the tornado F2.[131]
F3 Henderson TX Grazulis rated the tornado F2.[132]
F0 Fulton OH [133]
F0
F0
F0

May 3 event

[edit]
List of confirmed tornadoes – Monday, May 3, 1961[nb 5][nb 6]
F# Location County / Parish State Start
coord. 		Time (UTC) Path length Max. width Summary
F2 Union City Obion TN 36°24′N 89°04′W / 36.40°N 89.07°W / 36.40; -89.07 (Union City (May 3, F2)) 15:45–? 3.6 miles (5.8 km) 300 yards (270 m) A strong tornado struck Union City, disabling about 350 phones, unroofing four businesses, and damaging three homes. Losses totaled $2,500. Grazulis did not list the tornado as an F2 or stronger.[134]
F0 Lovettsville, VA to Brunswick, MD Loudoun (VA), Frederick (MD) VA, MD 39°17′N 77°38′W / 39.28°N 77.63°W / 39.28; -77.63 (Lovettsville (May 3, F0)) 23:00–? 2.3 miles (3.7 km) 150 yards (140 m) In Virginia, this tornado, which was accompanied by heavy rain, inflicted heavy damage to telephone and power lines, roofs and buildings. Similar damage was inflicted by the tornado after it crossed the Potomac River in Maryland.[12][135]

Carlson–Beyersville–Gause–Grapeland, Texas

[edit]
Carlson–Beyersville–Gause–Grapeland, Texas
F3 tornado
Max. rating1F3 tornado
Fatalities6 injuries
Damage$500,000 (1954 USD)
$5.67 million (2024 USD)
1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale

This intense, long-tracked tornado family first began northeast of Manda, just south of Carlson. The Climatological Data National Summary states that the event began 5 mi (8.0 km) southwest of Coupland. Grazulis lists the touchdown as being west of Coupland. The tornado tracked across the southeastern portion of Coupland before striking the community of Beyersville. In Beyersville the tornado damaged all the homes. Passing through and just south of Thorndale, the tornado flattened many acres of timberland. The most severe damage along the entire path occurred in this area, not far from Salty, and covered a 6-mile-long (9.7 km) swath of destruction. Barns and homes were extensively damaged. The tornado subsequently struck Hanover, Gause, Port Sullivan, Goodland, the northern side of Hearne, Flynn, Spring Seat, Centerville, and Grapeland before dissipating. The tornado destroyed three homes and three cotton gins, along with a pair of automobiles. Outbuildings were damaged as well. There were six injuries and $500,000 in damages. Grazulis listed this as a tornado family, which he rated F2, and said that the track beyond Milam County contained only weak tornadoes. Grazulis also claimed that the tornado did not produce evidently intense damage.[136]

College Hill, Texas/Mineral Springs–Hot Springs, Arkansas

[edit]
College Hill, Texas/Mineral Springs–Hot Springs, Arkansas
F3 tornado
Max. rating1F3 tornado
Fatalities2 injuries
Damage$775,000 (1954 USD)
$8.79 million (2024 USD)
1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale

This long-lived tornado family consisted of three or more members. The first tornado initially felled trees, unroofed a store, destroyed four barns, and damaged outbuildings at College Hill. At that place a pair of homes were also impacted, one of which was destroyed; only a wall of the latter was left intact, and debris from the rest of the home was found 1⁄2 mi (0.80 km) distant. The tornado tracked for only 1 mi (1.6 km) before dissipating. In Arkansas the second tornado of the family developed. It struck western Mineral Springs, the outskirts of Nashville, and Bingen before ending west of Amity. In its 35-mile-long (56 km), intermittent path the tornado wrecked a pair of barns and unroofed a home. The third member of the tornado family skipped for 21 mi (34 km), starting just northeast of Bismarck and ending at Hot Springs. A home lost a few of its walls and its roof. Barns were torn in half as well. The last member of the family was responsible for two injuries. In all, the tornado family caused $775,000 in losses. Grazulis split the family into a trio of F2 events.[137]

Crowell–Vernon, Texas/Snyder, Oklahoma

[edit]
Crowell–Vernon, Texas/Snyder, Oklahoma
F4 tornado
Max. rating1F4 tornado
Fatalities5 injuries
Damage$277,500 (1954 USD)
$3.15 million (2024 USD)
1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale

This violent, long-tracked tornado, which was over 1 mi (1.6 km) wide at times, touched down in or within 10 mi (16 km) of the town of Crowell and moved northeastward through mostly rural areas, passing just 4 mi (6.4 km) northwest of the town of Vernon. Five outbuildings and three homes were complete destroyed while two more homes and an oil mill were unroofed. A 1953 Mercury automobile was also tossed and rolled 1⁄2 mi (0.80 km) in distance, and four farmsteads were reportedly obliterated and swept away. The tornado then crossed the Red River into Oklahoma and turned north-northeastward, passing near Grandfield and Snyder, the latter location being where the tornado dissipated. In Oklahoma, the tornado, which at times was accompanied by golfball-sized hail, inflicted considerable damage to 20 homes and barns, a school, and a cotton gin. Along the entire path five people were injured and losses were $277,500. The tornado was observed by many people as it passed by as well. Either this or a separate tornado may have caused damage near Elliott, Texas. According to Grazulis, the tornado caused $400,000 in damages and likely peaked as an F5.[138]

Non-tornadic impacts

[edit]

April 25

[edit]

A man in Tuila, Texas was injured by baseball-size hail that fell through his smashed windshield. Golfball-sized hail also fell in Conway from the same storm. Buildings and automobiles were damaged in both towns.[12]

April 26

[edit]

April 27

[edit]

April 28

[edit]

April 29

[edit]

April 30

[edit]

May 1

[edit]

May 2

[edit]

May 3

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ All losses are in 1954 USD unless otherwise noted.
  2. ^ An outbreak is generally defined as a group of at least six tornadoes (the number sometimes varies slightly according to local climatology) with no more than a six-hour gap between individual tornadoes. An outbreak sequence, prior to (after) the start of modern records in 1950, is defined as a period of no more than two (one) consecutive days without at least one significant (F2 or stronger) tornado.[3]
  3. ^ The Fujita scale was devised under the aegis of scientist T. Theodore Fujita in the early 1970s. Prior to the advent of the scale in 1971, tornadoes in the United States were officially unrated.[4][5] While the Fujita scale has been superseded by the Enhanced Fujita scale in the U.S. since February 1, 2007,[6] Canada utilized the old scale until April 1, 2013;[7] nations elsewhere, like the United Kingdom, apply other classifications such as the TORRO scale.[8]
  4. ^ Historically, the number of tornadoes globally and in the United States was and is likely underrepresented: research by Grazulis on annual tornado activity suggests that, as of 2001, only 53% of yearly U.S. tornadoes were officially recorded. Documentation of tornadoes outside the United States was historically less exhaustive, owing to the lack of monitors in many nations and, in some cases, to internal political controls on public information.[9] Most countries only recorded tornadoes that produced severe damage or loss of life.[10] Significant low biases in U.S. tornado counts likely occurred through the early 1990s, when advanced NEXRAD was first installed and the National Weather Service began comprehensively verifying tornado occurrences.[11]
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time and dates are split at midnight CST/CDT for consistency.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prior to 1994, only the average widths of tornado paths were officially listed.[15]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "April 25-May 3, 1954 Tornadoes". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  2. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, Events Reported
  3. ^ Schneider, Russell S.; Brooks, Harold E.; Schaefer, Joseph T. (2004). Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875-2003) (PDF). 22nd Conf. Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  4. ^ Grazulis 1993, p. 141.
  5. ^ Grazulis 2001a, p. 131.
  6. ^ Edwards, Roger (5 March 2015). "Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage". The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC). Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  7. ^ "Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale)". Environment and Climate Change Canada. Environment and Climate Change Canada. 6 June 2013. Archived from the original on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  8. ^ "The International Tornado Intensity Scale". Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  9. ^ Grazulis 2001a, pp. 251–4.
  10. ^ Edwards, Roger (5 March 2015). "The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC)". Storm Prediction Center: Frequently Asked Questions about Tornadoes. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  11. ^ Cook & Schaefer 2008, p. 3135.
  12. ^ a b c d "Climatological Data: National Summary". U.S. Department of Commerce, Environmental Science Services Administration, Weather Bureau. 1954. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  13. ^ "North America Tornado Cases 1950 to 1959". bangladeshtornadoes.org. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i USWB 1954a, p. 113.
  15. ^ Brooks 2004, p. 310.
  16. ^ a b c d Grazulis 1993, pp. 978–80.
  17. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10026489
  18. ^ a b c d USWB 1954a, p. 106.
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  24. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10147674
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  27. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10147675
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  31. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10099835
  32. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10017062
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  34. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10117522
  35. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10122696
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  45. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10047325
  46. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10047326
  47. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10126286
  48. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10047327
  49. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10122699
  50. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10098431
  51. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10098432
  52. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10122700
  53. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10098433
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  55. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10098646
  56. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10026492
  57. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10098647
  58. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10098648
  59. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10026493
  60. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10122701
  61. ^ a b c d e f g h USWB 1954a, p. 112.
  62. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10098649
  63. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10122702
  64. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10122703
  65. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10122704
  66. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10122706
  67. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10122705
  68. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10122707
  69. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10122708
  70. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10122709
  71. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10122710
  72. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10122923
  73. ^ "Choctaw County, OK Tornadoes (1875-Present)". Norman, OK Weather Forecast Office. Norman, Oklahoma: National Weather Service. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  74. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10098650
  75. ^ a b c Grazulis 1993, pp. 978–9.
  76. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10122924
  77. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10122925
  78. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #9983060
  79. ^ a b USWB 1954a, pp. 112–3.
  80. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10122926
  81. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #9983061
  82. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #9983063
  83. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #9984138
  84. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10098651
  85. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #9983062
  86. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Grazulis 1993, p. 979.
  87. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #9983064
  88. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #9984139
  89. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #9984140
  90. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #9984141
  91. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #9983065
  92. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #9984142
  93. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10063665
  94. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10029333
  95. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #9991481
  96. ^ a b c d e f g h i USWB 1954a, p. 114.
  97. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10063666
  98. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10029334
  99. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #9984143
  100. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10017063
  101. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10017064
  102. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10063667
  103. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10063668
  104. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10063669
  105. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10029335
  106. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10017065
  107. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10017066
  108. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10017067
  109. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10020175
  110. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10047328
  111. ^ USWB 1954a, p. 115.
  112. ^ Grazulis 2001b, p. 21.
  113. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10122927
  114. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10122928
  115. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10098652
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  119. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10098653
  120. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10098654
  121. ^ Storm Data Publication 1954, #10098655
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  123. ^ "Missouri Event Report: F1 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  124. ^ "Arkansas Event Report: F1 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  125. ^ "Texas Event Report: F2 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
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  127. ^ "Arkansas Event Report: F1 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  128. ^ "Arkansas Event Report: F1 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  129. ^ "Arkansas Event Report: F3 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  130. ^ "Kentucky Event Report: F1 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 21 February 2023.US Department of Commerce, NOAA. "Tornado Listing". www.weather.gov. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  131. ^ "Ohio Event Report: F1 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  132. ^ "Texas Event Report: F3 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  133. ^ "Ohio Event Report: F0 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  134. ^ "Tennessee Event Report: F2 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  135. ^ "Virginia Event Report: F0 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 22 September 2022."Maryland Event Report: F0 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  136. ^ Multiple sources:
  137. ^ Multiple sources:
  138. ^ Multiple sources:

Sources

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