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American Institute of Public Opinion, the organization founded by George Gallup, redirects here
Not to be confused with Gallup International Association; Gallup, New Mexico; or gallop.

Gallup, Inc.
Formerly
  • American Institute of Public Opinion[1][2]
  • Gallup Organization[1][2]
Company typePrivate[3]
IndustryManagement consulting
Founded1935; 89 years ago (1935) in Princeton, New Jersey, United States[1][2]
FounderGeorge Gallup[1][2]
HeadquartersThe Gallup Building, 901 F Street, NW,
Washington, D.C. and
Omaha, Nebraska
,
United States[4]
Number of locations
30–40 offices globally[5][6] (2017)
Key people
Jon Clifton
(CEO)
Taek Lee
(CFO)
Services
OwnerEmployee-owned[3]

Gallup, Inc. is an American multinational analytics and advisory company based in Washington, D.C. Founded by George Gallup in 1935, the company became known for its public opinion polls conducted worldwide. Gallup provides analytics and management consulting to organizations globally.[10] In addition the company offers educational consulting, the CliftonStrengths assessment and associated products, and business and management books published by its Gallup Press unit.

Organization

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Gallup is a private, employee-owned company based in Washington, D.C.[3][11] Its headquarters is located at The Gallup Building.[4] It maintains between 30 and 40 offices globally, in locations including London, Berlin, Sydney, Singapore and Abu Dhabi and has about 1,500 employees.[12][6][13][14] Jon Clifton is Gallup's CEO.[15]

Gallup, Inc. has no affiliation with Gallup International, sometimes referred to as Gallup International Association or GIA.[16][17] Gallup has sued Gallup International and other organizations for the unauthorized use of the Gallup name.[17][18][19]

History

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Early history

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George Gallup (1901–1984), founder of the company in 1935

George Gallup (1901–1984) founded the American Institute of Public Opinion, the precursor of the Gallup Organization, in Princeton, New Jersey, in 1935.[20][21] Gallup attempted to make his company's polls fair by sampling demographics representative of each state's voters.[22] Gallup also refused to conduct surveys commissioned by organizations such as the Republican and Democratic parties, a position the company has continued to hold.[20][23]

In 1935, George Gallup released his first political opinion poll. As of March 1936, TIME wrote that Gallup polling data was “probably as accurate a sample of public sentiment as is available,” which included presidential approval ratings. TIME credited Gallup with pioneering “scientific” presidential approval ratings.[24]

In 1936, Gallup successfully predicted that Franklin Roosevelt would defeat Alfred Landon for the U.S. presidency in direct contradiction to the popular The Literary Digest; this event popularized the company and made it a leader in American polling.[23][25] In 1938, Gallup began conducting market research for advertising companies and the film industry.[26]

By 1948, Gallup's company established polling organizations in a dozen other countries[27] and Gallup's polls were syndicated in newspapers in the U.S. and abroad.[28] The modern Gallup Organization formed in 1958, when George Gallup grouped all of his polling operations into one organization.[29]

1984 to present

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George Gallup died in 1984. Four years later, his family sold the firm for an undisclosed price to Selection Research, Incorporated (SRI), a research firm in Lincoln, Nebraska.[11][30][10] The family's involvement with the business continued; sons George Gallup Jr. and Alec Gallup kept their positions as co-chairmen and directors.[11] George Gallup Jr. (1930–2011) established the nonprofit George H. Gallup Foundation as part of the acquisition agreement.[30] SRI, founded in 1969 by the psychologist Don Clifton, focused on market research and personnel selection; it pioneered the use of talent-based structured psychological interviews.[31]

Following its sale to SRI, Gallup repositioned itself as a research and management consulting company that works with businesses to identify and address issues with employees and their customers.[3] Gallup continues to conduct and report on public polls.[8][7]

In the 1990s, Gallup developed a set of 12 questions called the Q12 to help businesses gauge employee engagement,[32] it entered partnerships to conduct polls for USA Today and CNN,[33] and launched its Clifton StrengthsFinder online assessment tool.[7] In 1999, Gallup analysts wrote First, Break All the Rules, a bestselling book on management.[34] Fortune Small Business wrote that the success of the book bolstered Gallup's consulting business.[35]

In July 2013, the United States Department of Justice and Gallup reached a $10.5 million settlement based upon allegations that the company violated the False Claims Act and the Procurement Integrity Act.[36][37][38] The complaint alleged that Gallup overstated its labor hours in proposals to the U.S. Mint and State Department for contracts and task orders to be awarded without competition.[36][37] The Department of Justice alleged that the agencies awarded contracts and task orders at falsely inflated prices.[36] The settlement also resolved allegations that Gallup engaged in improper employment negotiations with a then-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) official, Timothy Cannon, for work and funding.[37][38] Michael Lindley, a former Gallup employee, originally made the allegations against Gallup under the False Claims Act.[38] Lindley received nearly $2 million of the settlement.[38] Under the settlement, there was no prosecution and no determination of liability.[36]

Gallup decided not to conduct horse-race polling of the 2016 U.S. presidential election to help Gallup focus on its consulting business.[39][40] Gallup officials said polling could still be accurate during the election, but the company decided to reallocate resources.[41] Frank Newport, then Editor-in-Chief, told The Washington Post said Gallup felt polling the public on issues was a better use of resources.[42]

Services

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In addition to its Gallup Poll, which contributes a small proportion of the company's revenue, Gallup offers research and management consulting services, including the Q12 employee engagement survey, and CliftonStrengths.[10][43][44] The Q12 employee engagement survey asks employees 12 questions about their workplace, coworkers, and management, to measure engagement and help managers and organizations improve productivity.[43] CliftonStrengths (also known as StrengthsFinder) is an assessment that uses paired statements to measure a person's aptitudes in 34 strength categories, and produces a report outlining their top five strength areas and how to apply them.[44][45] For K–12 education, Gallup consults and trains schools and school systems to focus on strengths and increase engagement.[46][47] The company administers the Gallup Student Poll in the U.S., which measures success based on hope, engagement, and well-being.[46]

Gallup poll

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Gallup World Poll

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In 2005, Gallup began its World Poll, which continually surveys citizens in 160 countries, representing more than 98% of the world's adult population. The Gallup World Poll consists of more than 100 global questions as well as region-specific items. It includes the following global indexes: law and order, food and shelter, institutions and infrastructure, good jobs, wellbeing, and brain gain. Gallup also works with organizations, cities, governments, and countries to create custom items and indexes to gather information on specific topics of interest.[48][non-primary source needed]

Gallup additionally publishes other studies and results such as its State of the Global Workplace report, Global Emotions report and Rating World Leaders report.[49][50][51]

Gallup World Poll methodology

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Gallup interviews approximately 1,000 residents per country. The target population is the entire civilian, non-institutionalized population, aged 15 and older. Gallup asks each respondent the survey questions in his or her own language to produce statistically comparable results. Gallup uses telephone surveys in countries where telephone coverage represents at least 80% of the population. Where telephone penetration is less than 80%, Gallup uses face-to-face interviewing.[48][52]

The World Happiness Report rankings are based on data from the Gallup World Poll.[53]

Polling in the United States

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The Gallup Poll is the division of Gallup that regularly conducts public opinion polls. Gallup Poll results, analysis, and videos are published daily in the form of data-driven news. Conducting polls brings the company financial losses of about $10 million a year, but gives Gallup company the visibility of a well-known brand, which helps promote its corporate research.[10]

Historically, the Gallup Poll has measured and tracked the public's attitudes concerning political, social, and economic issues, including sensitive or controversial subjects.

Gallup Daily tracking methodology

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Gallup Daily tracking had of two surveys: the Gallup U.S. Daily political and economic survey and the Gallup–Healthways Well-Being Index. For both surveys, Gallup conducts 500 interviews across the U.S. per day, 350 days out of the year, with 70% on cellphones and 30% on landlines.[54][55][56] Gallup Daily tracking methodology relied on live interviewers, dual-frame random-digit-dial sampling (which includes landline as well as cellular telephone phone sampling to reach those in cell phone-only households), and uses a multi-call design to reach respondents not contacted on the initial attempt. In 2018, Gallup stopped its daily reporting.[57]

The population of the U.S. that relied only on cell phones was 34% in 2012.[58]

The findings from Gallup's U.S. surveys are based on the organization's standard national telephone samples, consisting of list-assisted random-digit-dial (RDD) telephone samples using a proportionate, stratified sampling design. A computer randomly generates the phone numbers Gallup calls from all working phone exchanges (the first three numbers of your local phone number) and not-listed phone numbers; thus, Gallup is as likely to call unlisted phone numbers as well as listed phone numbers.

Within each contacted household reached via landline, an interview is sought with an adult 18 years of age or older living in the household who will have the next birthday. Gallup does not use the same respondent selection procedure when making calls to cell phones because they are typically associated with one individual rather than shared among several members of a household. Gallup Daily tracking includes Spanish-language interviews for Spanish-speaking respondents and interviews in Alaska and Hawaii.

When respondents to be interviewed are selected at random, every adult has an equal probability of falling into the sample. The typical sample size for a Gallup poll, either a traditional stand-alone poll or one night's interviewing from Gallup's Daily tracking, is 1,000 national adults with a margin of error of ±4 percentage points. Gallup's Daily tracking process now allows Gallup analysts to aggregate larger groups of interviews for more detailed subgroup analysis. But the accuracy of the estimates derived only marginally improves with larger sample sizes.

After Gallup collects and processes survey data, each respondent is assigned a weight so that the demographic characteristics of the total weighted sample of respondents match the latest estimates of the demographic characteristics of the adult population available from the U.S. Census Bureau. Gallup weights data to census estimates for gender, race, age, educational attainment, and region.[59]

The data are weighted daily by number of adults in the household and the respondents' reliance on cell phones, to adjust for any disproportion in selection probabilities. The data are then weighted to compensate for nonrandom nonresponse, using targets from the U.S. Census Bureau for age, region, gender, education, Hispanic ethnicity, and race. The resulting sample represents an estimated 95% of all U.S. households.[60][61]

Accuracy

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From 1936 to 2008, Gallup Polls correctly predicted the winner of the presidential election with the notable exceptions of the 1948 Thomas Dewey–Harry S. Truman election,[citation needed] where nearly all pollsters predicted a Dewey victory (which also led to the infamous Dewey Defeats Truman headline[according to whom?]), and 1976, when they inaccurately projected a slim victory by Gerald Ford over Jimmy Carter.[citation needed] For the 2008 U.S. presidential election, Gallup correctly predicted the winner, but was rated 17th out of 23 polling organizations in terms of the precision of its pre-election polls relative to the final results.[62]

In 2012, Gallup incorrectly predicted that Mitt Romney would win the 2012 U.S. presidential election.[63] Gallup's final election survey had Mitt Romney at 49% and Barack Obama at 48%, compared to the final election results showing Obama with 51.1% to Romney's 47.2%.[64] Poll analyst Nate Silver found that Gallup's results were the least accurate of the 23 major polling firms Silver analyzed, having the highest incorrect average of being 7.2 points away from the final result.[65] Following the results of the election, Gallup spent six months reviewing its methodology.[63] The company concluded that its methodology was flawed as it made too few phone calls in Eastern and Pacific time zones, overestimated the white vote, and relied on listed landline phones that skewed the sample to an older demographic.[63] Frank Newport, the editor-in-chief of Gallup, responded to the criticism by stating that Gallup simply makes an estimate of the national popular vote rather than predicting the winner and that their final poll was within the statistical margin of error. Newport also criticized analysts such as Silver who aggregate and analyze other people's polls, stating that "It's much easier, cheaper, and mostly less risky to focus on aggregating and analyzing others' polls."[66]

In 2012, poll analyst Mark Blumenthal criticized Gallup for a slight but routine under-weighting of black and Hispanic Americans that led to an approximately 2% shift of support away from Barack Obama. At the same time, Blumenthal commended Gallup for its "admirable commitment to transparency" and suggested that other polling firms disclose their raw data and methodologies.[67]

In 2013, the accuracy of Gallup polling on religious faith was questioned.[68] Gallup's polling on religiosity in the U.S. has produced results somewhat different[69][70] from other studies on religious issues, including a 2012 study by the Pew Research Center, which found that those who lack a religious affiliation were a fast-growing demographic group in the U.S.[71]

In 2016, The Wall Street Journal published a comparison of Gallup's survey-based measurement of unemployment with the same estimate from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from 2010 to 2016. The numbers almost exactly match and the trend is highly correlated, despite a larger sample size from the BLS, suggesting Gallup design and weighting methods generate estimates consistent with government agencies.[72]

Gallup's Exceptional Workplace Awards

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For more than 15 years, Gallup has recognized organizations with the Gallup Exceptional Workplace Award.[73] This award is reserved for organizations that meet standards set by the Q12 employee engagement survey, which includes analysis of more than 2.7 million workers across 100,000+ teams.

Gallup Press

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Gallup's in-house publishing division, Gallup Press, has published approximately 30 books on business and personal well-being-related themes.[74] Its most recent titles include It’s the Manager,[75] Wellbeing at Work,[76] Blind Spot.[77] and "Culture Shock."[78] Other notable Gallup Press books include First, Break All the Rules and StrengthsFinder 2.0, which in 2017 was reported to be one of Amazon's 20 best selling books of all time.[79][80]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Pace, Eric (July 28, 1984). "George H. Gallup Is Dead at 82; Pioneer in Public Opinion Polling". The New York Times. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d Provenzo, Eugene F. Jr. (October 29, 2008). Encyclopedia of the Social and Cultural Foundations of Education. SAGE Publications. p. 359. ISBN 9781452265971. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Spiro, Leah Nathans (July 21, 2003). "Media; Gallup, the Pollster, Wants to Be Known for Its Consulting". The New York Times. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  4. ^ a b Keri, Jonah (February 15, 1999). "Northridge Capital saves Gallup's East End deal". Washington Business Journal. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  5. ^ "'Every once in a while, you have to bet everything or you won't keep developing.' Jim Clifton, President and CEO, Gallup". Omaha World-Herald. April 9, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  6. ^ a b "Gallup moving into Edgewood Dec. 22". Lincoln Journal Star. December 14, 2011. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  7. ^ a b c Pierson, Richard (June 5, 2015). "Cliftons, Gallup give $30 million to UNL". Lincoln Journal Star. Lincoln, Nebraska. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
  8. ^ a b Johnson, Carrie (January 30, 2013). "Polling firm Gallup lands in legal hot water". Morning Edition. NPR. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
  9. ^ Kawar, Mark (April 9, 2004). "Gallup Organization Expects Book Profits to Double with New Publishing Unit". Omaha World-Herald. Archived from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2018 – via HighBeam Research.
  10. ^ a b c d Boudway, Ira (November 8, 2012). "Right or Wrong, Gallup Always Wins". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved September 29, 2013.
  11. ^ a b c Purdum, Todd (September 18, 1988). "Nebraska Concern Buys Gallup Organization". The New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
  12. ^ ""Every once in a while, you have to bet everything or you won't keep developing." Jim Clifton, President and CEO, Gallup". Omaha World-Herald. April 9, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  13. ^ Staff reports (June 14, 2022). "Gallup names Jon Clifton as CEO". Omaha World-Herald. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
  14. ^ "Global Offices". Gallup.com. Retrieved November 2, 2023.
  15. ^ "Gallup Announces New CEO". www.businesswire.com. June 14, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
  16. ^ "What the world thinks; Public opinion on the death of bin Laden". The Economist. June 10, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
  17. ^ a b Parkinson, Joe; Kantchev, Georgi (March 23, 2017). "Document: Russia Uses Rigged Polls, Fake News to Sway Foreign Elections". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
  18. ^ Zeller, Shawn (June 23, 2006). "Lost in Translation". Congressional Quarterly Weekly. Retrieved July 9, 2018. Witness the recent travails of one of the most venerable polling operations, the Gallup Organization. Washington-based Gallup is seeking legal protection against incursions on its brand from overseas polling operations, chiefly in Europe. The company says that these competitors are making unfair use of the Gallup name by unduly playing up their membership in a trade association launched in Europe in 1947 by the polling firm's eponymous founder, George Gallup.
  19. ^ "JP,2001-090043,J7". Japan Platform for Patent Information. March 9, 2005. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
  20. ^ a b Vadukut, Sidin (May 8, 2009). "Jim Clifton: This guy knows what you're thinking". Mint. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
  21. ^ Lepore, Jill (November 16, 2015). "Politics and the new machine". The New Yorker. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
  22. ^ Overbey, Erin (October 26, 2012). "Double take: George Gallup and the mystery of polls". The New Yorker. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
  23. ^ a b Pace, Eric (July 28, 1984). "George H. Gallup is dead at 82; pioneer in public opinion polling". The New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
  24. ^ Waxman, Olivia (January 24, 2019). "The History of Presidential Approval Ratings". Time. Retrieved November 2, 2023.
  25. ^ "Engines of Our Ingenuity No. 1199: Gallup Poll". uh.edu. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
  26. ^ Albert, Linda Braden (May 11, 2014). "Pulse of the nation: Gallup memorabilia displayed at Blount library". The Daily Times (Maryville, Tennessee). Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  27. ^ Rothman, Lily (November 17, 2016). "How One Man Used Opinion Polling to Change American Politics". Time. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
  28. ^ Clymer, Adam (July 28, 1984). "An appreciation; the man who made polling what it is". The New York Times. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
  29. ^ "The Gallup Organization Archived 2020-07-31 at the Wayback Machine." Boundless Political Science. Boundless, November 14, 2014.
  30. ^ a b Zernike, Kate (November 22, 2011). "George Gallup Jr., of Polling Family, Dies at 81". The New York Times. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
  31. ^ "Gallup's Clifton dies at age 79". Lincoln Journal Star.
  32. ^ Caulkin, Simon (April 19, 1998). "How that pat on the head can mean money in the bank". The Guardian. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
  33. ^ Blake, Aaron (January 18, 2013). "Gallup and USA Today part ways". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
  34. ^ Feloni, Richard (September 2, 2016). "8 leadership lessons from the book Facebook's HR chief recommends to all new managers". Business Insider. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
  35. ^ Fisher, Anne (September 1, 2002). "Break All The Rules After polling thousands of companies, Gallup created a new approach to managing that has helped it and many others grow". Fortune Small Business. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
  36. ^ a b c d Office of Public Affairs (July 15, 2013). "The Gallup Organization Agrees to Pay $10.5 Million to Settle Allegations That It Improperly Inflated Contract Prices and Engaged in Prohibited Employment Negotiations with Fema Official". United States Department of Justice. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
  37. ^ a b c Blake, Aaron (July 15, 2013). "Gallup agrees to $10.5 million settlement with Justice Department". Washington Post. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
  38. ^ a b c d Kendall, Brent; Chaudhuri, Saabira (July 15, 2013). "Gallup Settles U.S. Disputes Over Billing". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
  39. ^ Epley, Cole (November 17, 2015). "Gallup hopes halting presidential horse-race polling will shine light on other ventures". Omaha World-Herald. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
  40. ^ White, Daniel (October 9, 2015). "Here's Why Gallup Won't Poll the 2016 Election". Time. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
  41. ^ Thee-Brenan, Megan (October 7, 2015). "Poll Watch: Gallup Ends 'Horse Race' Polling of 2016 Presidential Race to Focus on Issues". The New York Times. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
  42. ^ Clement, Scott; Craighill, Peyton M. (October 7, 2015). "Gallup isn't doing any horserace polling in 2016. Here's why". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
  43. ^ a b Melendez, Steven (October 2015). "Unhappy At Work? Swipe Right To Tell The Boss". Fast Company. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  44. ^ a b Feintzeig, Rachel (February 10, 2015). "Everything Is Awesome! Why You Can't Tell Employees They're Doing a Bad Job". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  45. ^ Adams, Susan (August 28, 2009). "The Test That Measures A Leader's Strengths". Forbes. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  46. ^ a b Bui, Lynh (July 17, 2013). "Montgomery County measuring 'hope' to help improve academic success in schools". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  47. ^ Klein, Rebecca (April 8, 2015). "This District Is Trying To Improve Student Achievement By Making Kids Feel Good About Themselves". HuffPost. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
  48. ^ a b "How does Gallup's global polling work?". Gallup.com. May 21, 2010. Retrieved September 29, 2013.
  49. ^ Valinsky, Jordan (June 13, 2023). "Workers are historically stressed out and disengaged | CNN Business". CNN. Retrieved November 2, 2023.
  50. ^ Rozzelle, Josephine (June 28, 2023). "Global Unhappiness Levels in 2022 Match All-Time High, Report Finds". US News and World Report. Retrieved November 2, 2023.
  51. ^ Davis, Elliott (July 27, 2020). "U.S. Ranks Low in Gallup World Leadership Report". US News and World Report. Retrieved November 2, 2023.
  52. ^ McFadden, Robert D. (December 19, 2016). "Louis Harris, Pollster at Forefront of American Trends, Dies at 95". The New York Times. Like Elmo Roper and George Gallup, his pioneering predecessors, Mr. Harris plumbed attitudes with face-to-face interviews, using carefully worded questions put by trained interviewers to subjects selected as part of a group that was chosen as demographically representative of the nation.
  53. ^ Hunter, Marnie (March 20, 2023). "The world's happiest countries for 2023". CNN. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
  54. ^ "Methodology Center". Gallup.com. October 17, 2014. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
  55. ^ "Gallup Daily Tracking Methodology". Gallup. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
  56. ^ Catherine Rampell (March 5, 2011). "Discovered: The Happiest Man in America". The New York Times. Retrieved November 6, 2013.
  57. ^ Agiesta, Chris Cillizza,Jennifer (January 4, 2018). "Is polling dead (or dying)?". CNN. Retrieved November 2, 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  58. ^ Cell Phone Addiction Threatens Polling Industry Archived October 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  59. ^ "Public Opinion Polls: How does Gallup Polling Work?". Gallup.com. May 21, 2010. Retrieved September 29, 2013.
  60. ^ "How does Gallup Daily tracking work?". Gallup.com. May 21, 2010. Retrieved September 29, 2013.
  61. ^ "Gallup Daily Tracking Questions". Gallup.com. Retrieved September 29, 2013.
  62. ^ Poll Accuracy in the 2008 Presidential Election (summary) Costas Panagopoulos, Ph.D. Department of Political Science, Fordham University, Initial Report, November 5, 2008
  63. ^ a b c Moore, Martha T. (June 4, 2013). "Gallup identifies flaws in 2012 election polls". USA Today. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
  64. ^ Romney 49%, Obama 48% in Gallup's Final Election Survey November 5, 2012.
  65. ^ Silver, Nate (November 10, 2012). "Which Polls Fared Best (and Worst) in the 2012 Presidential Race". The New York Times.
  66. ^ Gallup.Com – Polling Matters by Frank Newport: Polling, Likely Voters, and the Law of the Commons. Pollingmatters.gallup.com (November 9, 2012). Retrieved on July 12, 2013.
  67. ^ Blumenthal, Mark (June 17, 2012). "Race Matters: Why Gallup Poll Finds Less Support For President Obama". The Huffington Post.
  68. ^ Merica, Dan (January 10, 2013). "Bucking previous trends, survey finds growth of the religiously unaffiliated slowing". CNN. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
  69. ^ "In U.S., Rise in Religious "Nones" Slows in 2012". Gallup. January 10, 2013.
  70. ^ Newport, Frank (December 24, 2012). "In U.S., 77% Identify as Christian". Gallup.
  71. ^ "'Nones' on the Rise". Pew Research Center on Religion & Public Life. October 9, 2012.
  72. ^ "U.S. Jobless Picture Offers Room for Interpretation". Wall Street Journal. July 26, 2016.
  73. ^ Abilene Reporter News. (2023, April 8). Business Notebook: Hendrick again earns workplace award (reporternews.com) Retrieved April 19, 2023.
  74. ^ Dilworth, Dianna (June 9, 2015). "Simon & Schuster to Distribute Gallup Books". Adweek. Retrieved May 2, 2023.
  75. ^ Kornik, Joe (July 8, 2019). "Review: It's The Manager". Consulting Magazine. Retrieved May 2, 2023.
  76. ^ Hooper, Jacqueline (April 19, 2022). "A Review of "Wellbeing at Work: How to Build Resilient and Thriving Teams"". Journal of Leadership and Character Development. Retrieved May 2, 2023.
  77. ^ Wayne, Michael (February 8, 2023). "Gallup CEO Jon Clifton explains the worldwide rise of negativity". CEO Magazine. Retrieved May 2, 2023.
  78. ^ Lynch, Sarah (June 1, 2023). "3 Tips for Adapting to the Post-Pandemic Culture Shock at Work". Inc. Magazine. Retrieved November 2, 2023.
  79. ^ "Book Review: StrengthsFinder 2.0". The Economic Times. July 27, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2023.
  80. ^ "The top 20 best-selling books of all time on Amazon include two Christian books (but not the Bible)". Christian Today. August 12, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2018.

Further reading

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  • Cantril, Hadley. Gauging Public Opinion (1944) online.
  • Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds. Public Opinion, 1935–1946 (1951), massive compilation of many public opinion polls online
  • Converse, Jean M. Survey Research in the United States: Roots and Emergence 1890–1960 (1987)
  • Gallup, George, ed. The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1935–1971 (3 vol 1972), compilation of reports on thousands of Gallup polls.
  • Gallup, George. Public Opinion in a Democracy (1939),
  • Gallup, George. The Sophisticated Poll Watcher's Guide (1972)
  • Moore, David W. The Superpollsters: How They Measure and Manipulate Public Opinion in America (1995) online edition
  • Roll Jr., Charles W. and Albert H. Cantril; Polls: Their Use and Misuse in Politics (1972) online edition
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