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Biogenous ooze is marine sediment that accumulates on the seafloor and is a by product of the death and sink of marine organisms skeletal remains.[1]
Formation and Composition
[edit]Biogenous ooze consists of organic compounds, usually in the form of microorganism tests that fall from closer to the ocean surface to the ocean floor after death. For marine sediment to receive this classification, it must be composed of more than 30% skeletal material which also includes teeth and shells.[1]
Types of Biogenous Sediments
[edit]The two primary types of ooze are siliceous, which is composed primarily of silica (SiO2), and calcareous or carbonate, which is mostly calcium carbonate (CaCO3).[1] In an area in which biogenous is the dominant sediment type, the composition of microorganisms in that location determines to which category it is classified. The primary types of microorganisms used to classify ooze are radiolarians and diatoms (siliceous) and coccolithophores and foraminifera (calcareous). The presence of these organisms can lead to sub-classifications based upon their dominance.
Siliceous
Along some areas of terrigenous sediment are siliceous ooze. This is due to siliceous ooze being more abundant in areas of cooler, more nutrient rich water. The nutrients allow for the abundant growth of microorganisms, and silica dissolves slower in cooler water, allowing adequate time for deposition.[2]
Radiolaria is a part of a diverse group of plankton with transparent skeletons and come in a variety of shapes. They range in size from 20-400μm. They are most abundant in regions near the equator as well as subpolar regions.[1]
Diatoms are single-celled siliceous algae that are a major part of phytoplankton. They come in pinnate and centric shapes and range in size from 10-100μm. [1]
Siliceous oozes lean towards dissolution in warmer waters with lower pressures, meaning they are best preserved in deep ocean. [3]
Calcareous
Calcareous sediments are more common in the deep ocean, comprising about half of its surface area.[4] However, the deepest parts of the ocean are dominated by abyssal clay instead.
Calcareous debris are mostly composed of forminiferal ooze and make about almost 50% of sediments on the seafloor. Calcareous oozes also have a terrigenous fraction made up of quartz and clay minerals.[1]
This is because calcareous ooze is limited by the calcite compensation depth (CCD). The CCD refers to the depth at which the rate of supply of calcareous deposits equal the rate of dissolution and varies around the world and is based upon temperature.[1] The CCD occurs at approximately 4000-5000 meters deep[4] because calcium carbonate dissolves faster in cooler water, so as water temperature decreases with depth, its deposition rate also decreases. The temperature dependence also means that calcareous ooze is more likely to be present in warmer waters, which also leads to its dominance in shallow areas surrounding tropical and subtropical islands that do not have much terrigenous sediment runoff.
Another important depth is the lysocline, also known as the depth where well preserved calcareous grain are separated from poorly preserved ones. The lysocline occurs at approximately 3000-5000 meters deep. Calcareous grains above the lysocline are able to accumulate without threat of dissolution.[1]
Distribution
[edit]
Despite the common association between shallow water and high productivity, biogenous ooze is not as common around continental shelves. This is due to the transport of terrigenous sediments by methods such as river and wind from the continents. The terrigenous sediment buries most accumulated organic material, preventing enough biological material from being present for it to be classified as biogenous.
Distribution of biogenous sediments is determined by three factors[1]:
1.) Distance from continents and land masses, the closer these sediments are to land masses the higher the likelihood of being diluted by terrigenous materials
2.) Water depth, which affects the likelihood of preservation of the sediments
3.) Ocean fertility, which helps dictate productivity in surface oceans
Accumulation rate of biogenous ooze is about 1cm per 1000 years.
Determination of Climate History
[edit]Biogenous ooze, and other pelagic sediments can be collected form the seafloor and used to reconstruct Earth's climate for the last 100 million years, also known as paleooceanography.
Reconstruction can be done through analysis of biogeography, stable isotopes along with important oxygen and carbon isotopes. [5]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i Rothwell, RG (2013). Earth systems and environmental sciences. [Place of publication not identified]: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-409548-9. OCLC 846463785.
- ^ Diesing, Markus (11 Dec 2020). "Deep-sea sediments of the global ocean". Earth System Science Data. 12 (4): 3367–3381. doi:10.5194/essd-12-3367-2020.
- ^ Ozerova, D. A.; Zolkin, A. L.; Bityutskiy, A. S.; Malikov, V. N.; Shevchenko, K. O. (2023). "Classification and distribution of oceanic sediments". Yekaterinburg, Russia: 020031. doi:10.1063/5.0121028.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b Johnson, Thomas C.; Hamilton, Edwin L.; Berger, Wolfgang H. (Aug 1977). "Physical properties of calcareous ooze: Control by dissolution at depth". Marine Geology. 24 (4): 259–277. doi:10.1016/0025-3227(77)90071-8.
- ^ Encyclopedia of paleoclimatology and ancient environments. Vivien Gornitz. Dordrecht, Netherlands. 2009. ISBN 978-1-4020-4411-3. OCLC 318545637.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
Category:Oceanography
Category:Sedimentary rocks
Article Evaluation:
Carbon Cycle
Content: Content was very relevant to to the topic and broke down the carbon cycle into all the regions of Earth's surface where it occurs: atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere, ocean, sediments and Earth's interior. The article is uses easy to understand language without too much jargon which makes the article easy to follow. This article is filled with all the relevant introductory information including how other plants, animals and climate change affect or are affected by the carbon cycle. For this reason, sufficient information is on the page.
Tone: The article has a neutral tone with no biased opinions. Even the section addressing climate change was just stated observations on how climate change is modifying varying ecosystems on Earth.
Sources: Sources are reputable, unbiased and reliable. Some of which include government articles from NOAA and NASA in addition to sources from reputable journals.
Mercury Cycle
Content: The page covers a brief description of the mercury cycle and then give primary and secondary sources of mercury on Earth. Finally, there is a brief paragraph about how mercury is processed, and how various forms of mercury process differently. Each of these sections could go into more detail, possibly with a visual diagram of the cycle. There could be another section on how mercury cycle affects other ecosystems, another suggestion could be how the mercury cycle has changed or stayed the same over time.
Tone: The tone of the article is is neutral and unbiased. Each section is short and just gives basic information without any opinion.
Sources: All the sources listed are published in reputable articles, and the same can be seen in the sources cited within the article.
Hydrogen Cycle
Content: The content of tis article begins with a brief overview and splits into hydrogen cycles between biotic and abiotic sources. Then gives a very brief acknowledgement of the hydrogen cycle's connection to global climate and lastly a paragraph on its implication in astrobiology. The section on global climate could definitely be expanded, especially due to its relevance.
Tone: The tone of the article is neutral and unbiased with the author just giving observations in each section with relevant information cited.
Sources: The links for the articles cited still work and are relevant, they are also all form reputable and peer review sources.
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