User:Afddiary/IL-1779-1899-Sandbox
This is a list of people executed in Illinois between 1779 and 1899. The earliest recorded executions in Illinois took place in 1779. Between the June 15, 1779, executions of two black enslaved men, Manuel and Moreau, and 1899, at least 144 legal executions took place in Illinois.[1]
List of people executed in Illinois, 1779–1899
[edit]Information is sourced from the Espy Files unless otherwise specified.[1]
No. | Name | Race | Age | Sex | Date of Execution | County | Method | Crime(s) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Manuel (Enslaved Man) | Black | - | M | June 15, 1779 | Randolph or St. Clair | Hanging, burning, or shooting[a] | Witchcraft | [2][3][4][5] |
2 | Moreau (Enslaved Man) | - | M | Hanging | [2][3][4] | ||||
3 | (Unknown Name) | Native American | - | M | 1802 | Randolph | Hanging | Murder, robbery | |
4 | Emsley Jones (or Emerly Jones) | White | - | M | August 25, 1807 | Randolph | Hanging | Murder of Oliver Reed, 33 | [6][7][8] |
5 | (Unknown Name) | Native American | - | - | 1807 | Randolph | Hanging | Murder of a white man | [6] |
6 | John Killduck | Native American | - | M | July 14, 1819 | Crawford | Hanging | Murder of Thomas McCall; first execution after statehood | [9] |
7 | Who-rah-jin-kah / Whorahjinkah | Native American | - | M | August 14, 1821 | Rock Island, Madison, or Randolph | Hanging | Murder of John Blottenburgh and Clement Attley Riggs ("two soldiers of the United States stationed at Fort Armstrong") - his trial was under federal jurisdiction | [10][11][12][13] |
8 | Timothy Bennett | White | - | M | September 3, 1821 | St. Clair | Hanging | Murder | |
9 | Eliphalet Green | White | - | M | February 12, 1824 | Madison | Hanging | Murder of William Wright | [14] |
10 | Martin Frazier | White | - | M | May 10, 1824 | Gallatin | Hanging | Murder | |
11 | Nathaniel Van Noy | White | - | M | November 26, 1826 | Sangamon | Hanging | Murder of his wife | [15] |
12 | William Ledbetter | White | - | M | April 30, 1834 | White | Hanging | Murder | |
13 | Henry Shouse | White | - | M | June 9, 1834 | Pope | Hanging | Murder | |
14 | Thomas Bennett | White | - | M | December 22, 1834 | Adams | Hanging | Murder | |
15 | Elias McFadden | White | 60 | M | July 6, 1835 | Schuyler | Hanging | Murder of John Wilson | [16][17][18] |
16 | David McFadden | White | 25 | M | |||||
17 | Joseph Thomason (or Thompson) – AKA Benjamin F. Norris, Joseph F. Morris | White | 23 | M | June 10, 1836 | Iroquois | Hanging | Murder and robbery of Charles Legree | [19][20] |
18 | William Fraime | White | 21 | M | May 18, 1839 | Hancock | Hanging | Murder | |
19 | Aaron Todd | White | - | M | June 2, 1840 | Macoupin | Hanging | Murder of Larkin Scott | [21] |
20 | John Stone | White | 30 | M | July 10, 1840 | Cook | Hanging | Murder and rape of Lucretia Thompson | [22]: 17–19 |
21 | Elizabeth 'Betsey' Reed | White | 40 | F | May 23, 1845 | Lawrence | Hanging | Murder of her husband, Leonard, by poisoning | [23][24] |
22 | Granville Young | White | - | M | October 19, 1845 | Rock Island | Hanging | Murder, burglary, and robbery of George Davenport | [25] |
23 | Aaron Long | White | 24 | M | Hanging | ||||
24 | John Long | White | 23 | M | Hanging | ||||
25 | Milton Jones | White | 21 | M | October 11, 1850 | Wabash | Hanging | Murder of Joseph Miller | [26] |
26 | George Williams | White | - | M | January 19, 1851 | Peoria | Hanging | Murder and robbery of Harvey Hewett | [27] |
27 | Thomas Brown | White | - | M | |||||
28 | Henry Volz | White | - | M | May 24, 1853 | Wayne | Hanging | Murder of Luke Lawler | [28] |
29 | George Gates | White | - | M | June 28, 1853 | LaSalle | Hanging | Murder and robbery of Daniel Liley | [29] |
30 | John Collins | White | - | M | April 21, 1854 | Kane | Hanging | Murder of his wife | [30] |
31 | Patrick Doyle | White | - | M | May 12, 1854 | DuPage | Hanging | Murder and robbery of Patrick Tohil or Tole | [31][32] |
32 | Joseph Orban | White | - | M | September 4, 1854 | St. Clair | Hanging | Murder | |
33 | John Taylor | White | - | M | January 19, 1855 | Jo Daviess | Hanging | Murder | |
34 | David Stoddard | White | 45 | M | July 13, 1855 | Rock Island | Hanging | Murder of his wife | [33] |
35 | Alfred Countryman | White | - | M | March 27, 1857 | Winnebago | Hanging | Murder | |
36 | Herman Jackson | - | - | M | April 26, 1857 | Cook | Hanging | Murder | |
37 | John Johnson (or Edward Barber) | White | - | M | June 19, 1857 | Madison | Hanging | Murder of Jacob Barth | [34][35] |
38 | George W. Sharpe (or Gibson) | White | - | M | |||||
39 | William Jackson | White | - | M | June 19, 1857 | Cook | Hanging | Murder of Roman Morris | [36] |
40 | Andrew Ingram | White | - | M | July 3, 1857 | Rock Island | Hanging | Murder | |
41 | Albert Staub | White | 20 | M | April 20, 1858 | Cook | Hanging | Murder of Peter Lauerman | [37] |
42 | Michael McNamee | - | - | M | May 6, 1859 | Cook | Hanging | Murder of his wife, Jane | [38] |
43 | Henry Alter | - | - | M | December 28, 1860 | Monroe | Hanging | Murder of William Hentz | [39] |
44 | John Ott | White | - | M | March 1, 1861 | Tazewell | Hanging | Murder, robbery | |
45 | Wiley J. Morris | Black | - | M | May 17, 1861 | Kankakee | Hanging | Murder and rape of Mary Murphy[b] | [40] |
46 | James White | White | 19 | M | August 15, 1861 | Marion | Hanging | Murder | |
47 | Addison Cunningham (or Ottison Cunningham) | White | 37 | M | November 29, 1861 | Adams | Hanging | Murder of Ratliffe Harrison | [41][42][43] |
48 | John McDonnell | White | - | M | February 7, 1862 | Iroquois | Hanging | Murder | |
49 | William Bell[c] | White | - | M | June 30, 1865 | Lake | Upright jerker | Murder of Ruth Briden | [45][46] |
50 | Matt Fleming (or Walter Fleming) | White | - | M | December 15, 1865 | Cook | Hanging | Contract murder of Patrick Maloney; known as the "Sand Ridge Murderers" | [22]: 31–34 |
51 | Jerry Corbett | White | - | M | Hanging | ||||
52 | Francis Harper | White | 22 | M | December 22, 1865 | Iroquois | Hanging | Murder, robbery | |
53 | Barney Van Ausdale (or Barney Vanarsdale) | White | - | M | July 20, 1866 | Sangamon | Hanging | Murder and robbery of John H. Saunders or Sanders | [15][47] |
54 | James Lemon (or John Lemons) | White | - | M | |||||
55 | John Kennedy | White | 41 | M | July 27, 1866 | Lake | Upright jerker | Murder of "Tailor" Maloney | [48] |
56 | George P. Chase | - | 36 | M | July 27, 1866 | Will | Upright jerker | Murder of Joliet Correctional Center Warden Joseph Clark | [49][50] |
57 | John Guedel | White | 41 | M | April 26, 1867 | St. Clair | Hanging | Murder of Adam Zimmerman | [51] |
58 | John W. Moore | White | - | M | October 23, 1869 | Bond | Hanging | Murder and attempted rape of Louisa McAdams, 18 | [52][53] |
59 | William C. Bell | White | 37 | M | November 12, 1869 | Madison | Hanging | Murder of Herman Wendell | [54] |
60 | Joseph Myers (or Meyers) | White | - | M | July 30, 1870 | Shelby | Hanging | Murder of Plassibo Calhoun | [55] |
61 | Bartholomew Barnes | White | 19 | M | December 29, 1871 | Pike[d] | Hanging | Murder of John Gresham | [56] |
62 | Henry McNulty | White | - | M | February 7, 1873 | Peoria | Hanging | Murder of his wife, Elizabeth | [57] |
63 | George Driver | White | - | M | March 14, 1873 | Cook | Hanging | Murder of his wife, Ann, 32 | [22]: 35–38 |
64 | John Marion Osborne | White | 27 | M | March 14, 1873 | Knox | Hanging | Murder and rape of Adelia Mathews | [58] |
65 | Joseph O'Neill (or Joseph O'Neal) | White | 27 | M | May 16, 1873 | Carroll | Hanging | Murder of Hirman Rexford | [59] |
66 | William C. Campbell | Black | - | M | August 29, 1873 | Alexander | Hanging | Murder of Thomas Doyle | [60] |
67 | Andrew Perteet | Black | 59 | M | December 12, 1873 | Will[e] | Upright jerker | Murder of his wife, Martha, 44 | [22]: 39–41 |
68 | Chris Rafferty | White | 25 | M | February 27, 1874 | Lake[f] | Upright jerker | Murder of Officer Patrick O'Meara | [22]: 42–45 |
69 | Nathan Burgess | White | 28 | M | June 18, 1875 | Effingham | Hanging | Murder and robbery of Joseph Robbins | [61] |
70 | John Casey | White | 38 | M | June 18, 1875 | Edgar | Hanging | Murder of his wife, Rebecca | [61][62] |
71 | George Henry Jacobs | White | - | M | January 21, 1876 | Will | Upright jerker | Murder of his wife | [63][64] |
72 | Marshall Crain | White | 27 | M | January 21, 1876 | Williamson | Hanging | Contract murders of George Bulliner, David Bulliner, Vincent Hinchcliff, James Henderson, George Sisney, and William Spence (hired assassin involved in Illinois' Ku Klux Klan, associated with the Bulliner family in Williamson County's Bulliner-Henderson feud) | [63][64] |
73 | William Wesley Lee | White | 29 | M | June 16, 1878 | Henderson | Upright jerker | Murder of Jessie McCarty | [65] |
74 | Jeremiah Connelly | White | 19 | M | June 21, 1878 | Cook | Hanging | Murder of Hugh McConville, 30 | [22]: 46–50 |
75 | George Sherry | White | 21 | M | |||||
76 | Charles Burnes (or John Burnes) | White | 27 | M | June 21, 1878 | Edgar | Hanging | Murder of Elijah Burdwell | [22]: 50 |
77 | Harrison Burklow | White | - | M | July 5, 1878 | Johnson | Hanging | Murder | |
78 | Charles Glass | Black | - | M | September 16, 1879 | Alexander | Hanging | Murder of Carter Newman | [66] |
79 | Johannes DeBoer | White | 18 | M | March 17, 1880 | Livingston | Hanging | Murder and attempted rape of Ella Martin | [67] |
80 | Frederic Kester (or Fred Koester) | White | - | M | January 21, 1881 | Vermilion | Hanging | Murder of his wife, Minnie | [68] |
81 | William Hailwagon | White | 49 | M | March 24, 1882 | Rock Island | Hanging | Murder | |
82 | Patsy Devine | White | - | M | May 12, 1882 | DeWitt | Hanging | Murder and robbery of Aaron Goodfellow | [69] |
83 | James Vaughan | White | - | M | June 16, 1882 | Perry | Hanging | Murder | |
84 | James Tracy | - | 37 | M | September 15, 1882 | Cook | Hanging | Murder of Officer John Hoebner | [22]: 51–53 |
85 | Samuel Redden | Black | - | M | September 15, 1882 | Massac | Hanging | Murder of Adolphus Zimmerman | [22]: 53 |
86 | Phillip Matthews | White | 20 | M | January 12, 1883 | St. Clair | Hanging | Murder of Annie Geyer | [70] |
87 | Sylvester King MacKinson (or MacKinnon) | White | 25 | M | May 11, 1883 | Henry | Hanging | Murder and robbery of Maggie A. Copeland | [71] |
88 | Christian Reibling | White | 30 | M | May 16, 1884 | Whiteside | Hanging | Murder of Albert Lucia | [72] |
89 | William Brown | Black | - | M | May 29, 1884 | St. Clair | Hanging | Murder, robbery | |
90 | Isaac Jacobson (or Theodore Jacobsen) | White | 54 | M | September 19, 1884 | Cook | Hanging | Murder of George Bedell, his employer | [73][22]: 54–56 |
91 | William Felix Henry | Black | - | M | January 16, 1885 | Madison | Hanging | Murder and robbery of Henry Ross and Henry DePugh | [74][75] |
92 | Thomas Jefferson Chapman | White | 23 | M | January 23, 1885 | Coles | Hanging | Murder of Nicholas Hubbart | [76] |
93 | Charles Holden (or Houlden) | White | 46 | M | May 15, 1885 | Menard | Hanging | Murder of his wife, Rebecca | [77] |
94 | Giovanni Azzaro | White | 31 | M | November 14, 1885 | Cook | Hanging | Murder of Filippo Caruso, 20 | [22]: 57–59 |
95 | Agostino (or Augustine) Gilardo | White | 23 | M | |||||
96 | Ignazio Sylvestri (or Ignacio Sylvester) | White | 23 | M | |||||
97 | Noah Merriman | Black | - | M | January 15, 1886 | St. Clair | Hanging | Murder of his wife, Mamie | [78][79] |
98 | Frank Mulkowski | White | 43 | M | March 26, 1886 | Cook | Hanging | Murder and robbery of Agnes Kledzieck | [22]: 60–62 |
99 | James Dacey | White | 39 | M | July 16, 1886 | McHenry | Hanging | Murder of Michael Gaynor, city alderman | [22]: 63–65 |
100 | William S. Wilson | White | - | M | November 12, 1886 | Union | Hanging | Murder of his wife | [80] |
101 | August Spies | White | 31 | M | November 11, 1887 | Cook | Hanging | Murder of Officer Mathias J. Degan (see Haymarket affair) | |
102 | Albert Parsons | White | 39 | M | |||||
103 | Adolph Fischer | White | 29 | M | |||||
104 | George Engel | White | 51 | M | |||||
105 | Zephyr Davis | Black | 17 | M | May 12, 1888 | Cook | Hanging | Murder of Maggie Gaughan | [81][22]: 70–73 |
106 | George Milligan | White | - | M | November 23, 1888 | Gallatin | Hanging | Murder | |
107 | James F. Maxwell (alias Murray) | White | - | M | October 17, 1890 | Grundy | Hanging | Murder, burglary, and robbery of Charles Decker | [82] |
108 | William H. Crawford, Jr. | White | - | M | March 14, 1891 | Macon | Hanging | Murder of Mrs. Lina Mathias | [83] |
109 | Charles Ford | White | 23 | M | May 9, 1891 | LaSalle | Hanging | Murder of David Moore | [84] |
110 | Patrick Boyle | White | - | M | January 23, 1892 | Madison | Hanging | Murder of John Muench | [85] |
111 | Tom Davis | Black | - | M | May 14, 1892 | Washington | Hanging | Murder and robbery of Marcus Deitsh | [86] |
112 | Henry Dickerson | Black | - | M | |||||
113 | William J. Jamison | Black | - | M | August 18, 1893 | Adams | Hanging | Murder, robbery | |
114 | Harvey Pate | White | 21 | M | December 8, 1893 | Vermilion | Hanging | Murder and robbery of Henry Helmick | [87] |
115 | Frank Stires | White | 19 | M | |||||
116 | Ernest Lacore | White | 21 | M | January 19, 1894 | Will | Hanging | Murder and attempted rape of Mary Ellen 'Nellie' Byron, 12 | [88][89] |
117 | George H. Painter | White | - | M | January 26, 1894 | Cook | Hanging | Murder of Alice Martin, his mistress | [90] |
118 | Thomas "Buff" Higgins | White | 23 | M | March 23, 1894 | Cook | Hanging | Murder and robbery of Peter McCooey | [91] |
119 | Patrick Eugene Prendergast | White | 23 | M | July 13, 1894 | Cook | Hanging | Murder of Carter Harrison Sr. (political assassination) | |
120 | George Centrall | White | 24 | M | November 30, 1894 | St. Clair | Hanging | Murder of Frederick Kahn | [92] |
121 | Arley Henderson | White | 23 | M | May 31, 1895 | Jackson | Hanging | Murder and robbery of James Towle (or Frank Towel), 45 | [93][94] |
122 | Frank Jeffrey | White | 28 | M | |||||
123 | Harry Lyons | White | 35 | M | October 11, 1895 | Cook | Hanging | Murder | |
124 | Charles N. "Pacer" Smith | White | 42 | M | November 29, 1895 | Macon | Hanging | Murder of Louise Smith (daughter) and Edna Buchert | [95] |
125 | Henry Foster | Black | - | M | January 23, 1896 | Cook | Hanging | Murder | |
126 | Albert Wallace | White | - | M | March 14, 1896 | Tazewell | Hanging | Murder | |
127 | Alfred Fields | Black | - | M | May 15, 1896 | Cook | Hanging | Murder | |
128 | John Jones | - | - | M | May 19, 1896 | Jackson | Hanging | Murder | |
129 | Joseph Windrath | White | - | M | June 5, 1896 | Cook | Hanging | Murder | |
130 | Julius Mannow | White | - | M | October 30, 1896 | Cook | Hanging | Murder | |
131 | Fred Behme | White | 47 | M | December 4, 1896 | Hamilton | Hanging | Murder of his wife Mary, and 3-year-old son Thomas | [96] |
132 | Dan McCarthy | White | - | M | February 19, 1897 | Cook | Hanging | Murder | |
133 | Fred Hoeltman | White | - | M | May 14, 1897 | Ford | Hanging | Murder | |
134 | John Lattimore | Black | - | M | May 28, 1897 | Cook | Hanging | Murder | |
135 | William Powers | Black | - | M | |||||
136 | James Mingle | - | - | M | February 11, 1898 | Sangamon | Hanging | Murder | |
137 | Chris Merry | White | - | M | April 22, 1898 | Cook | Hanging | Murder of his wife, Pauline | [22]: 99–101 |
138 | John Drugan | White | - | M | October 14, 1898 | Cook | Hanging | Murder | |
139 | George Jackson | White | - | M | |||||
140 | Dick Collier | White | - | M | December 16, 1898 | Champaign | Hanging | Murder, robbery | |
141 | Robert Howard | Black | - | M | February 17, 1899 | Cook | Hanging | Murder, robbery | |
142 | Albert Becker | White | - | M | November 10, 1899 | Cook | Hanging | Murder | |
143 | Michael Rollinger | White | - | M | November 17, 1899 | Cook | Hanging | Murder | |
144 | William Martin | Black | - | M | December 29, 1899 | Alexander | Hanging | Murder of Joseph Landrum | [97] |
Statistics
[edit]Except for the execution of Manuel, which occurred by means of either hanging, shooting, or burning Manuel alive, all other executions in Illinois between 1779 and 1899 are confirmed to have taken place by hanging. Some Illinois executions by hanging, specifically in Henderson County, Lake County, and Will County, utilized an upright jerker, an alternative form of hanging.
All recorded executions in Illinois between 1779 and 1899 were of men, with the exception of the hanging of Betsey Reed in 1845.
Decade
Race
Age
Gender
Crime
Notes
[edit]- ^ Several different sources imply Manuel was burned alive at the stake (while all sources that mention Moreau state he was hanged); several sources alternatively imply that Manuel was sentenced to be burned but had his sentence commuted to shooting. The 1909 source from the Illinois State Historical Library contains Manuel's final death warrant heavily implying that he was hanged like Moreau was. Which method was ultimately used in Manuel's execution is unclear.
- ^ Sixteen years after Morris's execution, newspapers reported that three other men (at least one of whom was serving a prison term in Pennsylvania) made a confession to the murder of Mary Murphy, thus posthumously exonerating Morris; Morris insisted he was innocent in his last statement at his own execution.
- ^ Some records of Illinois executions state that a man named "William Curry" was executed on September 27, 1862, for a murder in Washington County. However, it appears that Curry's name may have actually been James Ambrose, and he had his sentence commuted to life imprisonment the night before his scheduled execution.[44]
- ^ Barnes committed the murder of John Gresham in Calhoun County, Illinois, but the execution took place in Pike.
- ^ Perteet was originally convicted in Cook County, as the murder took place in Chicago. Two days before his execution, he won a retrial; the court granted him a change of venue to Will County, where he was again convicted. His execution took place in Will County.
- ^ Rafferty's first trial was held in Chicago, Cook County, where Officer O'Meara's murder took place. Two subsequent trials took place in Waukegan, Lake County. Rafferty was hanged in Lake County.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b "Illinois Executions". Before the Needles. 2002-03-21. Archived from the original on 2009-04-14. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
- ^ a b Roosevelt, Theodore (1906). The Winning of the West, Volume 2: From the Alleghanies to the Mississippi, 1777–1783 (published 2004-04-01). Archived from the original on 2024-12-14. Retrieved 2024-12-14 – via Project Gutenberg.
- ^ a b Gunn, John H. (1885-11-14). Witchcraft in Illinois (PDF). Public Library Boards of Fort Wayne and Allen County. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-12-14. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
- ^ a b Atteberry, Todd (2023-10-08). "Looking for the history of witches in Southern Illinois in the folklore of those who feared them". Witchery Art: A Gothic Cabinet of Curiosities and Mysteries. Archived from the original on 2024-12-14. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
- ^ Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library (1909). Alvord, Clarence Walworth (ed.). Kaskaskia Records, 1778–1790 (PDF). Vol. 2. Chicago: The Lakeside Press, R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company. p. 97. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-12-18.
- ^ a b Montague, R.J. (1948). The History of Randolph County, Illinois (PDF). Illinois: Library of the University of Illinois. p. 49. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-12-14. Retrieved 2024-12-13.
- ^ "County's Only Execution". Chester Herald-Tribune. 1910-07-21. p. 10. Archived from the original on 2024-12-18. Retrieved 2024-12-18 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Trial for Murder" (PDF). Western World. 1807-10-01. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-12-18. Retrieved 2024-12-18.
- ^ "Documentation for the case of John Killduck". Espy Project Execution Records – M.E. Grenander Special Collections & Archives – University at Albany. Archived from the original on 2024-12-17. Retrieved 2024-12-17.
- ^ "The following is an extract from a letter to the Editor, dated Kaskaskia, July 17, announcing the reprieve, for one month, of the two Indians who were to have been hanged on the 14th of July." Missouri Intelligencer. 1821-08-21. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2024-12-18. Retrieved 2024-12-18 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Vandalia, May 15. The United States' Court for this District adjourned on Saturday afternoon last..." Edwardsville Spectator. 1821-05-22. p. 3. Archived from the original on 2024-12-18. Retrieved 2024-12-18 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Belczak, Daniel (May 2021). "Blood for Blood Must Fall": Capital Punishment, Imprisonment, and Criminal Law Reform in Antebellum Wisconsin (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). Case Western Reserve University. Archived from the original on 2024-12-18. Retrieved 2024-12-18.
- ^ "The Indian Whorahjinkah, convicted at the last May term of the federal court, for the murder of the two soldiers at Rock Island, was hung at Kaskaskia, on the 14th ult. after a reprieve by the President of the United States for one month..." Rutland Weekly Herald. 1821-10-15. p. 3. Archived from the original on 2024-12-18. Retrieved 2024-12-18 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Executions in Madison County". The Madison County, IL, GenWeb. Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2024-12-20.
- ^ a b "Hangings in Sangamon County, 1826-1927". SangamonLink: History of Sangamon County, Illinois. 2017-07-31. Archived from the original on 2024-12-15. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
- ^ "Conflict in Macomb". Beadles. Archived from the original on 2024-12-14. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
- ^ "McFadin Trial Press". Beadles. Archived from the original on 2024-12-14. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
- ^ "Two McFaddens Were Hung in Schuyler County for a Murder in This County..." The Macomb Journal. 1903-12-17. p. 14. Archived from the original on 2024-12-14. Retrieved 2024-12-14 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Execution". Richmond Weekly Palladium. 1836-07-16. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2024-12-19. Retrieved 2024-12-19 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Beckwith, H.W. (1880). History of Iroquois County, Together with Historic Notes of the Northwest, Gleaned from Early Authors, Old Maps and Manuscripts, Private and Official Correspondence, and Other Authentic, Though, for the Most Part, Out-of-the-Way Sources. pp. 209, 345. Archived from the original on 2007-06-08.
- ^ Walker, Charles A., ed. (1911). History of Macoupin County, Illinois: Biographical and Pictoral (PDF). Vol. 1. Chicago: The S.J. Clarke Publishing Company. p. 84. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-12-18. Retrieved 2024-12-18.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Baumann, Ed (1993). May God Have Mercy on Your Soul. Chicago: Bonus Books, Inc. ISBN 978-0929387901. LCCN 92-75931.
- ^ Lawrence County Historical Society. "A Documentary Record of the Hanging of the First Woman in Illinois". Forgotten Illinois. Archived from the original on 2024-12-14. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
- ^ Atteberry, Todd (2021-08-27). "The history of Betsey Reed and a quartet of southern Illinois hauntings". The Witchery Arts. Archived from the original on 2024-12-14. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
- ^ "Execution of John Long, Aaron Long, and Granville Young". The Illinois State Register. 1845-11-14. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2024-12-19. Retrieved 2024-12-19 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Milton Jones Hanging Noose | The Story of Illinois". Illinois State Museum. Archived from the original on 2024-12-14. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
- ^ Kelly, Norman V. "Early Peoria Killers: Williams & Brown". Peoria Public Library. Archived from the original on 2024-12-14. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
- ^ "Execution of Henry Volz". Mount Carmel Register. 1853-06-01. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2024-12-19. Retrieved 2024-12-19 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Execution of George Gates". Alton Daily Courier. 1853-07-09. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2024-12-19. Retrieved 2024-12-19 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "A Man Hung. Geneva, Kane Co., April 21, 54". The Waukegan Weekly Gazette. 1854-04-29. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2024-12-19. Retrieved 2024-12-19 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Another Hanging". Freeport Journal. 1854-05-18. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2024-12-14. Retrieved 2024-12-14 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "The Joliet Signal says that Patrick Doyle, but whose real name is supposed to be Thomas Clark..." Illinois State Register. 1854-04-27. p. 3. Archived from the original on 2024-12-14. Retrieved 2024-12-14 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Execution of David Stoddard". The Moline Workman. 1855-07-18. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2024-12-14. Retrieved 2024-12-14 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Six Executions". The Illinois State Journal. 1857-06-22. p. 3. Archived from the original on 2024-12-20. Retrieved 2024-12-20 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "The Hanging of George W. Sharpe and John Johnson". Alton Weekly Courier. 1857-06-25. Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2024-12-20.
- ^ "The Execution of William Jackson for the Murder of Roman Morris". Chicago Daily Tribune. 1857-06-20. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2024-12-15. Retrieved 2024-12-15 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Execution of Albert Staub, the Murderer of Peter Lauermann". The Weekly Chicago Times. 1858-04-21. p. 3. Archived from the original on 2024-12-15. Retrieved 2024-12-15 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Execution of Michael McNamee". The Chicago Tribune. 1859-05-07. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2024-12-16. Retrieved 2024-12-16 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "At the execution of Henry Alter, convicted of the murder of William Hentz..." Jonesboro Gazette. 1861-01-12. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2024-12-16. Retrieved 2024-12-16 – via Newspapers.com.
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