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Tracks of all tropical cyclones in the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season

The effects of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season primarily focuses on the impacts and aftermaths of hurricanes Charley, Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne in the state. In a six-week period, Charley, Frances, and Jeanne each made landfall in Florida, while Ivan struck just west of the Alabama–Florida state line. This was the first time four tropical cyclones produced hurricane-force winds in one state during a single season since four hurricanes made landfall in Texas in 1886. Charley made landfall in Florida just 22 hours after Tropical Storm Bonnie had struck northwestern Florida - the first time in history that two tropical cyclones struck the same state in a 24-hour period. Frances and Jeanne struck nearly the same location about three weeks apart.

Approximately 2.6 million homes sustained some degree of damage, temporarily or permanently displacing roughly 1.7 million people. The four hurricanes collectively caused an estimated $45 billion (2004 USD)[nb 1] in damage and left at least 47 direct fatalities in Florida. Minor damage also occurred due to tropical storms Bonnie and Matthew. In the aftermath of the storms, disaster declarations were issued for all 67 counties. Charley, Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne were each retired from the tropical cyclone naming list.

Meteorological background

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Tropical Storm Bonnie and Hurricane Charley

Although the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season began on June 1, no tropical cyclogenesis occurred for nearly two months, until Hurricane Alex formed on July 31. In August and September, a favorable Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) developed over the Atlantic basin. Additionally, sea surface temperatures during the hurricane season were the second warmest since 1948. As a result, a total of 12 tropical cyclones formed in August and September.[1] Eight tropical cyclones were named in August, setting a record for the highest number of tropical storms in that month, which would later be tied in 2012.[2] September 2004 featured the second highest Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) for any month in the Atlantic basin, surpassed only by September 2017.[3]

The hurricane season was also influenced by a negative North Atlantic oscillation (NAO). The NAO is a weather phenomenon of fluctuations in differences of atmospheric pressure at sea level between the Icelandic Low and the Azores-Bermuda high pressure area. A weaker NAO tends to force the Azores-Bermuda high into being positioned farther west than usual, which allows tropical cyclones to move farther westward across the Atlantic and strike the Southeastern United States and decreases the probability of recurvature out to sea.[4]

On August 3, a tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Two just east of the Windward Islands. The depression degenerated back into a tropical wave, but reorganized into a tropical cyclone over the northwestern Caribbean Sea on August 8. The depression intensified into Tropical Storm Bonnie on the following day. After moving west-northwestward for a few days, Bonnie curved northward over the Gulf of Mexico. By August 11, the storm turned northeastward and peaked with winds of 65 mph (100 km/h). Thereafter, wind shear caused the cyclone to weaken significantly. At 14:00 UTC on August 12, Bonnie made landfall near Apalachicola, Florida, with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). Bonnie quickly weakened to a tropical depression and continued northeastward across the Southeastern United States, before becoming extratropical offshore New Jersey on the following day.[5]

As Bonnie was centered over the southern Gulf of Mexico, a tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Three near the southern Windward Islands on August 9. By the following day, the depression became Tropical Storm Charley. The cyclone continued to strengthen after curving northwestward and was a Category 3 hurricane when it struck Cuba on August 13. After emerging into the Straits of Florida, Charley weakened to a Category 2 hurricane. However, the storm abruptly strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane later on August 13, with winds peaking at 150 mph (240 km/h). Around 19:45 UTC on August 13, Charley made landfall at Cayo Costa and then in Punta Gorda about an hour later. Charley rapidly weakened over Florida, falling to Category 1 by early on August 14. Later that day, the storm emerged into the Atlantic, before making two more landfalls in South Carolina as a minimal hurricane. Late on August 14, Charley weakened to a tropical storm over North Carolina, shortly before becoming extratropical just offshore Virginia.[6]

Impact

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With Frances and Jeanne striking nearly the same location and having similar paths over Florida, these storms impacted generally the same areas three weeks apart. Some portions of the state received significant impacts from Charley, Frances, and Jeanne, especially the Florida Heartland and Osceola and Polk counties, with the latter suffering more than $1.2 billion in property damage alone from those three hurricanes combined.[7] Frances and Jeanne each caused more than $1 billion in damage in Indian River and St. Lucie counties.[8] At least 89 deaths occurred in Florida, directly and indirectly, as a result of the tropical cyclones in 2004.[6][9][10][11][nb 2]

Five tropical cyclones produced rainfall in Florida during the season. Frances brought the highest precipitation total, peaking at 16.61 in (422 mm) in Kent Grove, located in Pasco County. Ivan and Jeanne also dropped rainfall totals exceeding 10 in (250 mm).[12] Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne largely contributed to a statewide rainfall average of 12.68 in (322 mm) in September, the highest statewide monthly precipitation mean since September 1979.[13] Some waterways and lakes rose significantly as a result. The Upper and Lower Kissimmee Basins observed a 100-year return period of monthly rainfall in September. Between August and October, Lake Okeechobee increased in height by 5.38 ft (1.64 m).[14] In west Central Florida, several stations reported record or near record heights along the Alafia, Anclote, Hillsborough, Little Manatee, Manatee, Myakka, Peace, and Withlacoochee rivers, as well as along Cypress and Horse creeks. Much of the region observed at least 15 in (380 mm) of rainfall during September 2004, with Citrus and Hernando counties recording more than 24 in (610 mm) of precipitation.[15]

Throughout the state, Charley, Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne collectively damaged approximately 2.6 million homes to some degree, temporarily or permanently displacing roughly 1.7 million people. Nearly one-third of Floridians reported damage to their homes. About 23.8% of houses received minor damage, 8.1% received major hurricane, and 0.4% experienced total destruction. In a 13-county region of the hardest hit counties – defined as Brevard, Charlotte, DeSoto, Escambia, Hardee, Highlands, Indian River, Martin, Okeechobee, Osceola, Polk, St. Lucie, and Santa Rosa – almost 74% of residents experienced damage to their dwellings, with 39% experiencing minor damage, 32.7% experiencing major damage, and 2.2% suffering complete destruction. Of the homes sustaining damage, the median cost of damage per home in the 13-county region was about $11,000, compared with the statewide average of $4,000 per home.[16]

Crops also sustained significant damage, especially citrus. Approximately 291.8 million boxes of citrus were produced during the 2003-2004 growing season, but just 169.1 million boxes were produced in the 2004-2005 growing season, a 42% decline, primarily as a result of the hurricanes. The orange crop production overall fell to its lowest level since the 1991-1992 growing season. All varieties of oranges declined in production, except for tangelos. Grapefruits dropped to their lowest production amounts since 1935-1936.[17]

Hurricane Charley

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Hurricane Frances

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A severely damaged gas station in Cocoa Beach

Frances made landfall near the southern end of Hutchinson Island on September 5. Sustained wind speeds topped out at 85 mph (137 km/h) at the Port Mayaca Lock and Dam, while gusts peaked at 108 mph (174 km/h) at the Florida Coastal Monitoring Program (FCMP) tower in Fort Pierce.[9] The maximum precipitation amount recorded in the state was 16.61 in (422 mm) in Kent Grove, located in Pasco County.[12] Storm surge reached 5.89 ft (1.80 m) in height at the St. Lucie Lock, while storm tides peaked at 7.73 ft (2.36 m) above normal in Fernandina Beach.[9] About 4.27 million customers in Florida lost electricity.[18] Frances caused 37 fatalities in the state, with 5 direct deaths and 28 indirect deaths,[9] including at least 6 in Palm Beach,[19] 4 each in Polk and Volusia; 3 in Alachua;[20] 2 each in Broward,[19] Hillsborough, Lee, and Marion;[20] and 1 each in Collier,[19] Highlands, Indian River, Martin, Putnam, and Seminole counties.[20] Damage in the United States totaled approximately $9.8 billion, with much of the damage occurring in Florida.[21]

The Treasure Coast region of Florida – comprised of Martin, St. Lucie, and Indian River counties – experienced the most significant impact from the storm. In the tri-county region, hundreds of businesses, homes, and mobile homes suffered destruction, while thousands of other structures experienced various degrees of damage.[8] Damage in the Treasure Coast alone totaled approximately $4.5 billion.[22] Just to the south, Palm Beach County also received significant impact. Roughly 15,000 houses and 2,400 businesses in the county were inflicted some degree of damage. Frances left about $500 million in damage in Palm Beach County.[19] Volusia County was also among those experiencing the most extensive effects. Throughout the county, Frances damaged 478 businesses, 19,958 single-family homes, 4,800 mobile homes, and 1,414 agriculture-related structures. The hurricane left about $238.5 million in damage in the county.[22]

Hurricane Ivan

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Hurricane Jeanne

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Other tropical cyclones

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Tropical cyclone watches and warnings were issued as Tropical Storm Bonnie approached the Big Bend of Florida, beginning with a tropical storm watch at 03:00 UTC on August 11 from the Suwannee River to the Alabama–Florida state line.[5] Voluntary evacuations went into effect for Gadsden, Levy, and Wakulla counties, while numerous schools were closed.[23] Bonnie made landfall near Apalachicola, with sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h).[5] The storm produced rainfall up to 4.1 in (104 mm) in Pace. Bonnie generated a 4 ft (1.2 m) storm surge; moderate wave action caused slight beach erosion. Rainfall and storm surge flooded roads, forcing the evacuation of approximately 2,000 residents in Taylor County. Wind gusts peaked at 42 mph (68 km/h), downing trees and causing scattered power outages.[24] A tornado in Jacksonville damaged several businesses and houses.[25][26]

In October, Tropical Storm Matthew formed in the Gulf of Mexico. Early in Matthew's duration, the National Hurricane Center projected a landfall in the Florida Panhandle. However, this was not entirely certain, as forecaster James Franklin noted that the storm could also dissipate or move in another direction.[27] Matthew remained well west of Florida and made landfall in Louisiana.[28] The cyclone produced light rains in Florida, peaking at 3.29 in (84 mm) in Pensacola.[12]

Aftermath

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Disaster declarations throughout the United States for hurricanes Charley, Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne

Following Charley, Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne, President George W. Bush issued successive major disaster declarations, which eventually included all 67 counties. The federal government first spent approximately $1.16 billion for immediate relief needs, such as food, water, ice, and temporary roofing materials. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) then provided eligible victims with more than $1.43 billion for assistance with home repairs, rent expenses, medical needs, unemployment, and replacement of personal property. Additionally, FEMA granted over $230 million for hurricane-related public projects; the agency agreed to pay 90% of expenses for that program, while state and local governments would cover the remaining costs. Between August 13 and October 4, 9,633 patients received treatment from the FEMA's Disaster Medical Assistance Teams. The Small Business Administration authorized low-interest loans for repairs to businesses and homes, with over $544 million in loans approved. By December 1, the federal government expended approximately $3.11 billion in aid to Florida, while sending more than 15,500 workers for response and recovery operations, including over 11,000 FEMA employees and 2,000 medical specialists.[29]

FEMA received criticism for honoring some bogus requests for assistance or haphazardly inspecting damages, which led to some storm victims being greatly overcompensated, particularly in Miami-Dade County. Although FEMA declared a disaster area for the county, local officials stated that Frances caused only minimal damage. On May 18, the United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs held a hearing to discuss the matter. The committee noted that almost 12,600 residents in the county received payments totaling over $31 million. The aid allowed people to replace of thousands of electronic appliances, some of which they may have never even owned. Other residents received payments to repairs replacements almost 800 cars, with some people being compensated for more than their vehicle was actually worth. FEMA also compensated some residents with rental or home repairs assistance, but hastily inspected damage or did not inspect damage altogether. In one instance, a resident collected almost $18,500 from FEMA, but a second inspection of the property revealed no damage at all.[30] Criticism was also leveled at FEMA for paying expenses for the funerals of 320 people, but at least 203 of those people were not directly or indirectly killed by the hurricanes.[31]

Volunteers also contributed extensively to relief efforts. Almost 141,000 people volunteered on behalf of more than 100 disaster relief, community, and religious organizations. These volunteers logged over 5.9 million hours for recovery and relief efforts.[29]

Workers picking up debris from Hurricane Charley in Arcadia

Damage to schools and surrounding local areas led to prolonged school closures in several counties. Indian River, Martin, Okeechobee, Palm Beach, Polk, and St. Lucie county schools closed just prior to Frances and did not resume classes until October 4 – more than a month later. Escambia and Santa Rosa counties resumed school classes on October 11, just over three weeks after Ivan made landfall.[32]

The 2004 hurricanes left detectable psychological impacts on Floridians. A study published by the American Journal of Public Health in April 2007 indicated that 3.6% of those surveyed met the criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 5.5% for generalized anxiety disorder, and 6.1% for a major depressive episode. The survey used a sample size of 1,452 adults, who resided in 33 counties that experienced hurricane-force winds and were contacted by landline telephone between April 5 and June 12, 2005.[33] Carol S. Fullerton, et al. conducted a separate study on the impacts on 2,249 Florida Department of Health (FDOH) workers, which would be published by Cambridge University Press in February 2013. The study found that approximately 11% of FDOH workers experienced behavioral or mental health issues relating to the 2004 hurricanes, including about 4% who likely had PTSD and 3.8% who likely suffered from depression. FDOH employees with more disaster exposure or heavier work demands as a result of the hurricanes were more likely to report increased usage of alcohol or tobacco.[34] At least one suicide was directly linked to the hurricanes, after a man lost his home and possessions due to Hurricane Charley.[35]

President Bush assisting with distributing water bottles in Fort Pierce

The hurricanes occurred during the final months leading up to the 2004 United States presidential election. In the previous presidential election, President Bush won Florida by a razor-thin margin. Florida's status as a large swing status led to a high-stakes campaign between Bush and United States Senator John Kerry. However, the hurricanes would cause disruptions to campaign activity. For example, Charley caused Kerry to postpone a rally in Orlando to September. But the campaign event would be canceled due to Frances.[36] Kerry and Senator Bill Nelson visited some of the areas hardest-hit by Charley in August,[37] though he did not hold any official post-convention campaign events in Florida until late September.[38] In the meantime, he instead campaigned in other states such as Iowa, Ohio, and Minnesota.[36] President Bush's visibility in the state in the aftermath of the hurricanes was generally viewed as advantageous, though some pollsters and political scientists argued that the hurricanes would have little or no bearing on the outcome of the presidential election.[36][38] Kerry generally led Bush in the polls from July to mid-August, while Bush then typically led Kerry from late August to late October. Although the polling average became very tight in the final week leading up to the election,[39] Bush won the state of Florida by a margin of 5.1%.[40]

State officials and tourism-related businesses feared that the hurricanes would potentially lead to a decrease in tourism. A survey in October 2004 indicated that about one out of five people would be less likely to travel to Florida as a result of the hurricanes. Visit Florida, the state's official tourism marketing corporation, spent approximately $4.75 million on advertisements and efforts to combat misconceptions about the impacts of the hurricanes on tourism. Web cams and media tours were also used to assure potential visitors that the state remained viable for tourism. Tourism instead increased in 2004, with 79.8 million visitors, up from 74.6 million in 2003. Hotels and restaurants saw taxable sales rise by 14.2% and 10.7%, respectively. By March 2005, just one out of ten people indicated in a survey that they would be less likely to vacation in Florida.[41]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ All damage figures are in 2004 USD, unless otherwise noted
  2. ^ Hurricane Ivan's tropical cyclone report lists 14 direct fatalities in Florida while attributing 32 indirect deaths in the United States to the storm, but does not provide a breakdown by state.[10]

References

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  1. ^ James L. Franklin; Richard J. Pasch; Lixion A. Avila; John L. Beven II; Miles B. Lawrence; Stacy R. Stewart; Eric S. Blake (March 2006). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2004". Monthly Weather Review. 134 (3): 981–982. Bibcode:2006MWRv..134..981F. doi:10.1175/MWR3096.1. Retrieved August 12, 2024.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Monthly Tropical Weather Summary. National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. September 1, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2024.
  3. ^ Monthly Tropical Weather Summary. National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. October 1, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2024.
  4. ^ Brian H. Bossak (December 14, 2004). ""X" Marks the Spot: Florida Is the 2004 Hurricane Bull's-Eye". Eos. Vol. 85, no. 50. American Geophysical Union. p. 541. Retrieved August 12, 2024.
  5. ^ a b c Lixion A. Avila (October 5, 2004). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Bonnie (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. p. 3 and 6. Retrieved April 11, 2019.
  6. ^ a b Richard J. Pasch; Daniel P. Brown; Eric S. Blake (September 15, 2011). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Charley (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 11, 2019.
  7. ^ Gary White (May 29, 2010). "2004 Hurricane Season Taught Polk to Stay Vigilant". The Ledger. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
  8. ^ a b "Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena" (PDF). Storm Data. 46 (9). National Climatic Data Center: 34, 36. September 2004. ISSN 0039-1972. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
  9. ^ a b c d John L. Beven II (December 17, 2004). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Frances (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 11, 2019.
  10. ^ a b Stacy R. Stewart (May 27, 2005). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Ivan (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 11, 2019.
  11. ^ Miles B. Lawrence; Hugh Cobb (September 8, 2014). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Jeanne (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 11, 2019.
  12. ^ a b c Roth, David M. (May 12, 2022). "Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in Florida". Tropical Cyclone Rainfall. United States Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved January 6, 2023. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  13. ^ Precipitation (Report). Florida State University's Florida Climate Center. 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  14. ^ Wossenu Abtew; R. Scott Huebner (October 2005). Hydrologic Impact of the 2004 Hurricane Season on South Florida (PDF) (Technical report). South Florida Water Management District. p. 2. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  15. ^ A Review of Summer 2004 in West Central and Southwest Florida (PDF) (Report). National Weather Service Tampa Bay, Florida. 2004. p. 3-4, 9. Retrieved May 11, 2019.
  16. ^ Stanley K. Smith; Chris McCarty (2006). Florida's 2004 Hurricane Season: Demographic Response and Recovery (PDF) (Report). University of Florida, Bureau of Economic and Business Research. pp. 11, 37, 39. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
  17. ^ Citrus Summary 2004-05 (PDF) (Report). United States Department of Agriculture. February 2006. p. 1. Retrieved April 11, 2019.
  18. ^ Florida State's Energy Emergency Response to the 2004 Hurricanes (PDF). Office of Energy Assurance (Report). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Energy. June 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 25, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  19. ^ a b c d Frances (Report). National Weather Service Miami, Florida. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  20. ^ a b c "Florida counties affected by recent hurricanes". News-Press. September 19, 2004. p. A8. Retrieved September 14, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  21. ^ Eric S. Blake; Christopher W. Landsea; Ethan J. Gibney (August 2011). The Deadliest, Costliest, And Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones From 1851 To 2010 (And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  22. ^ a b Post Tropical Cyclone Report...Hurricane Frances...Amended (PDF) (Report). National Weather Service Melbourne, Florida. September 17, 2004. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  23. ^ Situation Report #1 (PDF) (Report). Florida State Emergency Response Team. August 11, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2006. Retrieved May 18, 2006.
  24. ^ Storm data and unusual weather phenomena, August 2004 (Alabama-Florida). World Meteorological Organization (Report). 2004. Archived from the original on June 15, 2006. Retrieved May 18, 2006.
  25. ^ "Storm Bonnie Spawns Tornadoes from Fla. to Va". Insurance Journal. August 13, 2004. Retrieved May 18, 2006.
  26. ^ "Bonnie-Spawned Tornado Rips Through Northwest Jacksonville". News4Jax.com. August 12, 2004. Archived from the original on 2004-08-15. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  27. ^ "Tropical Storm Matthew expected to head for Florida". The Post-Crescent. Appleton, Wisconsin. October 9, 2004. p. A-3. Retrieved August 13, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  28. ^ Lixion A. Avila (November 17, 2004). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Matthew (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. p. 3. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
  29. ^ a b Catherine Radwan (December 1, 2004). "Streamlined Services Sustain Sunshine State's Survival". American City and County. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
  30. ^ FEMA's Response to the 2004 Florida Hurricanes. United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs (Report). United States Government Publishing Office. May 18, 2005. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
  31. ^ Sally Kestin (September 24, 2005). "FEMA funeral payouts from 2004 disputed". Lawrence Journal-World. Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
  32. ^ "Florida schools hit hardest by hurricanes set to reopen Monday". Arizona Daily Sun. Associated Press. October 3, 2004. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
  33. ^ Ron Acierno; et al. (April 2007). "Psychological Sequelae Resulting From the 2004 Florida Hurricanes: Implications for Postdisaster Intervention". American Journal of Public Health. 97: S103–S108. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.087007. PMC 1854993. PMID 17413067.
  34. ^ Carol S. Fullerton; et al. (February 2013). "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, and Alcohol and Tobacco Use in Public Health Workers After the 2004 Florida Hurricanes". Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 7 (1). Cambridge University Press: 89–95. doi:10.1017/dmp.2013.6. PMC 4654946. PMID 24618140.
  35. ^ "Preliminary Medical Examiner Reports of Mortality Associated with Hurricane Charley --- Florida, 2004". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Centers for Disease Control. September 17, 2004. ISSN 1545-861X. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  36. ^ a b c John Kennedy; Maria Padilla (September 8, 2004). "Hurricanes Blow Kerry Campaign Off Track In Florida". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
  37. ^ David M. Halbfinger (August 21, 2004). "Hurricane Charley: the victims; Kerry Visits Gulf Coast Area Devastated by Hurricane". The New York Times. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
  38. ^ a b Paul West (September 24, 2004). "Hurricanes scramble the Bush-Kerry race in Fla". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
  39. ^ "Florida 2004 Polls". Real Clear Politics. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
  40. ^ Federal Elections 2004: Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Federal Election Commission. May 2005. p. 29. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
  41. ^ "Despite four hurricanes in 2004, tourism up 7 percent in Florida". The Gainesville Sun. Associated Press. August 16, 2005. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
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