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Umar Shaikh Mirza I

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For the father of the Mughal emperor Babur, see Umar Shaikh Mirza II.
Umar Shaikh Mirza I
Timurid Prince
Umar Shaikh
Umar Shaikh Mirza I
Born1356
DiedFebruary 1394 (aged 37–38)
Kharmatu Fortress (present-day Iraq)
Burial
Tomb of Jahangir, Shakhrisabz (present-day Uzbekistan)
Issue
Names
Mu'iz-ud-din Umar Shaikh Mirza
HouseTimurid dynasty
FatherTimur
MotherTolun Agha
ReligionIslam

Mu'iz-ud-din Umar Shaikh Mirza[1] (1356 – February 1394) (Persian: عمر شیخ میرزا) was a member of the Timurid dynasty and a son of its founder, the Central Asian conqueror Timur. Known for being a skilled soldier, Umar Shaikh was one of Timur's military commanders and also served as a regional governor. He died in 1394, predeceasing his father by over a decade.

Birth and early career

[edit]

Umar Shaikh Mirza was one of four sons of Timur who survived infancy. His mother Tolun Agha was a concubine.[2]

There is some disagreement regarding whether Umar Shaikh Mirza I or his brother Jahangir Mirza was the eldest of Timur's sons. The Mu'izz al-Ansab (The Glorifier of Genealogies), the most important source regarding the structure of the Timurid royal family during this period, is contradictory on this point. It states that Jahangir was the eldest, but the family of Umar Shaikh is presented first in the genealogy itself, implying that he was born first. Narrative sources, such as the Zafarnama by Nizam al-Din Shami, and Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi's book of the same name support the notion that Umar Shaikh was older.[3]

Umar Shaikh proved himself an accomplished warrior and a skilled horseman, taking part in many of his father's campaigns.[4] In 1376, Timur appointed him governor of Fergana.[5]

War against Tokhtamysh

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Main article: Tokhtamysh–Timur war
Timur's forces led by his son Umar Shaykh defeating the army of Qamar al-Din; a folio from the royal Mughal Zafarnama, by Jagjivan Kalan, Mughal India, c. 1595-1600

In 1388, war broke out between Timur and his former mentee, the Khan of the Golden Horde, Tokhtamysh. By this point, Tokhtamysh and Timur had already engaged each other several times.[6]

Timur's lands were attacked on two fronts; Tokhtamysh launched his assault from Bukhara while his ally Qamar-ud-din Dughlat did so from Ferghana. At the same time, a rebellion erupted in the province of Khwarazm. Umar Shaikh was sent against Dughlat, while Timur himself marched towards Tokhtamysh. Dughlat was quickly defeated by the prince, prompting Tokhtamysh to flee from Timur's advance. Timur at this point diverted his attention to Khwarezm and brutally suppressed the rebellion, resulting in the devastation of the region.[7]

Tokhtamysh once more attempted to attack in the winter of that year but was again defeated, this time by Umar Shaikh. Timur chased the Khan out of his lands and in 1391 launched a counteroffensive against him.[8] This culminated in the Battle of the Kondurcha River, which took place in the Golden Horde territory of Volga. Umar Shaikh led the left wing of the army, his brother Miran Shah the right, their nephew Muhammad Sultan the centre and Timur himself the rear. While initially indecisive, the battle seemed to turn in the Khan's favour when Umar Shaikh's contingent was detached from the main army and nearly overwhelmed. However, this was averted when Tokhtamysh himself was forced to abandon the field while under attack by Timur, leading to confusion and panic among his troops. The Golden Horde's army was routed and forced to flee, the soldiers being chased and cut down by the Timurids. The death toll of the battle was estimated to have been 100,000 men and women.[9]

Death

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The Tomb of Jahangir in Shakhrisabz, Uzbekistan

In 1393, Timur defeated the Persian Muzaffarid dynasty with the capture and execution of its final monarch, Shah Mansur. Timur bestowed the kingdom's former territory of Fars on Umar Shaikh to administer as governor.[8] The prince's earlier post of Ferghana was given to his son Iskandar Mirza.[5]

However, Umar Shaikh was not able to hold this position for long. In 1394, whilst answering summons from his father, Umar Shaikh was killed after being shot in the neck by an arrow fired from the Tuz Khurmatu fortress, near the city of Baghdad.[8][4] Timur reportedly did not show any emotion upon learning of his son's death.[10]

Umar Shaikh's governorship was given to his eldest son Pir Muhammad, while his body was escorted by his wives and his younger son Iskandar to the city of Kesh (modern day Shahrisabz).[11] Here, he was buried alongside his brother in the Tomb of Jahangir, part of the Dorussaodat mausoleum complex. Presently, the tomb is the best surviving part of the structure.[12]

Wives and concubines

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  • Malikat Agha: daughter of the Khan of Moghulistan, Khizr Khoja. Later remarried to his brother Shah Rukh.
  • Qutlugh Tarkhan Agha Mughal
  • Sultan Agha
  • Beg Malik Agha: daughter of Khwaja Yusuf Apardi
  • Bakht Sultan: daughter of Yasaur Jalayir
  • Tuglugh Sultan Jalayir: later remarried to his nephew Pir Muhammad
  • Mihr Khush
  • Qutlugh Tarkhan
  • Takish Khatun
  • A daughter of Haji Beg Jauni Qurbani
  • Sivinch Qutlugh Agha: daughter of Mu’ayyad Arlat by Timur's sister Shirin Beg Agha

[13]

Issue

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By Malikat Agha

By Qutlugh Tarkhan Agha Mughal

By Tuglugh Sultan Jalayir

  • Sayyid Ahmad (b.1390)

By Sultan Agha

  • Muhammad
  • Nasab Sultan;

By Bakht Sultan

  • Bistam
  • Zubayda Sultan: married Yadgar Shah Arlat

By Mihr Khush

By Takish Khatun

  • Dastan

By Beg Malik Agha

  • Baba Biki

By Qutlugh Tarkhan

  • Jahan Sultan Agha: married Taghay Bugha Barlas

[14]

References

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  1. ^ Barzegar (2000), p. 17.
  2. ^ Jamaluddin (1995), p. 88.
  3. ^ Woods (1990), pp. 1, 14.
  4. ^ a b Karomatov (2001), p. 57.
  5. ^ a b Bretschneider (1888), p. 256.
  6. ^ Barzegar (2000), pp. 10–13.
  7. ^ Barzegar (2000), pp. 14–15.
  8. ^ a b c Barzegar (2000), p. 15.
  9. ^ Marozzi (2012), pp. 183–90.
  10. ^ Marozzi (2012), p. 240.
  11. ^ Brend (2013), p. 43.
  12. ^ King, Noble & Humphreys (1996), p. 311.
  13. ^ Woods (1990), p. 20.
  14. ^ Woods (1990), pp. 20–28.

Bibliography

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  • Barzegar, Karim Najafi (2000), Mughal-Iranian relations: during sixteenth century, Indian Bibliographies Bureau, ISBN 978-81-85004-60-0
  • Brend, Barbara (2013), Perspectives on Persian Painting: Illustrations to Amir Khusrau's Khamsah, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-136-85411-8
  • Bretschneider, E. (1888), Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources: Notes en Chinese mediæval travellers to the west, vol. 2, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner
  • Jamaluddin, Syed (1995), The state under Timur: a study in empire building, Har-Anand, ISBN 978-81-241-0258-9
  • Karomatov, Ḣamidulla (2001), Amir Temur in world history, Shaq
  • King, John S.; Noble, John; Humphreys, Andrew (1996), Central Asia.: Kasachstan, Usbekistan, Turkmenien, Kirgisien, Tadschikistan., Lonely Planet Publications, ISBN 978-0-86442-358-0
  • Marozzi, Justin (2012), Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, Conqueror of the World, HarperCollins Publishers, ISBN 978-0-00-736973-7
  • Woods, John E. (1990), The Timurid dynasty, Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies
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