Tisamenus deplanatus
| Tisamenus deplanatus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Tisamenus deplanatus 'Ilocos', pair | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Phasmatodea |
| Family: | Heteropterygidae |
| Subfamily: | Obriminae |
| Tribe: | Obrimini |
| Genus: | Tisamenus |
| Species: | T. deplanatus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Tisamenus deplanatus (Westwood, 1848)
| |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Tisamenus deplanatus is a stick insect species native to the Philippine islands Luzon and Mindanao occurs.
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Description
[edit]Tisamenus deplanatus is a squat, relatively unspined Tisamenus species with a flat top. The males are 35 to 45 millimetres (1.4 to 1.8 in), the wider females about 55 millimetres (2.2 in) long. On the flat head there is a distinct pair of supra orbital spines, which either consist of three interconnected tubercles or of a larger pair of tubercles with surrounding tubercles. On the right and left of the pronotum there are two closely spaced spines. On the relatively short mesothorax, which widens in a strongly trapezoidal shape towards the rear, there is the triangle formed by raised edges, which is typical of Tisamenus species. The base of this triangle is attached to the front edge of the mesonotum and is strongly raised. As an extension of the posterior tip of the triangle, a longitudinal ridge extends over the posterior two thirds of the mesonotum and the entire metanotum. In similar species, the triangle on the mesothorax is significantly longer, in Tisamenus fratercula about half as long as the mesonotum. In Tisamenus deplanatus it is almost equilateral and thus hardly reaches a third of the length of the mesonotum. On the lateral edges of the thorax there is only a pair of supra coxal spines formed as double spines at the widest point on the posterior edge of the metanotum. On the first three segments of the abdomen there are clear, on the fourth a barely visible pair of spines. The formation and arrangement of the spines is relatively the same in both sexes. In the case of the slimmer males, the relatively short and almost cylindrical abdomen is particularly noticeable. That of the females is almost as wide at the base as the metathorax at its widest point and tapers evenly to the tip of the secondary ovipositor.[2]
Distribution area
[edit]The previously known distribution area includes the islands of Luzon and Mindanao. On Luzon, the stock currently held in Europe, among others, was found in the Ilocos. A female deposited in the National Museum of Natural History comes from Mindanao and was examined by Rehn and Rehn in 1939 for their work. Its place of discovery is only indicated with Surigao. Only the islands of the Philippines are named as the place where the female holotype was found.[1][2]
Taxonomy
[edit]In 1845 John Obadiah Westwood first described the species as Phasma (Pachymorpha) deplanatum and transferred it to the genus Acanthoderus in 1859. A female is deposited as holotype in the Natural History Museum, London. In 1875 Carl Stål transferred the species as Tisamenus deplanatus to the genus he established Tisamenus.[1] In 1939 the genus Tisamenus was synonymized with the genus Hoploclonia, whereby the species as Hoploclonia deplanata. At the same time the genus Hoploclonia was divided into different groups according to morphological aspects. In the so-called Deplanata group, they placed with Hoploclonia deplanata, Hoploclonia cervicornis (today Tisamenus cervicornis), Hoploclonia armadillo (today Tisamenus armadillo), Hoploclonia spadix (today Tisamenus spadix), Hoploclonia tagalog (today Tisamenus tagalog) and Hoploclonia fratercula (today Tisamenus fratercula), relatively unspined species, with a flat upper surface, which except for the supra coxal spines on the edges of the thorax show almost no spines, but at most teeth.[2] In 2004 the Filipino species were transferred back to the genus Tisamenus and only those occurring on Borneo were left in the genus Hoploclonia, the species was called Tisamenus deplanata.[3] In 2018 the ending of the species name was changed and since then the species is again referred to as Tisamenus deplanatus as in 1875 by Stål.[1]
After animals were discovered from the Pocdol Mountains that were initially identified as Tisamenus deplanatus and similar animals from Ilocos that were temporarily referred to as Tisamenus fratercula and later turned out to be the real Tisamenus deplanatus, there was a brief discussion as to whether both species are conspecific. Sarah Bank et al included representatives of both stocks or species in their genetic analysis published in 2021. These proved to be non-conspecific, i.e. they belong to different species and are not as closely related to each other as Rehn and Rehn had assumed in their group classification in 1939.[4]
In captivity
[edit]A stock found in the terrariums of enthusiasts goes back to animals that Thierry Heitzmann collected in the Ilocos region in 2014. They were initially named Tisamenus sp. 'Ilocos' after their place of discovery and were given the PSG number 391 by the Phasmid Study Group. After the species was initially identified as Tisamenus fratercula, Frank H. Hennemann identified it as the real Tisamenus deplanatus when working on the genus. Until these animals were found, the males of the species were unknown. The species is very uncomplicated to keep and breed. It eats leaves of both bramble and other Rosaceae , as well as hazel and other foodplants.[4][5]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Brock, P. D.; Büscher, T. H. & Baker, E. W.: Phasmida Species File Online. Version 5.0./5.0. (accessdate 2 August 2021)
- ^ a b c Rehn, J. A. G. & Rehn, J. W. H. (1939). Proceedings of The Academy of Natural Sciences (Vol. 90, 1938), Philadelphia, pp. 460–484
- ^ Zompro, O. (2004). Revision of the genera of the Areolatae, including the status of Timema and Agathemera (Insecta, Phasmatodea), Goecke & Evers, Keltern-Weiler, pp. 200–207, ISBN 978-3931374396
- ^ a b Bank, S.; Buckley, T. R.; Büscher, T. H.; Bresseel, J.; Constant, J.; de Haan, M.; Dittmar, D.; Dräger, H.; Kahar, R. S.; Kang, A.; Kneubühler, B.; Langton-Myers, S. & Bradler, S. (2021). Reconstructing the nonadaptive radiation of an ancient lineage of ground-dwelling stick insects (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae), Systematic Entomology, DOI: 10.1111/syen.12472
- ^ Phasmid Study Group Culture List (accessdate 2 August 2021)
External links
[edit]
Data related to Tisamenus deplanatus at Wikispecies
Media related to Tisamenus deplanatus at Wikimedia Commons
