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Taylor Swift deepfake pornography controversy

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In late January 2024, sexually explicit AI-generated deepfake images of American musician Taylor Swift were proliferated on social media platforms 4chan and X (formerly Twitter). Several artificial images of Swift of a sexual or violent nature were quickly spread,[1] with one post reported to have been seen over 47 million times before its eventual removal.[2] The images led Microsoft to enhance Microsoft Designer's text-to-image model to prevent future abuse.[3] Moreover, these images prompted responses from anti-sexual assault advocacy groups, US politicians, Swifties, Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella, among others, and it has been suggested that Swift's influence could result in new legislation regarding the creation of deepfake pornography.[4]

Background

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American musician Taylor Swift has reportedly been the target of misogyny and slut-shaming throughout her career.[5][6] American technology corporation Microsoft offers AI image creators called Microsoft Designer and Bing Image Creator, which employ censorship safeguards to prevent users from generating unsafe or objectionable content. Members of a Telegram group discussed ways to circumvent these censors to creative pornographic images of celebrities.[7] Graphika, a disinformation research firm, traced the creation of the images back to a 4chan community.[8][9]

Reactions

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The deepfake images of Swift immediately became a source of controversy and outrage, drawing condemnations from Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network and SAG-AFTRA. The latter group, who had been following issues regarding AI-generated media prior to Swift's involvement, considered the images "upsetting, harmful and deeply concerning."[10] Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella, whose company's products were believed to be used to make these images, responded to the controversy as "alarming and terrible", further stating his belief that "we all benefit when the online world is a safe world."[11][12]

Taylor Swift

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A source close to Swift told the Daily Mail that she would be considering legal action, saying, "Whether or not legal action will be taken is being decided, but there is one thing that is clear: These fake AI-generated images are abusive, offensive, exploitative, and done without Taylor's consent and/or knowledge."[13][14]

Politicians

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White House press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre expressed concern over the counterfeit images, deeming them "alarming", and emphasized the obligation of social media platforms to curb the dissemination of misinformation.[15] Several members of American politics called for legislation against AI-generated pornography.[16] Later in the month, a bipartisan bill was introduced by US senators Dick Durbin, Lindsey Graham, Amy Klobuchar and Josh Hawley. The bill would allow victims to sue individuals who produced or possessed "digital forgeries" with intent to distribute, or those who received the material knowing it was made without consent.[17] The European Union struck a deal in February 2024 on a similar bill that would criminalize deepfake pornography, as well as online harassment and revenge porn, by mid-2027.[18]

Social media platforms

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X responded to the sharing of these images on their own website with claims they would suspend accounts that participated in their spread. Despite this, the photos continued to be reshared among accounts of X, and spread to other platforms including Instagram and Reddit.[19] X enforces a "synthetic and manipulated media policy", which has been criticized for its efficacy.[20][21] They briefly blocked searches of Swift's name on January 27, 2024,[22] reinstating them two days later.[citation needed]

Swifties

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Fans of Taylor Swift, known as Swifties, responded to the circulation of these images by pushing the hashtag #ProtectTaylorSwift to trend on X. They also flooded other hashtags related to the images with more positive images and videos of her live performances.[23]

Cultural significance

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Deepfake pornography has remained highly controversial and has affected figures from other celebrities to ordinary people, most of whom are women.[24] Journalists have opined that the involvement of a prominent public figure such as Swift in the dissemination of AI-generated pornography could bring public awareness and political reform to the issue.[25]

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With the rampant increase of deepfake pornography, questions regarding the issue of consent and privacy have emerged. Countless individuals, many of whom are women and men who have been directly affected by the nonconsensual use of deepfake pornography, are left questioning what actions, if any, can be taken to prevent this exploitation or at least remove nonconsensual content from public platforms.[26] While many states have laws and punishments in place regarding the creation or solicitation of revenge porn, only four (California, New York, Georgia, and Virginia) possess laws concerning nonconsensual deepfakes.[26] Currently, deepfakes exist in both a legal and ethical gray area when it comes to issues of consent.

Women

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Women are disproportionately targeted as victims of the making and public distribution of deepfake pornography.[27] This phenomenon puts women and female artists at risk of experiencing online violence at much higher rates than were seen in a pre-AI society.[28] Women are three times more likely to be victims of cyber violence than men and two times more likely to be victims of severe cyber abuse, which includes AI-generated revenge porn.[28] Overall, it has been reported that 96% of the deepfakes that have been created are non-consensual sexual deepfakes, and 99% of those feature women.[29]

References

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  1. ^ "Taylor Swift deepfakes spread online, sparking outrage". CBS News. January 26, 2024. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
  2. ^ Wilkes, Emma (February 5, 2024). "Taylor Swift deepfakes spark calls for new legislation". NME. Archived from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
  3. ^ Weatherbed, Jess (January 25, 2024). "Trolls have flooded X with graphic Taylor Swift AI fakes". The Verge. Archived from the original on January 25, 2024. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
  4. ^ "Taylor Swift AI Deepfake Spurs Congressional Legislative Action". natlawreview.com. Retrieved 2024-11-25.
  5. ^ Wahi, Sukriti (March 3, 2021). "Every Time Taylor Swift Perfectly Shut Down A Sexist Interview Question". Elle. Archived from the original on April 22, 2022. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  6. ^ Davis, Allison P. (June 28, 2018). "The Taylor Swift Slut-Shaming Continues". The Cut. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  7. ^ Belanger, Ashley (January 26, 2024). "Toxic Telegram group produced X's X-rated fake AI Taylor Swift images, report says". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on January 25, 2024. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
  8. ^ Hsu, Tiffany (February 5, 2024). "Fake and Explicit Images of Taylor Swift Started on 4chan, Study Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 9, 2024. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  9. ^ Belanger, Ashley (February 5, 2024). "4chan daily challenge sparked deluge of explicit AI Taylor Swift images". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on February 9, 2024. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
  10. ^ "SAG-AFTRA Slams Explicit Taylor Swift AI Images: 'Upsetting, Harmful' and 'Must Be Made Illegal'". Variety. January 27, 2024. Archived from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
  11. ^ Yang, Angela (January 30, 2024). "Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella calls for coordination to address AI risk". NBC News. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
  12. ^ Pilley, Max (January 27, 2024). "Microsoft CEO: Taylor Swift AI deepfakes are "alarming and terrible"". NME. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
  13. ^ Zhang, Cat (2024-01-26). "The Swiftie Fight to Protect Taylor Swift From AI". The Cut. Archived from the original on 2024-01-30. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
  14. ^ Specter, Emma (2024-01-26). "If Anyone Can Stop the Coming AI Hellscape, It's Taylor Swift". Vogue. Archived from the original on 2024-02-06. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
  15. ^ Kastrenakes, Jacob (January 26, 2024). "White House calls for legislation to stop Taylor Swift AI fakes". The Verge. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved June 10, 2024.
  16. ^ Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (January 26, 2024). "Taylor Swift deepfake pornography sparks renewed calls for US legislation". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 29, 2024. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
  17. ^ Montgomery, Blake (January 31, 2024). "Taylor Swift AI images prompt US bill to tackle nonconsensual, sexual deepfakes". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 31, 2024. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
  18. ^ Goujard, Clothilde (February 6, 2024). "Taylor Swift deepfakes nudge EU to get real about AI". Politico. Archived from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
  19. ^ Stokel-Walker, Chris (January 25, 2024). "The explicit AI-created images of Taylor Swift flooding the internet highlight a major problem with generative AI". Fast Company. Archived from the original on January 26, 2024. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  20. ^ Hadavas, Chloe (March 11, 2020). "This Is What's Wrong With Twitter's New "Manipulated Media" Label". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
  21. ^ Ghaffary, Shirin (February 4, 2020). "Twitter is finally fighting back against deepfakes and other deceptive media". Vox. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
  22. ^ Saner, Emine (January 31, 2024). "Inside the Taylor Swift deepfake scandal: 'It's men telling a powerful woman to get back in her box'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on February 27, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
  23. ^ Rosenzweig-Ziff, Dan. "AI deepfakes of Taylor Swift spread on X. Here's what to know". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 30, 2024. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
  24. ^ "Found through Google, bought with Visa and Mastercard: Inside the deepfake porn economy". NBC News. NBC News. March 27, 2023. Archived from the original on November 29, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
  25. ^ Volkering, Sam (6 February 2024). "The Taylor Swift Deepfake Scandal Will Change AI as We Know It". Brownstone Research. Archived from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
  26. ^ a b Donegan, Moira (2023-03-13). "Demand for deepfake pornography is exploding. We aren't ready for this assault on consent". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-11-18.
  27. ^ "'Dehumanising': How have AI deepfakes been used to target women?". euronews. 2023-12-11. Retrieved 2024-11-17.
  28. ^ a b Laffier, Jennifer; Rehman, Aalyia (2023-06-24). "Deepfakes and Harm to Women". Journal of Digital Life and Learning. 3 (1): 1–21. doi:10.51357/jdll.v3i1.218. ISSN 2564-3185.
  29. ^ Mahdawi, Arwa (2023-04-01). "Nonconsensual deepfake porn is an emergency that is ruining lives". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-11-17.
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