Jump to content

Economy of Kyrgyzstan

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Taxation in Kyrgyzstan)

Economy of Kyrgyzstan
Bishkek City
CurrencyKyrgyz som (KGS)
Calendar year
Trade organisations
WTO, CIS, EAEU, ECO, SCO, CISFTA
Country group
Statistics
PopulationIncrease 7,148,795 (2020)[3]
GDP
  • $15.77 billion (nominal, 2024)[4]
  • $55.2 billion (PPP, 2024)[4]
GDP rank
GDP growth
  • 6.3% (2022)
  • 6.2% (2023)
  • 8.4% (2024)
  • 4.2% (2025)[4]
GDP per capita
  • $2,212 (nominal, 2024)[4]
  • $7,744 (PPP, 2024)[4]
GDP per capita rank
GDP by sector
6.7% (2024)[4]
Population below poverty line
  • Negative increase 33.3% below poverty line (2021)[6]
  • Positive decrease 13% on less than $3.65/day (2021)[7]
Positive decrease 28.8 low (2021)[8]
Decrease 26 out of 100 points (2023, 141st rank)
Labour force
  • Increase 2,635,977 (2020)[10]
  • Increase 56.1% employment rate (2018)[11]
Labour force by occupation
  • Agriculture: 48%
  • Industry: 12.5%
  • Services: 39.5%
  • (2005 est.)[5]
Unemployment
  • Positive decrease 6.2% (2018)[12]
  • Positive decrease 14.2% youth unemployment (2018)[13]
Main industries
small machinery, textiles, food processing, cement, shoes, lumber, refrigerators, furniture, electric motors, gold, rare earth metals
External
ExportsIncrease $1.84 billion (2022 est.)
Export goods
Main export partners
ImportsIncrease $7.797 billion (2022 est.)[5]
Import goods
Main import partners
FDI stock
  • Increase $6.003 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[5]
  • Increase Abroad: $709.3 million (31 December 2017 est.)[5]
−$306 million (2017 est.)[5]
Positive decrease $5.164 billion (31 September 2022 est.)[5]
Public finances
Negative increase 41% of GDP (2022 est.)[5]
−3.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)[5]
Revenues2.169 billion (2017 est.)[5]
Expenses2.409 billion (2017 est.)[5]
Economic aid$49 million from the US (2001)
$2.177 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[5]
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

The economy of Kyrgyzstan is heavily dependent on the agricultural sector. Cotton, tobacco, wool, and meat are the main agricultural products, although only tobacco and cotton are exported in any quantity. According to Healy Consultants, Kyrgyzstan's economy relies heavily on the strength of industrial exports, with plentiful reserves of gold, mercury and uranium.[17] The economy also relies heavily on remittances from foreign workers. Following independence, Kyrgyzstan was progressive in carrying out market reforms, such as an improved regulatory system and land reform. In 1998, Kyrgyzstan was the first Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) country to be accepted into the World Trade Organization. Much of the government's stock in enterprises has been sold. Kyrgyzstan's economic performance has been hindered by widespread corruption, low foreign investment and general regional instability. Despite those issues, Kyrgyzstan is ranked 70th (as of 2019) on the ease of doing business index.

Finance

[edit]
Main article: Banking in Kyrgyzstan

In October 2012, the International reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity of Kyrgyzstan National Bank reached US$1.96 bln, 8.6% of which is in gold. In 2012, to diversify the assets of Kyrgyzstan, the basket of currencies has been expanded by means of the Chinese yuan and the Singapore dollar. In 2012, 1 billion soms are to be spent for the purchase of gold. Gold proportion in international reserves has already grown to 8.6%. The National Bank plans to increase it to 12-15% in future.[18]

Industries

[edit]

Agriculture

[edit]
Main article: Agriculture in Kyrgyzstan
Irrigated fields in the Chuy Valley

Agriculture remains a vital part of Kyrgyzstan's economy and a refuge for workers displaced from industry. Subsistence farming has increased in the early 2000s. After sharp reductions in the early 1990s, by the early 2000s agricultural production was approaching 1991 levels. Grain production in the lower valleys and livestock grazing on upland pastures occupy the largest share of the agricultural workforce. Farmers are shifting to grain and away from cotton and tobacco. Other important products are dairy products, hay, animal feed, potatoes, vegetables, and sugar beets. Agricultural output comes from private household plots (55 percent of the total), private farms (40 percent), and state farms (5 percent). Further expansion of the sector depends on banking reform to increase investment, and on market reform to streamline the distribution of inputs. Land reform, a controversial issue in Kyrgyzstan, has proceeded very slowly since initial legislation in 1998.[19] The irrigation infrastructure is in poor condition. Agriculture contributes about one-third of the GDP and more than one-third of employment.[citation needed]

Kyrgyzstan produced in 2018:

In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, like apricot (25 thousand tons).[20]

Forestry

[edit]

Only 4 percent of Kyrgyzstan is classified as forested. All of that area is state-owned, and none is classified as available for wood supply. The main commercial product of the forests is walnuts.[19]

Fishing

[edit]

Kyrgyzstan does not have a significant fishing industry. In 2002 aquaculture contributed 66 percent of the country's total output of 142 metric tons of fish, but in 2003 the aquaculture industry collapsed, producing only 12 of the country's total of 26 metric tons.[19]

Mining and minerals

[edit]

In the post-Soviet era, mining has been an increasingly important economic activity. The Kumtor Gold Mine, which opened in 1997, is one of the largest gold deposits in the world. New gold mines are planned at Jerooy and Taldy–Bulak, and a major gold discovery was announced in late 2006 at Tokhtonysay. The state agency Kyrgyzaltyn owns all mines, many of which are operated as joint ventures with foreign companies. Uranium and antimony, important mineral outputs of the Soviet era, no longer are produced in significant amounts. Although between 1992 and 2003 coal output dropped from about 2.4 million tons to 411,000 tons, the government plans to increase exploitation of Kyrgyzstan's considerable remaining deposits (estimated at 2.5 billion tons) in order to reduce dependency on foreign energy sources. A particular target of this policy is the Kara–Keche deposit in northern Kyrgyzstan, whose annual output capability is estimated at between 500,000 and 1 million tons. The small domestic output of oil and natural gas does not meet national needs.[19]

Industry and manufacturing

[edit]

In the post-Soviet era, Kyrgyzstan's industries suffered sharp reductions in productivity because the supply of raw materials and fuels was disrupted, and Soviet markets disappeared. The sector has not recovered appreciably from that reduction; if gold production is not counted, in 2005 industry contributed only 14 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP). Investment and restructuring have remained at low levels, and the electricity industry (traditionally an important part of industry's contribution to GDP) has stagnated in recent years. Government support is moving away from the machine industries, which were a major contributor to the Soviet economy, toward clothing and textiles. Food processing accounted for 10 to 15 percent of industrial production until encountering a slump in 2004. In recent years, the glass industry has surpassed clothing and textiles in investment received and as a contributor to GDP. In the early 2000s, the construction industry has grown steadily because of large infrastructure projects such as highways and new gold mines. Housing construction, however, has lagged because of low investment.[19]

Energy

[edit]
See also: Energy in Kyrgyzstan and List of power stations in Kyrgyzstan

More than ninety percent of electricity produced is hydroelectric and the country could produce much more of such clean energy and export to its neighbors and the region. Even though Kyrgyzstan has abundant hydro resources, only less than ten percent of its potential has been developed so far. It has limited deposits of fossil fuels and most of its natural gas imports come from Uzbekistan, with which Kyrgyzstan has had a series of imperfect barter agreements. Per capita energy consumption is high considering average income, and the government has no comprehensive plan to reduce demand. Up to 45 percent of electricity generated, especially in winter time, is diverted illegally or leaks from the distribution system. Hydroelectric plants generate some 92.5 percent of domestically consumed electricity, and three commercial thermoelectric plants are in operation. Because of its rich supply of hydroelectric power, Kyrgyzstan sends electricity to Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan in return for fossil fuels. A new hydroelectric plant on the Naryn River at Kambar–Ata would supply power to parts of China and Russia, improving Kyrgyzstan's export situation and domestic energy supply. The plant was completed on August 30, 2010. An antiquated infrastructure and poor management make Kyrgyzstan more dependent on foreign energy in winter when water levels are low. In the early 2000s, Kyrgyzstan was exploiting only an estimated 10 percent of its hydroelectric power potential. In 2001 Kyrgyzstan had about 70,000 kilometers of power transmission lines served by about 500 substations. Kyrgyzstan would be a member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation's Asian Energy Club, which Russia proposed in 2006 to unify oil, gas, and electricity producers, consumers, and transit countries in the Central Asian region in a bloc that is self-sufficient in energy. Other members would be China, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.[19]

Kyrgyzstan is a partner country of the EU INOGATE energy programme, which has four key topics: enhancing energy security, convergence of member state energy markets on the basis of EU internal energy market principles, supporting sustainable energy development, and attracting investment for energy projects of common and regional interest.[21]

The South Korean style manufactured bituminous coal called yeontan (йонтан) is gaining popularity in Kyrgyzstan's energy industrial scene.[22][23]

Services

[edit]
Glamping in Kyrgyzstan

Substantial post-Soviet growth in the services sector is mainly attributable to the appearance of small private enterprises. The central bank is the National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic, which nominally is independent but follows government policy. Although the banking system has been reformed several times since 1991, it does not play a significant role in investment. High interest rates have discouraged borrowing. A stock market opened in 1995, but its main function is trading in government securities. Because of the Akayev regime's economic reforms, many small trade and catering enterprises have opened in the post-Soviet era. Although Kyrgyzstan's mountains and lakes are an attractive tourist destination, the tourism industry has grown very slowly because it has received little investment. In the early 2000s, an average of about 450,000 tourists visited annually, mainly from countries of the former Soviet Union.[19]

External trade

[edit]
Refinery factory in Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan's principal exports, which go overwhelmingly to other CIS countries, are nonferrous metals and minerals, woollen goods and other agricultural products, electric energy, and certain engineering goods. In turn, the Republic relies on other former Soviet states for petroleum and natural gas, ferrous metals, chemicals, most machinery, wood and paper products, some foods, and most construction materials. In 1999, Kyrgyz exports to the U.S. totaled $11.2 million, and imports from the U.S. totaled $54.2 million. In 2017, Kyrgyzstan exports were estimated to be worth $1.84 billion, while their imports were at an estimated $4.187 billion. Kyrgyzstan's major exports include gold, cotton, wool, garments, meat, mercury, uranium, electricity, machinery, and shoes. Major imports include oil and gas, machinery and equipment, chemicals, and foodstuffs.[24]

Reexport of China-made consumer goods to Kazakhstan and Russia, centered on Dordoy Bazaar in Bishkek, and to Uzbekistan, centered on Kara-Suu Bazaar in Osh Region, is particularly important; it is thought by some economists to be one of the country's two largest economic activities.[25]

The Kyrgyzstan Government has reduced expenditures, ended most price subsidies, and introduced a value added tax. Overall, the government appears committed to transferring to a free market economic system by stabilizing the economy and implementing reforms, which will encourage long-term growth. These reforms led to Kyrgyzstan's accession to the WTO on December 20, 1998.

In August 2024, the country's government issued an order to establish OJSC "Trading Company of the Kyrgyz Republic" to monitor trade flows related to local companies whose goods are not imported into the Kyrgyz Republic.[26] [27] [28]

Investment

[edit]

The stock market capitalisation of listed companies in Kyrgyzstan was valued at $42 million in 2005 by the World Bank.[29]

Taxation

[edit]

The tax regime in the Kyrgyz Republic is administered by the State Tax Service. Collected taxes reached 18.1% of GDP in 2012.[30]

Macro-economic trend

[edit]

This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Kyrgyzstan at market prices estimated by the International Monetary Fund and EconStats with figures in millions of Kyrgyz Soms.[31]

Year Gross Domestic Product US Dollar Exchange
1995 16,146 10.80 Soms
2000 65,358 47.77 Soms
2005 100,116 41.01 Soms
2010 219,000 47.00 Soms
2012 320,000 47.50 Soms

For purchasing power parity comparisons, the international dollar is exchanged at 9.40 Soms only.

Current GDP per capita of Kyrgyzstan shrank by 54% in the 1990s.[32] Mean wages were $0.85 per man-hour in 2009 and this rate represented underemployment when compared to effective market pay. In the first half of 2012, Kyrgyz economy shrank by 5.8%. This downturn was largely due to decline in gold production at the Kumtor mine.[33]

The budget deficit in mid-2012 was 23-billion soms and accounted for 7% of GDP while the target was to reduce it to 6%.[34]

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1992–2017.[35]

Year GDP

(in bil. US$ PPP)

GDP per capita

(in US$ PPP)

GDP

(in bil. US$ nominal)

GDP growth
(real) 		Inflation
(in Percent) 		Government debt
(Percentage of GDP)
1992 8.07 1,822 0.9 ... ... ...
1995 6.20 1,237 1.5 −5.4% 42.1% ...
2000 8.12 1,649 1.4 5.4% 19.7% 122%
2005 10.98 2,115 2.5 2.6% 4.3% 86%
2006 11.67 2,223 2.8 3.1% 5.6% 73%
2007 13.00 2,458 3.8 8.5% 10.2% 57%
2008 14.26 2,666 5.1 7.6% 24.5% 48%
2009 14.78 2,728 4.7 2.9% 6.8% 58%
2010 14.89 2,719 4.8 −0.5% 8.0% 60%
2011 16.10 2,901 6.2 6.0% 16.6% 49%
2012 16.39 2,894 6.6 −0.1% 2.8% 49%
2013 18.47 3,198 7.3 10.9% 6.6% 46%
2014 19.56 3,318 7.5 4.0% 7.5% 52%
2015 20.54 3,411 6.7 3.9% 6.5% 65%
2016 21.60 3,517 6.8 3.8% 0.4% 58%
2017 22.97 3,667 7.7 4.5% 3.2% 59%

Other statistics

[edit]

Investment (gross fixed): 17% of GDP (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

  • lowest 10%: 3.9%
  • highest 10%: 23.3% (2001)

Distribution of family income - Gini index: 27.3 (2017)[36]

Agriculture - products: tobacco, cotton, potatoes, vegetables, grapes, fruits and berries; sheep, goats, cattle, wool, dairy products[37]

Main article: Agriculture in Kyrgyzstan

Industrial production growth rate: 6% (2000 est.)

Electricity

  • production: 11,720 GWh (2002)
  • consumption: 10,210 GWh (2002)
  • exports: 1,062 GWh (2002)
  • imports: 375 GWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source:

  • fossil fuel: 7.6%
  • hydro: 92.4%
  • other: 0% (2001)
  • nuclear: 0%

Oil:

  • production: 2,000 barrels per day (320 m3/d) (2001 est.)
  • consumption: 20,000 barrels per day (3,200 m3/d) (2001 est.)
  • exports: NA
  • imports: NA

Natural gas:

  • production: 16 million m3 (2001 est.)
  • consumption: 2.016 billion m3 (2001 est.)
  • exports: 0 m3 (2001 est.)
  • imports: 2 billion m3 (2001 est.)

Current account balance: $-87.92 million (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities: cotton, wool, meat, tobacco; gold, mercury, uranium, natural gas, hydropower; machinery; shoes

Imports - commodities: oil and gas, machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs

Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: $498.7 million (2004 est.)

Exchange rates: soms per US dollar - 41.731 (2004), 43.6484 (2003), 46.9371 (2002), 48.378 (2001), 47.7038 (2000), 69.85 (2020)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  2. ^ "World Bank Country and Lending Groups". datahelpdesk.worldbank.org. World Bank. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  3. ^ "Population, total". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "World Economic Outlook database: April 2024". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "The World Factbook". CIA.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  6. ^ "Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) - Kyrgyz Republic". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  7. ^ "Poverty headcount ratio at $3.65 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) - Kyrgyz Republic". data.worldbank.org. World Bank.
  8. ^ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  9. ^ a b "Kyrgyzstan". hdr.undp.org. HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  10. ^ "Labor force, total - Kyrgyz Republic". data.worldbank.org. World Bank & ILO. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  11. ^ "Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate)". data.worldbank.org. World Bank & ILO. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  12. ^ "Unemployment rate". National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  13. ^ "Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24) (national estimate) - Kyrgyz Republic". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  14. ^ a b "Kyrgyzistan - WTO Statistics Database". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 24 March 2019.[permanent dead link‍]
  15. ^ "Export partners of Kyrgyzstan". The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
  16. ^ "Import partners of Kyrgyzstan". The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
  17. ^ "Kyrgyzstan Company Registration". Healy Consultants. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  18. ^ "International Reserves of Kyrgyzstan National Bank Reached $1.96 bln". The Gazette of Central Asia. Satrapia. 20 October 2012. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Kyrgyzstan country profile Archived 2005-02-26 at the Wayback Machine. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (January 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  20. ^ "Kyrgyzstan production in 2018, by FAO". Archived from the original on 2016-11-12. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
  21. ^ "INOGATE website". Archived from the original on 2019-11-18. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
  22. ^ Byeon (변), I-cheol (이철) (2011-08-05). '한국 연탄'으로 '한류' 지핀다. Nocut News (in Korean). Archived from the original on 2020-03-31. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
  23. ^ В зданиях бюджетных учреждений Ленинского района будут установлены современные отопительные котлы. Zamandash Press (in Russian). 2010-12-01. Archived from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
  24. ^ "Central Asia:: Kyrgyzstan". CIA: World Fact Book. October 9, 2020. Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  25. ^ Sebastien Peyrouse, Economic Aspects of China-Central Asia Rapprochment Archived February 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Central Asia - Caucasus Institute, Silk Road Studies Program. 2007. p.18.
  26. ^ "Le Kirghizstan en pointe dans le contournement des sanctions visant la Russie". 14 November 2024.
  27. ^ "Чем займется новая Торговая компания и кто может за ней стоять? Подробности". 2 October 2024.
  28. ^ "Sanctions evasion helps Russia dominate former Soviet republics". 6 November 2024.
  29. ^ Data – Finance Archived April 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ Barreto, Ruben; Sinha, Rajib (2014-12-22). "Implementing a Tax Administration System in the Kyrgyz Republic". Rochester, NY. SSRN 2574031. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  31. ^ "Edit/Review Countries". Archived from the original on 2006-05-09.
  32. ^ "GDP: GDP per capita, current US dollars". Archived from the original on 2004-09-03.
  33. ^ "Kyrgyz Economy Shrank by 5.8% in the First Half of 2012". The Gazette of Central Asia. Satrapia. 24 July 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  34. ^ "400 Projects to Be Postponed in Kyrgyzstan Due to Lack of Financing". The Gazette of Central Asia. Satrapia. 4 October 2012.
  35. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". Archived from the original on 2020-08-04. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  36. ^ World Bank (1988-01-01). "GINI Index for the Kyrgyz Republic". FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Archived from the original on 2019-09-21. Retrieved 2019-09-21.
  37. ^ "Kazakhstan: Kyrgyzstan hopes to expand exports of dairy products to Southern Kazakhstan". Archived from the original on 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2013-09-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Kyrgyzstan&oldid=1264192422#Taxation"