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Tamarod

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This article is about the Egyptian grassroots movement in opposition to President Mohamed Morsi. For the Bahraini movement with similar name, see Bahrain Tamarod.

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Mohamed Morsi

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Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)

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Tamarod (Arabic: تمرد, romanized: tamarrud, "rebellion") was an Egyptian movement funded by the General Intelligence Service (Mukhabarat)[1][2] and UAE[3] to overthrow the 1st democratically elected Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi.[4] The nominal aim was to register opposition to and force him to call early presidential elections. The goal was to collect 15 million signatures by 30 June 2013, the one-year anniversary of Morsi's inauguration.[5] On 29 June 2013[6] the movement claimed to have collected more than 22 million signatures (22,134,460). A counter campaign was launched in support of Morsi's presidency which claimed to have collected 11 million signatures.[7] The movement was planning to become a political party following the 2014 Egyptian presidential election.[8][9]

The movement helped launch the June 2013 Egyptian protests[10] which was part of the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état.

History

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The Rebel movement was founded by five activists, including its official spokesman Mahmoud Badr,[11] on 28 April 2013.[12] An opposition group within the organization—initially named Tamarod 2 Get Liberated—argued that Tamarod was only able to collect 8.5 million signatures and that some of its founders were trained by security services.[13] A report by Reuters alleged that police officers and officials from the Ministry of the Interior signed and helped distribute and collect signatures for the petition, as well as attending demonstrations themselves.[14]

Members of the movement stated that they would support appointing Maher el-Beheiry, the former head of the Supreme Constitutional Court, to temporarily replace Morsi if he were to step down.[15] The movement gave Morsi until 2 July 2013 to step down; if he did not step down, a civil disobedience campaign was to be initiated.[16]

On 2 July 2013, the Salafist Call and its political wing, the Salafist Nour Party, stated that it had three main demands: a snap presidential poll should take place, a technocratic government should be formed and a committee should be formed to examine constitutional amendments.[17]

The Egyptian armed forces gave both sides until 3 July 2013 to defuse the crisis.[18] At that point, the armed forces said it would offer a "road map", though they stated that they would not get involved in politics or the government.[18] Subsequently, the armed forces removed Morsi and replaced him with Adly Mahmoud Mansour,[19] who had recently succeeded Maher el-Beheiry as head of the Supreme Constitutional Court.

Supporters of Tamarod

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Among the political forces that initially announced support for the Rebel movement were Shayfeencom, the Kefaya Movement,[20] the National Salvation Front[20] and the April 6 Youth Movement.[20] Nabil Na'eem, a former leader of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, stated that he would take part in the protests.[21] The Strong Egypt Party stated that it supported the movement and called for early presidential elections.[22]

The movement also accepted an endorsement by Ahmed Shafik.[23] Mohamed El Baradei, one of the leaders of the National Salvation Front, stated that former members of the National Democratic Party would be welcomed as long as they were not convicted of any crimes.[24]

Opposition to Tamarod

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Supporters of President Morsi from the Muslim Brotherhood and other Islamist organizations launched two campaigns called Mu'ayyed (supporter) and Tagarrod (impartiality) in response to the Rebel movement petitions and started collecting signatures to support the continuation of Morsi's rule.[25] The Tagarrod campaign stated that it had 11 million signatures by 20 June 2013.[26]

Some Morsi supporters criticised the Rebel movement by claiming that it is "a manipulation of the will of the people and only serves counter-revolutionary forces supported by the remnants of the Mubarak regime".[27]

Role following the military coup

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The Tamarod campaign strongly supported the military's toppling of Morsi, the military transition government, the security force raids that involved the killing of hundreds of Brotherhood members and the jailing of thousands of rank and file. Mahmoud Badr and another Tamarod founder, Mohamed Abdel Aziz, were appointed to the post-coup fifty-member committee redrafting Egypt's Constitution.[28]

In the aftermath of the military coup in Egypt, defence minister General Abdul Fattah al-Sisi called for mass demonstrations on 26 July 2013, to grant his forces a "mandate" to crack down on "terrorism".[29] While this announcement was rejected by Egyptian human rights groups[30] and by many of the political movements that had initially supported the military coup, such as the revolutionary April 6 Youth Movement[31] and the moderate Strong Egypt Party,[32] Tamarod sided with General Sisi and called on their supporters to participate in the demonstrations. Mohamed Khamis, a leading Tamarod activist, said: "We support it, we will go out on the streets on Friday, and ask the army and the police to go and end this terrorism."[33]

On 14 August 2013, following the August 2013 Rabaa massacre by security forces of supporters of deposed president Mohamed Morsi, in which hundreds of protestors were killed,[34] Tamarod criticized Vice-President Mohamed ElBaradei for his decision to resign in protest against the crackdown.[35]

On 15 August, Tamarod released a statement on state television calling on all Egyptians to form neighbourhood watches, in anticipation of plans by supporters of former president Mohamed Morsi to organise nationwide marches in protest against the violent dispersal of their sit-ins. Founder and spokesperson Mahmoud Badr said: "Just as you met our calls to take to the streets on 30 June, today we ask you to meet our calls and form neighbourhood watches tomorrow. Our country is facing huge threats." While this call was supported by the National Salvation Front, it was rejected by the Strong Egypt Party and by the April 6 Youth Movement, which called it irresponsible and warned that it could lead towards civil war.[36]

Tamarod's indiscriminate support for the Egyptian military has been criticised by some liberal activists and media, with Mada Masr's Sarah Carr calling them the "Tamarod (Rebel) battalion of the Egyptian army".[37] Tamarod has also supported the police.[38]

On 8 October 2013, the group announced that it would run in the 2015 parliamentary election.[39] Tamarod formed and tried to officially register a political party called the Arabic Popular Movement.[40]

In early 2014, some leaders of the movement broke away and formed a splinter group, known as Tamarud 2 Get Liberated, in response to the authoritarianism of the post-coup military backed government. Members of the breakaway faction have claimed that some of the founders of the Tamarod movement were agents of state security forces.[13] The organization, named Taharor, has stated that it believes that the Tamarod movement ignores police brutality.[41] The group was critical of the April 6 Youth Movement following the banning of the youth movement; Tamarod spokesman Mohamed Nabawy stated that the ruling of the Egyptian judiciary was based on "evidence".[42]

Campaign against the US

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Tamarod Facebook cover photo

Following efforts by the US administration to mediate reconciliation between the post-coup government and the Muslim Brotherhood and Western criticism of the violent dispersal of sit-ins by supporters of deposed president Morsi, Tamarod sharply criticised the United States and President Obama. In an interview, Tamarod co-founder Mahmoud Badr said: "I tell you, President Obama, why don't you and your small, meaningless aid go to hell?"[43]

Tamarod launched a campaign to refuse US aid in all its forms and to cancel the peace agreement "between Egypt and the Israeli entity"[43] and called for rallies in support of the Egyptian government against "foreign intervention."[44]

In August 2013, Tamarod expressed its anti-US attitude by choosing the picture of a burning American flag as cover photo of its Facebook page.[45]

Support for the Syrian government

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In August 2013, when several Western countries were discussing military strikes against the Syrian government of Bashar al-Assad following an alleged chemical weapons attack in the Ghouta region on 21 August, which resulted in the deaths of hundreds of civilians,[46] Tamarod released a statement saying that "it is a national duty to support the Syrian army" and denounced "people who betray their country". In the statement, Tamarod also called on the Egyptian government to close the Suez Canal to any vessel supporting military action against Syria.[47]

References

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  1. ^ "هل فضحت التسريبات سرّ تمرد؟". الجزيرة نت (in Arabic). Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  2. ^ "Recordings Suggest Emirates and Egyptian Military Pushed Ousting of Morsi". The New York Times. 1 March 2015.
  3. ^ "Leaks from Sisi's office allege far-reaching UAE 'interference' in Egypt". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  4. ^ "Egypt's Counterrevolution and the Return to Tyranny". Center for Strategic and International Studies | CSIS. 2 May 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ^ "Tamarod approaches 15 million signatures". Egypt Independent. 10 June 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  6. ^ "Profile: Egypt's Tamarod protest movement". BBC News. July 2013.
  7. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (27 June 2013). "Tamarod campaign gathers momentum among Egypt's opposition". The Guardian.
  8. ^ "Tamarod takes steps to turn into political party". Aswat Masriya. 13 May 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  9. ^ Hertsgaard, Mark (10 May 2015). "Secret Tapes of the 2013 Egypt Coup Plot Pose a Problem for Obama". The Daily Beast.
  10. ^ "Profile: Egypt's Tamarod protest movement". BBC News. 1 July 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  11. ^ Hussein, Dina. Tamarod: The Organization of a Rebellion. Middle East Institute. Retrieved on 7 July 2013.
  12. ^ "Kefaya says Tamarod campaign is not under auspices of Kefaya movement". Daily News Egypt. 30 April 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  13. ^ a b "Activists who backed Mursi's fall turn against military". Reuters. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  14. ^ Georgy, Michael (10 October 2013). Woods, Michael; Robinson, Simon (eds.). "Special Report – The real force behind Egypt's 'revolution of the state'". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
  15. ^ "Tamarod backs SCC president to replace Morsy". Egypt Independent. 15 June 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  16. ^ "Is the clock ticking for Mursi? Opposition sets deadline for his ouster". Al Arabiya. 1 July 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  17. ^ "Egypt's Salafist Call, Nour Party calls for early presidential polls". Al-Ahram. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  18. ^ a b "Egypt's army gives parties 48 hours to resolve crisis". BBC. 1 July 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  19. ^ "Coup topples Egypt's Morsy; deposed president under 'house arrest'". CNN. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  20. ^ a b c "Reactions vary to the Rebel movement's 30 June plans". Daily News Egypt. 5 June 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  21. ^ "Former Jihadist leader plans to participate in 30 June protests". Al-Ahram. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  22. ^ "Strong Egypt Party supports protest on 30 June, opposes military coup". Al-Ahram. 18 June 2013. Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  23. ^ "Tamarod clarifies Shafiq endorsement". Daily News Egypt. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  24. ^ "Egypt opposition opens to former autocrat's party". Al Arabiya. 22 June 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  25. ^ < "حركة "تجرد": لسنا مع مرسى ولكن نطالب باحترام الشرعية". Westelbald.
  26. ^ "Clashes break out between pro, anti-Morsi groups in Alexandria". Al-Ahram. 21 June 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  27. ^ "فيديو.. عبدالماجد: "تمرد" حركة تخريبية وتجميع 2 مليون توقيع "كذب" – المصريون". Almesyryoon.
  28. ^ Kouddous, Sharif Abdel (1 October 2013). "What Happened to Egypt's Liberals After the Coup?". The Nation. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  29. ^ "Showdown in Cairo: Egyptian general demands permission to take on the 'terrorists'". The Independent. 20 December 2013. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  30. ^ "Egypt rights groups voice misgiving about army's call for rallies". Al-Ahram. 26 July 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  31. ^ "6 April Youth Movement to stay off the streets on Friday". Daily News Egypt. 26 July 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  32. ^ "Egypt's Abol Fotouh warns against army-called rally". Chicago Tribune. 24 July 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  33. ^ "Egypt's army chief calls for show of support from citizens". The Guardian. 24 July 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  34. ^ "Egyptian security forces storm protesters' camps". The Washington Post. 14 August 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  35. ^ "Hundreds reported killed as Egypt smashes protests". The Dallas Morning News. 14 August 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  36. ^ "Tamarod statement stirs controversy". Daily News Egypt. 16 August 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  37. ^ "With or against us". Mada Masr. 18 August 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  38. ^ "Tamarod praises the police". Egypt Independent. 21 January 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  39. ^ "Tamarod to run for parliamentary elections". Daily News Egypt. 8 October 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  40. ^ "Tamarod to announce its new political party's program". Cairo Post. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  41. ^ "Taharor aims to collect 50,000 signatures for ElBaradei to run for president". The Cairo Post. 29 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
  42. ^ "Tamarod blasts April 6". The Cairo Post. 13 May 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  43. ^ a b "Egypt's Rebel Campaign launches petition to cancel US aid, Israel peace treaty". Al-Ahram. 18 August 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  44. ^ "Tamarod calls for protests against 'foreign intervention'". Mada Masr. 8 August 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  45. ^ "Facebook cover photo". Tamarod. 17 August 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  46. ^ "Kerry Cites Clear Evidence of Chemical Weapon Use in Syria". The New York Times. 26 August 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  47. ^ "Tamarod urges closing Suez Canal to vessels supporting strike on Syria". Daily News Egypt. 28 August 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
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