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Taiwan–Turkey relations

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Taiwanese–Turkish relations
Map indicating locations of Taiwan and Turkey

Taiwan
Turkey
Diplomatic mission
Taipei Economic and Cultural Mission in AnkaraTurkish Trade Office in Taipei

Taiwan–Turkey relations are the foreign relations between Taiwan and Turkey. Since 1971, Turkey maintains non-governmental, working-level relations with Taiwan.

Diplomatic relations

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Ottoman relations with Qing and Japanese ruled Taiwan

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See also: Japan–Turkey relations
Ottoman–Qing relations

Ottoman Empire
China

From 1683 to 1895, Great Qing governed Taiwan as part of Fujian,[1] but generally sent Great Qing's worst governor to Taiwan which led to oppressive rule and violence. The Qing dynasty ceded Taiwan Island, the Penghu Islands and the Liaodong Peninsula to the Empire of Japan in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki, which the Ottoman Empire recognized.[2]

Republic of China

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See also: China–Turkey relations
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the first President of the Republic of Turkey.
Sun Yat-sen, the first president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China.
Adnan Menderes, the first democratically-elected Prime Minister of the Republic of Turkey.
Chiang Kai-shek, the first President of the Republic of China based in Taiwan.

20th century

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After the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, the Ottoman Empire and later the Republic of Turkey, founded by Mustafa Kemal, established relations with the Republic of China, founded by Sun Yet-sen. Turkish government officials received a Chinese Muslim delegation led by KMT official Wang Zengshan who denounced the Japanese invasion of China.[3]

In 1945, following Japan's defeat in World War II on 14 August, the islands and archipelagos of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu became part of the Republic of China on 25 October.[4] Between 1947 and 1949, armies led by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party defeated the forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT on the mainland, which resulted in the ROC government and military retreating to Taiwan.[5] The ROC went on to reconstruct the island, following the land reform effort launched in 1950.[5]

In 1958, prime minister Adnan Menderes visited president Chiang in Taipei when he embarked on a tour of Japan (22–25 April), South Korea (25–28 April), Taiwan (28 April–1 May) and India (May 1–?). On 31 March 1959, defense minister Etem Menderes and rear admiral Adnan Kaynar arrived on a three-day visit to Taipei following an invitation from defense minister Yu Ta-wei and armed forces chief Wang Shu-ming.[6] Half-way into Adnan Menderes' third successive term, his government was deposed in a military coup on 27 May 1960, resulting in seven Democrat Party (DP) members killed including the deposed premier who was executed on 17 September 1961. The DP was banned in September 1960, less than 15 years after it formed in January 1946, and was succeeded by the Justice Party (AP) in February 1961.

A period of Sino-American rapprochement occurred between 1968 and 1972 under president Richard Nixon.[7] On 5 August 1971, Turkey recognized the People's Republic of China in Beijing thereby ending recognition of the Republic of China in Taipei. On 25 October, Turkey was one of 76 member states that voted in favor of admitting Mao's PRC to the United Nations in place of Chiang's ROC.[7][8][9] Despite adhering to the One-China policy, Turkey still maintains unofficial relations with Taiwan.[7]

In 1975, Chiang Kai-shek died on 5 April and was succeeded by his vice president Yen Chia-kan. On 28 October, president Yen received a visit by Turkish MPs Ahmed İhsan Kırımlı and Mustafa Gülcügil.[10] Fethi Tevetoglu, former chairman of the Turkish Senate's Foreign Affairs Committee, informed Taipei that "several important government and civic leaders have been endeavoring to restore diplomatic relations with the Republic of China. [Prime minister] Demirel is an old friend of mine and he personally favors restoring ties."[11] Less than a year into Demirel's third non-successive term, his government was deposed in a military coup on 12 September 1980.

21st century

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Turkey's economic recovery and eventual rapid growth under the last year of prime minister Bülent Ecevit and under prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan during the course of the 2000s and early 2010s, which saw massive economic and political reforms, led to Taiwan's increasing insistence on easing travel restrictions and expand investment and trade volume. Turkey took a slow approach to expanding relations in the face of pressure from China and fears of backlash. Growing trade in the form of Turkish industry importing Taiwanese goods, and the insistence of Taiwanese representatives under the presidency of Ma Ying-jeou that China would not object to trade relations and that China has been the largest recipient of Taiwanese investments to date, led to increasing cooperation.[12][13]

As part of bolstering relations, Taiwan's representative office in Turkey declared 2011 the "Year of Knowing Taiwan Better",[14] while the Ministry of Economic Affairs singled out Turkey and Russia to its inaugural "Central and Eastern European Key Market Development Group".[15] On 12 December 2011, MP Şafak Pavey stated that Taiwan should be taken as a model for Northern Cyprus.[16][17] As the CHP's head of Environmental and Social Policy and a member of the UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, she led a delegation to Taiwan after accepting an invitation to visit from 14 to 19 October 2012.[18][19]

Turkish Airlines aircraft in Taiwan

On 2 May 2013, Taiwan and Turkey announced a landmark agreement to reduce travel restrictions. From 15 May, Taiwanese passport holders qualified for single-entry 30-day e-visas to enter Turkey through select international airports while Turkish passport holders qualified for single-entry 30-day travel visas upon arrival at Taoyuan International or alternatively apply for a 'temporary entry permit' and visa upon arrival at Taiwan's three other international airports.[20][21] On 20 September 2014, Turkey expanded the privilege to all valid points of entry by land, sea and air.[22][23] On 10 October, Turkish Airlines announced it will launch passenger flights to Taipei.[24]

On 31 March 2015, the inaugural direct flight via Turkish Airlines departed Istanbul at 1:20 AM and landed in Taipei roughly 11 hours later.[25] Preexisting connecting flights took 14–16 hours.[26] On 3 June, Eva Air and Turkish Airlines began a codesharing agreement.[27] On 12 January 2016, Taiwan launched its e-visa program and Turkish passport holders were among those qualified.[28] On 10 February, Taiwan and Turkey initiated a free e-visa agreement eliminating their respective US$47 and US$24 fees.[29][30] On 26 October 2019, Taiwanese became eligible for e-visas granting them multiple entries into Turkey over a span of six months, with each stay valid for up to 30 days for ordinary passport holders and 90 days for official passport holders.[31][32]

Yaser Cheng (Cheng Tai-hsiang), Taiwan's representative to Turkey from 2014 to 2021, and Muzaffer Eroktem, Turkey's representative to Taiwan from 2008 to 2010 and who had previously been posted there from 1970 to 1971, played prominent roles in bringing the two countries closer.[33] Eroktem was presented the Friendship Medal of Diplomacy by foreign affairs minister Timothy Yang (Yang Chin-tien) on 3 November 2010.[34]

On 31 October 2020, president Erdoğan posted a tweet thanking Taiwan for giving Turkey aid to get through an earthquake it recently got struck by, but took it down and replaced it with one where the thanks was gone. Many Taiwanese officials expressed their displeasure. Joseph Wu, Taiwan's Minister of Foreign Affairs, said it was due to China's meddling and pressure.[35]

Economic relations

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Taiwan began offering scholarships to Turkish students in 2005, and Turkey began offering scholarships to Taiwanese students in 2012.[36] Trade volume between the two countries was US$1.4 billion in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.2/1.2 billion USD). The Turkiye–Taiwan Business Council was founded by the Union of Chambers and Exchanges of Turkiye (TOBB) and the Chinese Association of Industry and Commerce (CNAIC) on 14 December 1993, originally as the Turk–Taiwan Business Council before adopting its current name in 2014.[37][38]

According to figures shared by Taiwan, the number of Taiwanese visitors to Turkey each year was:

Year No. of Taiwanese
visitors to Turkey 		Ref.
2008 10,000 [39]
2009
2010
2011
2012 over 20,000 [40]
2013 29,960 [39]
2014
2015 47,083 [41]
2016 over 60,000
2017
Year No. of Taiwanese
visitors to Turkey 		Ref.
2018 over 80,000 [41]
2019 87,168
2020
2021 7,386 [41]
2022 29,586
2023 78,286

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Hung Chien-chao. A History of Taiwan. Rimini, Italy: Il Cerchio, 2000.
  2. ^ Li, Victor C., ed. The Future of Taiwan: A Difference of Opinion. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1980.
  3. ^ LEI, Wan (February 2010). "The Chinese Islamic "Goodwill Mission to the Middle East" During the Anti-Japanese War". DÎVÂN DİSİPLİNLERARASI ÇALIŞMALAR DERGİSİ. cilt 15 (sayı 29): 156, 157, 158. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  4. ^ Aspalter, Christian. Understanding Modern Taiwan: Essays in Economics, Politics, and Social Policy. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2003.
  5. ^ a b Kubek, Anthony. Modernizing China: A Comparative Analysis of the Two Chinas. Washington, DC: Regency Gateway, 1987.
  6. ^ "A summary of important events from March 16 to April 15". Taiwan Today. May 1959.
  7. ^ a b c Han, Lih-wu. Taiwan Today. Taipei: Institute of International Relations, 1974.
  8. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. ^ Hsiung, James, ed. The Taiwan Experience, 1950–1980. New York: American Association for Chinese Studies, 1981.
  10. ^ "Events from day to day". December 1975.
  11. ^ "The month in Free China". Taiwan Today. November 1975.
  12. ^ "Taiwan-Turkey relations". The Journal of Turkish Weekly. Asian Pacific Center. 12 November 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2025.
  13. ^ Kasim, Kamer (Spring 2015). "Turkey-Taiwan Relations in the Context of Turkey's Asia Pacific Policy" (PDF). Retrieved 13 January 2025.
  14. ^ "公眾外交深耕廣植：台灣元素正在土耳其逐步著陸". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan). September 2011.
  15. ^ https://report.ndc.gov.tw/ReportFront/ReportDetail/detail?sysId=C10000919
  16. ^ . 12 December 2011 https://www5.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/TUTANAK/TBMM/d24/c008/tbmm24008035.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  17. ^ "Pavey'in konuşması büyük yankı yarattı". Milliyet. 16 December 2011.
  18. ^ "洪副院長接見土耳其國會議員乙行5人". Legislative Yuan. 23 July 2013.
  19. ^ "心裡有太陽 看得見陽光 龍應台親頒文薈獎 鼓勵身心障礙者迎向陽光未來". Ministry of Culture (Taiwan). 19 October 2012.
  20. ^ "土耳其給予中華民國國民電子簽證待遇，中華民國亦同時給予土耳其國民落地簽證待遇". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan). 2 May 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2025.
    "Türk ve Tayvan umuma mahsus pasaport hamillerine sınırda vize /e-Vize uygulamasının 15 Mayıs 2013 tarihinde başlatılması". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey). 15 May 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2025.
  21. ^ "Turkey to include Taiwan in e-visa system: ministry". Taipei Times. 3 May 2013.
  22. ^ "土耳其政府宣布放寬我國民持憑該國電子簽證入境規定". 21 January 2022.
  23. ^ "Turkey expands e-visa entry to ROC passport holders". China Times. 24 September 2016. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2025.
  24. ^ "10.10.2014 - Public Disclosures". Turkish Airlines. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2025.
  25. ^ "THY'nin Taipei seferleri başladı". www.aa.com.tr. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2025.
  26. ^ "Turkish Office touts direct flight launch". www.taipeitimes.com. 2015-03-09. Retrieved 2025-01-15.
  27. ^ "EVA Air,Turkish Airlines make code-sharing agreement". www.aa.com.tr. 4 June 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2025.
  28. ^ "R.O.C.(Taiwan) launches the eVisa Program on Jan. 12, 2016". Embassy of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in Saint Christopher and Nevis 駐聖克里斯多福及尼維斯大使館. Retrieved 2025-01-15.
  29. ^ "國人赴土耳其享有電子簽證免費待遇". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan). 2 February 2016.
  30. ^ "Taiwan, Turkey launch bilateral free e-visa program". Taiwan Today. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2025.
  31. ^ "外交部歡迎土耳其將我國人電子簽證提昇為多次入境，改善我國人簽證待遇". 21 January 2022.
  32. ^ "台灣旅客赴土耳其電子簽 從單次增為多次入境". Central News Agency (Taiwan). 31 October 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2025.
  33. ^ "Turkish envoy says Istanbul office pending". Taipei Times. 4 November 2025. Retrieved 15 January 2025.
  34. ^ "News Ticker". Taiwan Today. 4 November 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2025.
  35. ^ "Turkish flag move regrettable: officials". Taipei Times.
  36. ^ Gündoğdu, Neşat (21 October 2019). "Türkiye'nin haklılığı anlaşılacak". Milat. Retrieved 17 January 2025.
  37. ^ http://arsiv.ntv.com.tr/modules/ekonomi/bultenler/tayvan_ulke_bulteni.pdf
  38. ^ https://www.deik.org.tr/uploads/tayvan-ulke-bulteni-2014.pdf
  39. ^ a b "土耳其旅遊模式興變化！".
  40. ^ "Turkey grants ROC nationals e-visas". 3 May 2013.
  41. ^ a b c "土耳其航空增班台灣 當地旅遊局推薦北愛琴海秘境 | 生活". 31 August 2024.

Further reading

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  • Aspalter, Christian. Understanding Modern Taiwan: Essays in Economics, Politics, and Social Policy. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2003.
  • Chaffee, Frederic H. Area Handbook for the Republic of China. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983.
  • Chang, Cecilia, ed. The Republic of China on Taiwan, 1949–1988. New York: St. John's University Press, 1991.
  • Chien, Frederick F. Opportunity and Challenge. Tempe: Arizona Historical Foundation, Arizona State University, 1995.
  • Clough, Ralph N. Island China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978.
  • Cohen, Marc J. Taiwan at the Crossroads: Human Rights, Political Development and Social Change on the Beautiful Island. Washington, DC: Asia Resource Center, 1988.
  • Copper, John F. Taiwan: Nation-State or Province? 4th ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2003.
  • Edmonds, L. G. Taiwan—the Other China. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1971.
  • Furuya, Keiji. Chiang Kai-Shek: His Life and Times. New York: St. John's University Press, 1981.
  • Gates, Hill. Chinese Working-Class Lives: Getting By in Taiwan. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987.
  • Han, Lih-wu. Taiwan Today. Taipei: Institute of International Relations, 1974.
  • Hsiung, James, ed. Contemporary Republic of China: The Taiwan Experience, 1950–1980. New York: Praeger, 1981.
  • Hsiung, James, ed. The Taiwan Experience, 1950–1980. New York: American Association for Chinese Studies, 1981.
  • Hung Chien-chao. A History of Taiwan. Rimini, Italy: Il Cerchio, 2000. Jo, Yung-hwan, ed. Taiwan's Future. Tempe: Arizona State University, 1974.
  • Kubek, Anthony. Modernizing China: A Comparative Analysis of the Two Chinas. Washington, DC: Regency Gateway, 1987.
  • Lee, Wei-chin. Taiwan in Perspective. Boston: Brill, 2000.
  • Li, Victor C., ed. The Future of Taiwan: A Difference of Opinion. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1980.
  • Li, Xiaobing, and Zuohong Pan. Taiwan in the Twenty-first Century. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2003.
  • Liu, Alan P. L. Phoenix and the Lame Lion. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1987.
  • The Republic of China on Taiwan Today: Views from Abroad. Taipei: Kwang Hwa Publishing Company, 1989.
  • Sutter, Robert G. Taiwan: Entering the 21st Century. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1988.
  • Taiwan 2005 Yearbook. Taipei: Government Information Office, 2005.
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