Speaker of the National Assembly (South Korea)

Speaker of the National Assembly of the Republic of Korea
Speaker of the National Assembly of the Republic of Korea
대한민국 국회의장
	Emblem of the National Assembly
	Flag of the National Assembly
	Incumbent; Woo Won-shik; since 5 June 2024
	National Assembly
Style	Mr Speaker; (informal); The Right Honourable; (formal);
Status	Presiding officer
Residence	Gukhoeuijang Gonggwan
Seat	National Assembly, Seoul, South Korea
Appointer	National Assembly
Term length	Two years
Constituting instrument	Constitution of South Korea
Formation	31 May 1948; 76 years ago
First holder	Syngman Rhee
Deputy	Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of South Korea
Salary	US$115,000
Website	korea.assembly.go.kr

The speaker of the National Assembly (Korean: 국회의장; Hanja: 國會議長; RR: Gukhoe Uijang) is the presiding officer of the National Assembly of South Korea.

List of speakers

Denotes acting speaker

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office			Political party at time of took office	Constituency	Legislature (Election)
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Political party at time of took office	Constituency	Legislature (Election)
1		Rhee Syng-man 이승만 李承晩 (1875–1965)	31 May 1948	24 July 1948	54 days	NARRKI	Dongdaemun A, Seoul	Constitutional Assembly (1948)
2		Shin Ik-hee 신익희 申翼熙 (1892–1956)	4 August 1948	30 May 1954	5 years, 299 days	NARRKI	Gwangju, Gyeonggi	Constitutional Assembly (1948)
2		Shin Ik-hee 신익희 申翼熙 (1892–1956)	4 August 1948	30 May 1954	5 years, 299 days	NARRKI	Gwangju, Gyeonggi	2nd (1950)
3		Lee Ki-poong 이기붕 李起鵬 (1896–1960)	9 June 1954	28 April 1960	5 years, 324 days	Liberal	Seodaemun B, Seoul	3rd (1954)
3		Lee Ki-poong 이기붕 李起鵬 (1896–1960)	9 June 1954	28 April 1960	5 years, 324 days	Liberal	Icheon, Gyeonggi	4th (1958)
4		Kwak Sang-hoon 곽상훈 郭尙勳 (1896–1980)	2 May 1960	16 May 1961	1 year, 14 days	Democratic	Incheon B, Gyeonggi	4th (1958)
4		Kwak Sang-hoon 곽상훈 郭尙勳 (1896–1980)	2 May 1960	16 May 1961	1 year, 14 days	Democratic	Incheon B, Gyeonggi	5th (1960)^[a]
Office vacant (16 May 1961 – 17 December 1963)
5		Rhee Hyo-sang [ko] 이효상 李孝祥 (1906–1989)	17 December 1963	30 June 1971	7 years, 195 days	Democratic Republican	Nam, Daegu, North Gyeongsang	6th (1963)
5		Rhee Hyo-sang [ko] 이효상 李孝祥 (1906–1989)	17 December 1963	30 June 1971	7 years, 195 days	Democratic Republican	Nam, Daegu, North Gyeongsang	7th (1967)
6		Baek Du-jin 백두진 白斗鎭 (1908–1993)	26 July 1971	17 October 1972	1 year, 83 days	Democratic Republican	National PR	8th (1971)
7		Chung Il-kwon 정일권 丁一權 (1917–1994)	12 March 1973	11 March 1979	5 years, 364 days	Democratic Republican	Sokcho–Inje– Goseong–Yangyang, Gangwon	9th (1973)
(6)		Baek Du-jin 백두진 白斗鎭 (1908–1993)	17 March 1979	17 December 1979	275 days	Democratic Republican	Presidential appointee	10th (1978)
—		Min Kwan-shik [ko] 민관식 閔寬植 (1918–2006) Acting	18 December 1979	27 October 1980	314 days	Democratic Republican	Jongno–Jung, Seoul	10th (1978)
8		Chung Rae-hyuk [ko] 정래혁 丁來赫 (1926–2022)	11 April 1981	10 April 1983	1 year, 364 days	Democratic Justice	Damyang– Gokseong–Hwasun, South Jeolla	11th (1981)
9		Chae Mun-shik [ko] 채문식 蔡汶植 (1925–2010)	11 April 1983	10 April 1985	1 year, 364 days	Democratic Justice	Mungyeong–Yecheon, North Gyeongsang	11th (1981)
10		Lee Jae-hyung [ko] 이재형 李載灐 (1914–1992)	13 May 1985	29 May 1988	3 years, 16 days	Democratic Justice	National PR	12th (1985)
11		Kim Jae-soon 김재순 金在淳 (1923–2016)	30 May 1988	29 May 1990	1 year, 364 days	Democratic Justice	Hwacheon–Cheorwon, Gangwon	13th (1988)
12		Park Jyun-kyu [ko] 박준규 朴浚圭 (1925–2014)	30 May 1990	30 March 1993	2 years, 304 days	Democratic Liberal	Dong, Daegu	13th (1988)
12		Park Jyun-kyu [ko] 박준규 朴浚圭 (1925–2014)	30 May 1990	30 March 1993	2 years, 304 days	Democratic Liberal	Dong B, Daegu	14th (1992)
—		Hwang Nak-joo [ko] 황낙주 黃珞周 (1928–2002) Acting	31 March 1993	26 April 1993	26 days	Democratic Liberal	Changwon B, South Gyeongsang
13		Lee Man-sup [ko] 이만섭 李萬燮 (1932–2015)	27 April 1993	28 June 1994	1 year, 62 days	Democratic Liberal	National PR
14		Hwang Nak-joo [ko] 황낙주 黃珞周 (1928–2002)	29 June 1994	29 May 1996	1 year, 335 days	Democratic Liberal	Changwon B, South Gyeongsang
15		Kim Soo-han [ko] 김수한 金守漢 (born 1928)	4 July 1996	29 May 1998	1 year, 329 days	New Korea	National PR	15th (1996)
(12)		Park Jyun-kyu [ko] 박준규 朴浚圭 (1925–2014)	3 August 1998	29 May 2000	1 year, 300 days	United Liberal Democrats	Jung, Daegu	15th (1996)
(13)		Lee Man-sup [ko] 이만섭 李萬燮 (1932–2015)	5 June 2000	29 May 2002	1 year, 358 days	Millennium Democratic	National PR	16th (2000)
16		Park Kwan-yong [ko] 박관용 朴寬用 (born 1938)	8 July 2002	29 May 2004	1 year, 326 days	Grand National	Dongnae, Busan	16th (2000)
17		Kim Won-ki [ko] 김원기 金元基 (born 1937)	5 June 2004	29 May 2006	1 year, 358 days	Uri	Jeongeup, North Jeolla	17th (2004)
18		Lim Chae-jung [ko] 임채정 林采正 (born 1941)	19 June 2006	29 May 2008	1 year, 345 days	Uri	Nowon C, Seoul	17th (2004)
19		Kim Hyong-o 김형오 金炯旿 (born 1947)	10 July 2008	29 May 2010	1 year, 323 days	Grand National	Yeongdo, Busan	18th (2008)
20		Park Hee-tae [ko] 박희태 朴熺太 (born 1938)	8 June 2010	27 February 2012	1 year, 264 days	Grand National	Yangsan, South Gyeongsang
—		Chung Eui-hwa 정의화 鄭義和 (born 1948) Acting	27 February 2012	29 May 2012	92 days	Saenuri	Jung–Dong, Busan
21		Kang Chang-hee 강창희 姜昌熙 (born 1946)	1 July 2012	29 May 2014	1 year, 332 days	Saenuri	Jung, Daejeon	19th (2012)
22		Chung Eui-hwa 정의화 鄭義和 (born 1948)	30 May 2014	29 May 2016	1 year, 365 days	Saenuri	Jung–Dong, Busan	19th (2012)
23		Chung Sye-kyun 정세균 丁世均 (born 1950)	9 June 2016	29 May 2018	1 year, 354 days	Democratic	Jongno, Seoul	20th (2016)
24		Moon Hee-sang 문희상 文喜相 (born 1945)	13 July 2018	29 May 2020	1 year, 321 days	Democratic	Uijeongbu A, Gyeonggi	20th (2016)
25		Park Byeong-seug 박병석 朴炳錫 (born 1952)	5 June 2020	29 May 2022	1 year, 358 days	Democratic	Seo A, Daejeon	21st (2020)
26		Kim Jin-pyo 김진표 金振杓 (born 1947)	4 July 2022	29 May 2024	1 year, 330 days	Democratic	Suwon E, Gyeonggi	21st (2020)
27		Woo Won-shik 우원식 禹元植 (born 1957)	5 June 2024	Incumbent	193 days	Independent	Nowon A, Seoul	22nd (2024)

List of deputy speakers

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office			Political party at time of took office	Constituency	Legislature (Election)
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Political party at time of took office	Constituency	Legislature (Election)
1		Sin Ik-hui 신익희 申翼熙 (1892–1956)	31 May 1948	3 August 1948	64 days	NARRKI	Gwangju, Gyeonggi	Constitutional Assembly (1948)
2		Kim Dong-won 김동원 金東元 (1884–1951)	31 May 1948	30 May 1950	1 year, 364 days	Democratic	Yongsan, Seoul
3		Kim Yak-su 김약수 金若水 (1890–1964)	4 August 1948	2 July 1949	332 days	Republican	Dongnae, South Gyeongsang
4		Yun Chi-young 윤치영 尹致暎 (1898–1996)	4 July 1949	30 May 1950	330 days	Democratic	Jung, Seoul
5		Chang Taek-sang 장택상 張澤相 (1893–1969)	19 June 1950	6 May 1952	1 year, 322 days	Independent	Chilgok, North Gyeongsang	2nd (1950)
6		Cho Bong-am 조봉암 曺奉岩 (1899–1959)	19 June 1950	18 June 1952	1 year, 365 days	Nationalist	Incheon C, Gyeonggi
7		Kim Dong-seong 김동성 金東成 (1890–1969)	8 May 1952	18 June 1952	41 days	Independent	Kaesong, Gyeonggi
(4)		Yun Chi-young 윤치영 尹致暎 (1898–1996)	10 July 1952	30 May 1954	1 year, 324 days	Nationalist	Gongju B, South Chungcheong
(6)		Cho Bong-am 조봉암 曺奉岩 (1899–1959)	10 July 1952	30 May 1954	1 year, 324 days	Nationalist	Incheon C, Gyeonggi
8		Choe Sun-ju 최순주 崔淳周 (1902–1956)	9 June 1954	2 December 1954	176 days	Liberal	Yeongdong, North Chungcheong	3rd (1954)
9		Kwak Sang-hoon 곽상훈 郭尙勳 (1896–1980)	9 June 1954	8 June 1956	1 year, 365 days	Independent	Incheon B, Gyeonggi
10		Jo Gyeong-gyu 조경규 趙瓊奎 (1904–1983)	2 March 1955	30 May 1958	3 years, 89 days	Liberal	Haman, South Gyeongsang
11		Hwang Seong-su 황성수 黃聖秀 (1917–1997)	9 June 1956	27 November 1956	171 days	Liberal	Yongsan B, Seoul
12		Lee Jae-hak 이재학 李在鶴 (1904–1973)	5 December 1956	30 May 1958	1 year, 176 days	Liberal	Hongcheon, Gyeonggi
13		Han Hui-seok 한희석	7 June 1958	2 September 1959	1 year, 87 days	Liberal	Cheonan, South Chungcheong	4th (1958)
(12)		Lee Jae-hak 이재학 李在鶴 (1904–1973)	7 June 1958	26 May 1960	1 year, 354 days	Liberal	Hongcheon, Gyeonggi
14		Lim Cheol-ho 임철호 任哲鎬 (1905–1990)	4 October 1959	26 May 1960	235 days	Liberal	Buyeo B, South Chungcheong
15		Kim Do-yeon 김도연 金度演 (1894–1967)	10 June 1960	28 July 1960	48 days	Democratic	Seodaemun A, Seoul
16		Lee Jae-hyeong 이재형 李載灐 (1905–1990)	10 June 1960	28 July 1960	48 days	Liberal	Siheung, Gyeonggi
17		Lee Yeong-jun 이영준 李榮俊 (1896–1968)	8 August 1960	16 May 1951	281 days	Democratic	Dongdaemun A, Seoul	5th (1960)^[b]
18		Na Yong-gyun 나용균 羅容均 (1896–1984)	8 August 1960	16 May 1951	281 days	Democratic	Jeongeup A, North Jeolla	5th (1960)^[b]
Office vacant (16 May 1961 – 17 December 1963)
(18)		Na Yong-gyun 나용균 羅容均 (1896–1984)	17 December 1963	16 December 1965	1 year, 364 days	Democratic	Jeongeup, North Jeolla	6th (1963)
19		Chang Kyung-soon 장경순 張坰淳 (1922–2022)	17 December 1963	30 June 1967	3 years, 195 days	Democratic Republican	Gimje, North Jeolla
20		Lee Sang-cheol 이상철 李相喆 (1893–1979)	17 December 1965	30 June 1967	1 year, 195 days	People	Cheongyang–Hongseong, South Chungcheong
(19)		Chang Kyung-soon 장경순 張坰淳 (1922–2022)	10 July 1967	30 June 1971	3 years, 355 days	Democratic Republican	Gimje, North Jeolla	7th (1967)
21		Yoon Je-sul 윤제술 尹濟述 (1904–1986)	7 June 1968	6 June 1970	1 year, 364 days	New Democratic	Seodaemun B, Seoul
22		Jeong Seong-tae 정성태 鄭成太 (1915–2000)	7 September 1970	30 June 1971	296 days	New Democratic	Gwangju A, South Jeolla
(19)		Chang Kyung-soon 장경순 張坰淳 (1922–2022)	26 July 1971	17 October 1972	1 year, 83 days	Democratic Republican	Gimje, North Jeolla	8th (1971)
23		Jeong Hae-yeong 정해영 鄭海永 (1915–2005)	26 July 1971	17 October 1972	1 year, 83 days	New Democratic	Busanjin B, Busan	8th (1971)
24		Kim Jin-man 김진만 金振晩 (1918–2006)	12 March 1973	11 March 1976	2 years, 365 days	Democratic Republican	Presidential appointee	9th (1973)
25		Yi Cheol-seung 이철승 李哲承 (1922–2016)	12 March 1973	11 March 1976	2 years, 365 days	New Democratic	Jeonju–Wanju, North Jeolla
26		Ku Tae-hui 구태회 具泰會 (1923–2016)	12 March 1976	11 March 1979	2 years, 364 days	Democratic Republican	Presidential appointee
27		Lee Min-u 이민우 李敏雨 (1915–2004)	12 March 1976	11 March 1979	2 years, 364 days	New Democratic	Cheongju–Cheongwon, North Chungcheong
28		Ko Heung-mun 고흥문 高興門 (1921–1998)	17 March 1979	27 August 1980	1 year, 163 days	New Democratic	Dobong, Seoul	10th (1978)
29		Min Gwan-shik 민관식 閔寬植 (1918–2006)	17 March 1979	27 October 1980	1 year, 224 days	Democratic Republican	Jongno–Jung, Seoul	10th (1978)
30		Chae Mun-shik 채문식 蔡汶植 (1925–2010)	11 April 1981	10 April 1983	1 year, 364 days	Democratic Justice	Mungyeong–Yecheon, North Gyeongsang	11th (1981)
31		Kim Eun-ha 김은하 金殷夏 (1923–2003)	11 April 1981	10 April 1983	1 year, 364 days	Democratic Korea	Jung–Nam, Incheon, Gyeonggi
32		Ko Jae-cheong 고재청 高在淸 (1928–2014)	11 April 1983	10 April 1985	1 year, 364 days	New Democratic	Damyang–Gokseong–Hwasun, South Jeolla
33		Yun Gil-jung 윤길중 尹吉重 (1916–2001)	11 April 1983	10 April 1985	1 year, 364 days	Democratic Justice	Seodaemun–Eunpyeong, Seoul
34		Kim Nok-yeong 김녹영	13 May 1985	10 July 1985	58 days	New Korean Democratic	Seo, Gwangju, South Jeolla	12th (1985)
35		Choe Yeong-cheol 최영철 崔永喆 (born 1935)	13 May 1985	12 May 1987	1 year, 364 days	Democratic Justice	Mokpo–Muan–Sinan, South Jeolla
36		Jo Yeon-ha 조연하 趙淵夏 (1924–2006)	28 October 1985	29 November 1986	1 year, 32 days	New Korean Democratic	Guro, Seoul
37		Jang Seong-man 장성만 張聖萬 (1932–2015)	13 May 1987	29 May 1988	1 year, 16 days	Democratic Justice	Buk, Busan
38		No Seung-hwan 노승환 盧承煥 (1927–2014)	30 May 1988	29 May 1990	1 year, 364 days	Peace Democratic	Mapo A, Seoul	13th (1988)
39		Kim Jae-gwang 김재광 金在光 (1922–1993)	30 May 1988	29 May 1992	3 years, 365 days	Reunification Democratic	Eunpyeong B, Seoul
40		Jo Yun-hyeong 조윤형 趙尹衡 (1932–1996)	30 May 1990	29 May 1992	1 year, 365 days	Peace Democratic	National PR
41		Heo Gyeong-man 허경만 許京萬 (born 1938)	29 June 1992	28 June 1994	1 year, 364 days	Democratic	Suncheon, South Jeolla	14th (1992)
42		Hwang Nak-ju 황낙주 黃珞周 (1928–2002)	29 June 1992	28 June 1994	1 year, 364 days	Democratic Liberal	Changwon, South Gyeongsang
43		Lee Chun-gu 이춘구 李春九 (1934–2011)	29 June 1994	20 February 1995	236 days	Democratic Liberal	Jecheon, North Chungcheong
44		Hong Yeong-gi 홍영기 洪英基 (1918–1999)	29 June 1994	29 May 1996	1 year, 335 days	Peace Democratic	Imsil–Sunchang, North Jeolla
45		Lee Han-dong 이한동 李漢東 (1934–2021)	20 February 1995	29 May 1996	1 year, 99 days	Democratic Liberal	Yeoncheon–Pocheon, Gyeonggi
46		Kim Yung-bae 김영배 金令培 (1932–2013)	4 July 1996	29 May 1998	1 year, 329 days	National Congress	Yangcheon B, Seoul	15th (1996)
47		Oh Se-eung 오세응 吳世應 (1933–2019)	4 July 1996	29 May 1998	1 year, 329 days	New Korea	Bundang, Seongnam, Gyeonggi
48		Kim Bong-ho 김봉호 金琫鎬 (born 1933)	17 August 1998	29 May 2000	1 year, 286 days	National Congress	Haenam–Jindo, South Jeolla
49		Shin Sang-woo 신상우 辛相佑 (1937–2012)	17 August 1998	29 May 2000	1 year, 286 days	New Korea	Sasang B, Busan
50		Hong Sa-duk 홍사덕 洪思德 (1943–2020)	5 June 2000	12 June 2001	1 year, 7 days	Grand National	National PR	16th (2000)
51		Kim Chong-hoh 김종호 金宗鎬 (1935–2018)	5 June 2000	29 May 2002	1 year, 358 days	United Liberal Democrats	National PR
52		Kim Jong-ha 김종하 金鍾河 (born 1934)	12 June 2001	29 May 2002	351 days	Grand National	Changwon A, South Gyeongsang
53		Cho Boo-young 조부영 趙富英 (born 1936)	8 July 2002	29 May 2004	1 year, 326 days	United Liberal Democrats	National PR
54		Kim Tai-shik 김태식	8 July 2002	29 May 2004	1 year, 326 days	National Congress	Wanju–Imsil, North Jeolla
55		Kim Duk-gyu 김덕규 金德圭 (1941–2020)	7 June 2004	29 May 2006	1 year, 356 days	Uri	Jungnang B, Seoul	17th (2004)
56		Park Hee-tae 박희태 朴熺太 (born 1938)	7 June 2004	29 May 2006	1 year, 356 days	Grand National	Namhae–Hadong, South Gyeongsang
57		Lee Sang-deuk 이상득 李相得 (born 1935)	19 June 2006	29 May 2008	1 year, 345 days	Grand National	Nam, Pohang–Ulleung, North Gyeongsang
58		Lee Yong-hee 이용희 李龍熙 (born 1931)	19 June 2006	29 May 2008	1 year, 345 days	Uri	Boeun–Okcheon–Yeongdong, North Chungcheong
59		Lee Yun-seong 이윤성 李允盛 (born 1944)	16 July 2008	29 May 2010	1 year, 317 days	Grand National	Namdong B, Incheon	18th (2008)
60		Moon Hee-sang 문희상 文喜相 (born 1945)	16 July 2008	29 May 2010	1 year, 317 days	United Liberal Democrats	Uijeongbu A, Gyeonggi
61		Hong Jae-hyong 홍재형 洪在馨 (born 1938)	8 June 2010	29 May 2012	1 year, 354 days	United Liberal Democrats	Sangdang, Cheongju, North Chungcheong
62		Chung Eui-hwa 정의화 鄭義和 (born 1948)	8 June 2010	29 May 2012	1 year, 354 days	Grand National	Jung–Dong, Busan
63		Lee Byung-suk 이병석 李秉錫 (born 1952)	2 July 2012	29 May 2014	1 year, 331 days	Saenuri	Buk, Pohang, North Gyeongsang	19th (2012)
64		Park Byeong-seug 박병석 朴炳錫 (born 1952)	2 July 2012	29 May 2014	1 year, 331 days	Democratic	Seo A, Daejeon
65		Jeong Kab-yoon 정갑윤 鄭甲潤 (born 1950)	30 May 2014	29 May 2016	1 year, 365 days	Saenuri	Jung, Ulsan
66		Lee Seok-hyun 이석현 李錫玄 (born 1951)	30 May 2014	29 May 2016	1 year, 365 days	Democratic	Dongan A, Anyang, Gyeonggi
67		Park Joo-sun 박주선 朴柱宣 (born 1949)	9 June 2016	29 May 2018	1 year, 354 days	People	Dong–Nam A, Gwangju	20th (2016)
68		Shim Jae-chul 심재철 沈在哲 (born 1958)	9 June 2016	29 May 2018	1 year, 354 days	Saenuri	Dongan B, Anyang, Gyeonggi
69		Joo Seung-yong 주승용 朱昇鎔 (born 1952)	13 July 2018	29 May 2020	1 year, 321 days	People	Yeosu B, South Jeolla
70		Lee Ju-young 이주영 李柱榮 (born 1951)	13 July 2018	29 May 2020	1 year, 321 days	Saenuri	Masanhappo, Changwon, South Gyeongsang
71		Kim Sang-hee 김상희 金相姬 (born 1954)	5 June 2020	29 May 2022	1 year, 358 days	Democratic	Bucheon C, Gyeonggi	21st (2020)
72		Chung Jin-suk 정진석 鄭鎭碩 (born 1960)	1 August 2021	29 May 2022	301 days	People Power	Gongju–Buyeo–Cheongyang, South Chungcheong
72		Chung Jin-suk 정진석 鄭鎭碩 (born 1960)	4 July 2022	10 November 2022	129 days	People Power	Gongju–Buyeo–Cheongyang, South Chungcheong
73		Kim Young-joo 김영주 金榮珠 (born 1955)	4 July 2022	29 May 2024	1 year, 330 days	Democratic → People Power	Yeongdeungpo A, Seoul
74		Chung Woo-taik 정우택 鄭宇澤 (born 1953)	10 November 2022	29 May 2024	1 year, 201 days	People Power	Sangdang-gu, Cheongju, North Chungcheong
75		Lee Hack-young 이학영 李學永 (born 1952)	5 June 2024	Incumbent	193 days	Democratic	Gunpo	22nd (2024)
76		Joo Ho-young 주호영 朱豪英 (born 1959)	27 June 2024	Incumbent	171 days	People Power	Suseong A

Notes

^ The 5th National Assembly was a bicameral legislature. Kwak was the Speaker of the House of Representatives. The President of the House of Councillors was Baek Nak-jun (8 August 1960 – 16 May 1961).
^ The 5th National Assembly was a bicameral legislature. Lee and Na were the Deputy Speakers of the House of Representatives. The Vice President of the House of Councillors was So Seon-gyu (8 August 1960 – 16 May 1961).

References

[1] The 5th National Assembly was a bicameral legislature. Kwak was the Speaker of the House of Representatives. The President of the House of Councillors was Baek Nak-jun (8 August 1960 – 16 May 1961).

[2] The 5th National Assembly was a bicameral legislature. Lee and Na were the Deputy Speakers of the House of Representatives. The Vice President of the House of Councillors was So Seon-gyu (8 August 1960 – 16 May 1961).

[a]

[b]