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Smiley Culture

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Smiley Culture
Mid-1980s publicity photo
Born
David Victor Emmanuel

(1963-02-10)10 February 1963[1]
South London, England
Died15 March 2011(2011-03-15) (aged 48)
Warlingham, Surrey, England
Cause of deathSuicide by stabbing
Occupation(s)Singer, deejay, television presenter
Musical career
GenresReggae, dancehall
InstrumentVocals
Years activeLate 1970s–early 1990s
LabelsFashion, Polydor

David Victor Emmanuel (10 February 1963 – 15 March 2011),[1] better known as Smiley Culture, was a British reggae singer and DJ known for his "fast chat" style. During a relatively brief period of fame and success, he produced two of the most critically acclaimed reggae singles of the 1980s.[2] He died on 15 March 2011, aged 48, during a police raid on his home. An inquest found that his death was a suicide.[3] Campaigners and his family have expressed scepticism about the official verdict[4] and the police version of events.[5]

Biography

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Emmanuel was raised in Stockwell, south London, the son of a Jamaican father and Guyanese mother.[1][6] He was educated at Tulse Hill School.[7] His "Smiley" nickname was gained due to his method of chatting up girls at school – he would ask them for a smile.[6] Prior to his recording career he worked as a DJ with many of London's reggae sound systems, most often with the Saxon Studio International system, where he met and worked with a number of other reggae artists, including Maxi Priest, Papa Levi and Tippa Irie.[6][8]

Signed to the London-based reggae record label Fashion Records, his first single "Cockney Translation" (1984) was a Jamaican's guide to the East End dialect: "Cockneys have names like Terry, Arfur and Del Boy/We have names like Winston, Lloyd and Leroy". The song mixed cockney dialect with London's version of Jamaican patois, translating between the two.[9][10] Simon Reynolds has often cited this song in his writings, arguing that it presaged the creation of a new hybrid accent in which white South Londoners would adopt many terms of black origin. The song's lyric was later used in schools as an example of how immigration has affected the English language.[6] Smiley Culture popularised the "fast chat" style of deejaying that had originated with Jamaican deejays such as Ranking Joe, and was developed further by British toasters, particularly those on the Saxon sound system such as Peter King.[11]

Emmanuel had chart success with his next single, "Police Officer", released towards the end of 1984. This was the supposedly autobiographical tale of how Emmanuel was arrested for the possession of cannabis, but then let off in return for an autograph when the policeman recognised him as a famous reggae artist.[12] In spite of the subject matter – and possibly because mid-1980s radio station bosses in the UK did not understand the terms "ganja" and "sinsemilla" – the single was a Top 20 hit, selling 160,000 copies, and earned Emmanuel two appearances on BBC's flagship music programme, Top of the Pops.[1][6] The record, although humorous, did have a serious aspect, in that it highlighted the way black people are unfairly treated by the police.[13] He recorded a session for Janice Long's BBC Radio 1 show in December 1984,[14] and was featured on the covers of Echoes, Record Mirror, and the NME in early 1985. The success of "Police Officer" prompted a re-release of "Cockney Translation". It picked up considerable airplay on BBC Radio One and sold over 40,000 copies in total, but only reached the lower end of the UK Singles Chart.[6] His success led to an appearance at the Reggae Sunsplash festival in Jamaica in 1985.[15]

After this he signed to major label Polydor, but his work for them – including the album Tongue in Cheek, and the accompanying single "Schooltime Chronicle" – did not replicate the chart success of "Police Officer". He also hosted the Channel 4 television show Club Mix in 1986 and 1987.[6]

In 1986, Emmanuel made a cameo appearance in the film Absolute Beginners.[6] He also featured in a television advertising campaign for online accounts by NatWest in 1986.[16]

Culture has been identified as a major influence by later black British musicians such as DJ Luck and MC Neat, and Roots Manuva, the latter describing him as a "Britrap pioneer".[17][18] "Cockney Translation" was one of the choices of novelist and poet Michael Rosen when he appeared on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs.[19]

In 2010, Emmanuel told The Guardian that after his career in music he began investing in diamond mining, and by 2010 had gold and diamond mine concessions in several countries including Ghana, Uganda, Liberia, Kenya, and the Congo.[20]

Arrest

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After being arrested in July 2010, he was charged with conspiracy to supply cocaine, and on 28 September he appeared at Croydon Magistrates' Court in London.[21] His trial was due to begin on 21 March 2011.[22]

Death

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On 15 March 2011, Emmanuel died from a self-inflicted stab wound,[23] while the police were searching his house on Hillbury Road [24] Warlingham, Surrey. His death came an hour and a half after officers arrived with a search warrant[25][26][27] relating to the import of Class A drugs into the UK.[3] A post-mortem examination revealed that he had died from a single stab wound to the heart.[27] He is survived by his mother, son, daughter, sister and three brothers.[1]

His death was investigated by the Independent Police Complaints Commission. In their final report – which at the request of the coroner[28][29] was neither made public nor made available to Emmanuel's family – the IPCC concluded that there was no evidence justifying the pressing of criminal charges against any of the four officers present at the house during the raid. In the IPCC statement following the inquest – which returned a verdict of suicide – it was stated that there was neither criminal conduct by officers, nor individual failings by officers that might amount to misconduct.[30] Nonetheless, the report also pointed out flaws in the police raid and called on the Metropolitan Police Service to improve the planning and execution of their drug seizures.

However, Emmanuel's family raised concerns about the investigation, claiming that the IPCC "had let [them] down" and that many "unanswered questions" remained.[31] The conditions surrounding his death and the subsequent investigation were also questioned by members of the general public, his death often being considered in the context of police brutality and other black people dying in police custody.[32][33] A study into the causes and consequences of the 2011 United Kingdom riots, led by the London School of Economics in collaboration with the British newspaper The Guardian, identified Emmanuel's death, perceived by some as a prominent case of police abuse, as a contributing factor to the riots.[34]

Discography

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Albums

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  • Tongue in Cheek (1986), Polydor
  • The Original Smiley Culture (1986), Top Notch
Contributing artist

Singles

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  • "Cockney Translation" (1984), Arthur Daley International/Fashion
  • "Police Officer" (1984), Fashion – UK No. 12
  • "Cockney Translation" (re-issue) (1985), Fashion – UK No. 71[35]
  • "Schooltime Chronicle" (1986), Polydor – UK No. 59[36]
  • "Mr. Kidnapper" (1986), Polydor
  • "So What" (1986), Boiling Point – promo only
  • "Noff Personality" (1986), Culture
  • "TV Lover", Senator
  • "Can't Stop the Rap" (1990), SBK/Capitol

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Simpson, Dave (2011) "Smiley Culture obituary", The Guardian, 15 March 2011, retrieved 16 March 2011
  2. ^ [1] Archived 7 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ a b "Jury returns suicide verdict at Smiley Culture inquest – News". London 24. Archived from the original on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
  4. ^ "SMILEY CULTURE | THE 4FRONT PROJECT". 4FRONT. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  5. ^ McConnachie, Shanice (2 September 2011). "Smiley Culture's death: 'I don't believe my dad ended his life'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Larkin, Colin (1998) The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae, Virgin Books, ISBN 0-7535-0242-9, p. 276
  7. ^ "tulsehillschool.co.uk". tulsehillschool.co.uk. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
  8. ^ O'Hagan, Sean (1985) "1st Offender", NME, 2 February 1985, p. 10-11
  9. ^ Hewitt, Roger: "Language, Youth and the Destabilisation of Ethnicity" (1992), in Harris, Roxy & Rampton, Ben (2003) The Language, Ethnicity and Race Reader, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-27602-3, p. 194
  10. ^ Zuberi, Nabeel (2001) Sounds English: Transnational Popular Music, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 978-0-252-02620-1, p. 135
  11. ^ Barrow, Steve & Dalton, Peter (2004) The Rough Guide to Reggae, 3rd edn., Rough Guides, ISBN 1-84353-329-4, p. 401
  12. ^ Hebdige, Dick (1987) Cut 'n' Mix: Culture, Identity and Caribbean Music, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-05875-9, p. 142
  13. ^ Kliment, Bud "Smiley Culture", Trouser Press, retrieved 15 March 2011
  14. ^ Garner, Ken (1993) In Session Tonight, BBC Books, ISBN 0-563-36452-1, p. 294
  15. ^ Steckles, Gary (1985) "Sunsplash to offer spectacular reggae", Montreal Gazette, 30 May 1985, p. C-16
  16. ^ Banking World, 1987, volume 5, p. 26
  17. ^ Martin, Gavin (2001) "And this is really Neat; Garage heroes DJ Luck and MC Neat clean up in the charts", Daily Mirror, 21 September 2001, p. 18
  18. ^ Martin, Gavin (2002) "The word on The Streets ; Mike Skinner used to sell fast food, but his debut album, Original Pirate Material, looks set to catapult him to the top of the Britrap scene. Gavin Martin meets the 22-year-old live wire and hails the current explosion of home-grown rappers", The Independent, 15 March 2002, p. 13
  19. ^ "BBC Radio 4 - Desert Island Discs - Michael Rosen". BBC. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  20. ^ Simpson, Dave (2010) "From pop star to chiropractor: musicians' post-musical careers", The Guardian, 24 September 2010, p. 18
  21. ^ "Smiley Culture star charged over cocaine Archived 7 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine", London Evening Standard, 28 September 2010, retrieved 15 March 2011
  22. ^ "Music Obituaries: Smiley Culture", Daily Telegraph, 16 March 2011, retrieved 18 March 2011
  23. ^ "Reggae star Smiley Culture didn't stab himself during police raid". BBC News. 2 July 2013.
  24. ^ "Smiley Culture death: No crime committed, says IPCC". BBC News. 29 November 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
  25. ^ "Reggae star Smiley Culture 'stabs himself to death' in police raid". Metro.co.uk. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  26. ^ "Reggae star Smiley Culture dies during police raid". BBC News. 15 March 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  27. ^ a b Hill, Amelia (2011) "Smiley Culture died from single stab wound to heart, postmortem finds", The Guardian, 17 March 2011, retrieved 17 March 2011
  28. ^ Hill, Amelia (29 November 2011). "Smiley Culture's death in police raid does not justify charges, IPCC rules". The Guardian. London.
  29. ^ "A year after his death during a police raid at his Surrey home, we commemorate Smiley Culture | The Multicultural Politic". Tmponline.org. 15 March 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
  30. ^ "IPCC statement following inquest into death of David Emmanuel, also known as Smiley Culture". Ipcc.gov.uk. 2 July 2013. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013.
  31. ^ Amelia Hill (29 November 2011). "Smiley Culture's death in police raid does not justify charges, IPCC rules". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  32. ^ Lee Jasper (15 December 2011). "Deaths in police custody cut deep in the psyche of black Britons". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
  33. ^ Nina Power (28 October 2011). "Let there be justice for those who have died in police custody". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
  34. ^ Raekha Prasad (5 December 2011). "English riots were 'a sort of revenge' against the police". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
  35. ^ "Official Charts Company – Smiley Culture". Archive.is. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
  36. ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 129. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
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