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SoundThinking, Inc.
FormerlyShotSpotter Inc.
Company typePublic
Nasdaq: SSTI
IndustrySecurity technology
Founded1996; 28 years ago (1996)
FounderRobert Showen
HeadquartersFremont, California, U.S.
Areas served
United States
Key people
RevenueIncrease US$92.72 million (2023)
Decrease US$−1.24 million (2023)
Decrease US$−2.72 million (2023)
Total assetsIncrease US$138.7 million (2023)
Total equityIncrease US$74.76 million (2023)
Number of employees
312 (December 2023)
Websitesoundthinking.com
Footnotes / references
[1]

SoundThinking, Inc. (formerly ShotSpotter Inc.) is an American security technology company based in Fremont, California. The company is publicly traded, and is known for its gunfire locator service.[2][3] ShotSpotter claims it can identify whether or not a gunshot was fired in an area in order to dispatch law enforcement, though researchers have noted concerns about effectiveness, reliability, privacy, and equity. The company has been partnering with cities and police since 1997, and as of 2022 has been utilized by more than 130 cities and law enforcement agencies in the US.[2][4]

History

[edit]

ShotSpotter was founded by Robert Showen in the 1990s while he was working for SRI International. He created a company in 1996 and tested prototypes in Redwood City, California. Its early success was described by Wired as being "due to good PR, not good technology." James Beldock joined as CEO in 2003 as a "turnaround specialist"; in 2005 the company merged with Centurist Systems, which was creating acoustic sniper location systems for the military; Centurist held a "deceptively simple patent" for the location algorithm. Centurist's CEO, Scott Manderville, became chairman of the board.[5][6][7][8][9]

As of 2021, the acoustic locator technology was installed in 125 cities and 14 campuses, covering 911 square miles.[10]: 4  The locators are typically installed at 20–25 sensors per square mile and primarily connected via 4G networks (mostly AT&T and Verizon).[10]: 39  In 2020, Chicago was 18% of the company's revenue, and New York City was 15%.[6]

Ralph Clark was named CEO of ShotSpotter in 2010. The company went public in June 2017. The company authorized a stock buyback program in 2019 and bought back $8.3 million by the end of 2020.[6]

The company's gross revenues were $58.2 million in 2021 (increased coverage by 49 square miles and 10 cities), up from $45.7 million in 2020 and from $40.8 million in 2019 (increased coverage by 82 square miles and 6 cities).[10] The company had a net loss of $4.4 million in 2021, in part from nonrenewal of contracts and increases in legal costs, PR from Trident DMG, and lobbying.[11]

Toronto, Ontario has declined to use the technology, as the Ministry of the Solicitor General (Ontario) believes it violates Section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The company previously provided indoor gunfire locator technology, but discontinued it in 2018.[6]

ShotSpotter illegally lobbied the city of Oakland, California in 2014 and received a $5000 fine.[12][13]

In April 2023, the company rebranded to SoundThinking to better represent "holistic approach to gun violence", but retained the ShotSpotter product name.[14][15]

In July 2023, a Houston Chronicle investigation showed that ShotSpotter calls resulted in lower incident report rates and longer police response times. Over 80% of ShotSpotter alerts were false positives or otherwise useless. The almost 5500 alerts led to 99 arrests and 126 charges, about half of which were misdemeanors. A disproportionate number of residents in coverage areas are people of color. The Houston Police Department cast the system as a way to invest in historically marginalized areas.[16] In May 2023, Houston mayor John Whitmire said "I think it’s a gimmick. A feel-good program. Most law enforcement officers do not support ShotSpotter. I don’t support it." The city's contract goes through 2027, but Whitmire wants to terminate it early.[17][18]

In an August 2023 earnings call, the CEO of SoundThinking announced that the company had begun the process of absorbing parts (including the "engineering team") of Geolitica, formerly known as PredPol.[19]

The company spent nearly $24 million in sales and marketing in 2023.[20]

In May 2024, three senators and a representative wrote a letter requesting the Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General open an investigation into ShotSpotter for its accuracy and racial bias in policing.[21][22]

Studies

[edit]

A June 2021 study in the Journal of Experimental Criminology stated the system "may be of little benefit to police agencies with a pre-existing high call volume. Our results indicate no reductions in serious violent crimes, yet [ShotSpotter] increases demands on police resources."[23] An October 2021 paper in the Journal of Urban Health, studying the longitudinal effects of ShotSpotter over a 17 year period, found "implementing ShotSpotter technology has no significant impact on firearm-related homicides or arrest outcomes. Policy solutions may represent a more cost-effective measure to reduce urban firearm violence."[24]

In 2021 the NYU School of Law Policing Project published "Measuring the effects of ShotSpotter on Gunfire in St. Louis County, Mo", a paper which indicated a significant drop in gun violence in the area; however, the paper also discloses that ShotSpotter "has provided the Policing Project with unrestricted funding".[25]

A 2024 Northeastern University study showed that ShotSpotter increased detection of gunfire, but did not result in a reduction of gun violence or an increase in gunshot crime case clearance.[26]

Jennifer Doleac told Voice of San Diego that ShotSpotter "resisted attempts (by me and others) to do a rigorous evaluation of its impacts", noting "they've clearly found that they can get cities to sign their contracts without such evidence."[27]

A 2024 audit from the New York City Comptroller found the New York City Police Department (NYPD) officers' time was wasted 87 percent of the time by going to false alarms or unconfirmed sounds. It also stated that NYPD was over-representing the benefits of the system in reducing response times. Comptroller Brad Lander said "NYPD is wasting precious time and money on this technology and needs to do a better job managing its resources. Chasing down car backfires and construction noise does not make us safer."[28][29] Activist and early supporter of the ShotSpotter installation Jumaane Williams agreed it wasn't working, stating "More concerning is a response to the report. Even the recommendations that say, 'let's try to make it better,' the most material of the recommendations were outright rejected by this administration."[30]

Accuracy

[edit]

As of 2021, ShotSpotter evidence has been used in 190 court cases, though it is often withdrawn when challenged. ShotSpotter has admitted it manually alters the computer-calculated evidence "on a semiregular basis", and it has never been independently tested, leading to doubts about its accuracy. Vice's Motherboard noted that ShotSpotter "frequently modify alerts at the request of police departments." Associated Press also noted their "methods for identifying gunshots aren't always guided solely by the technology."[31][32][3][33]

While the company claims a 97% accuracy rate, the MacArthur Justice Center studied over 40,000 dispatches in an under-two-year period in Chicago and found that 89% of dispatches resulted in no gun-related crime, and 86% resulted in no crime at all.[34][35][36][37] These results were backed up by a subsequent report by the Chicago Inspector General, which also found that police officers had begun stopping and searching people solely because they were in a place known to have many ShotSpotter alerts.[38] ShotSpotter's CEO described an earlier 80% accuracy rate as "basically our subscription warranty," but employee Paul Greene said "Our guarantee was put together by our sales and marketing department, not our engineers."[39] A multipart investigation published in 2024 by South Side Weekly found that ShotSpotter missed hundreds of shootings in Chicago the previous year; leaked company emails revealed executives discussing the fact that they had nonworking sensors and not enough personnel to quickly repair them, but could not admit that to city officials.

A study published in January 2024 showed that ShotSpotter implementations in Chicago and Kansas City did not result in reductions in shootings or crime or increased clearance rates.[40][41]

The ACLU has raised questions about privacy and surveillance, as the detectors keep hours or days of continuous audio.[42] This audio has been admitted as evidence in at least one trial and rejected under a Massachusetts wiretapping law in a 2017 case.[43] When Forbes sent public records requests to agencies in 2016, ShotSpotter sent a memo to all of its customers, detailing how they should deny or redact the requests.[32] ACLU of Massachusetts noted evidence of gunfire is not found for 70% of alerts, and at least 10% of alerts are from fireworks.[20][44]

The Associated Press reviewed a confidential operations document that indicated 10% of the algorithm's decisions were overridden by a human.[45]

Additionally, the sensors are disproportionately placed in minority communities, leading to more interactions with police, often from false alerts from fireworks, pneumatic nail guns, jackhammers, manual hammers.[20][27][11][3][46][36][47]

In cities with cancelled contracts, ShotSpotter still provides alerts to police.[48]

Individual case

[edit]

In April 2017, ShotSpotter was able to locate mass-shooter Kori Ali Muhammad, enabling police to apprehend him within minutes.[49]

In 2017, Rochester Police Department officer Joseph Ferrigno shot Silvon Simmons in the back. Accounts between Ferrigno and Simmons vary, but ShotSpotter initially detected the gunshots as a helicopter. The company reclassified it as three gunshots "per the customer's instruction," then revised it to four shots. Later the company's employee Paul Greene "was asked by the Rochester Police department to essentially search and see if there were more shots fired than ShotSpotter picked up," so it was revised to five gunshots, which put it in alignment with Ferrigno's claims. The jury didn't believe ShotSpotter's evidence, and Judge Ciaccio overturned a gun possession charge, describing the ShotSpotter evidence as flawed. Simmons filed a civil lawsuit against ShotSpotter in 2017, for which (as of November 2023) a jury trial is set for April 2024.[3][50][51][52][53][54][55][excessive citations]

Greene also testified in a 2018 case in Chicago where ShotSpotter initially reported two gunshots. On request of the Chicago Police Department, he re-analyzed and found seven gunshots. This matched the police department's account and was not supported by video or bullet casing evidence.[3]

Another case of reclassification occurred in 2020 with the arrest of a Chicago man for the shooting murder of Safarain Herring. ShotSpotter initially classified the sound as a firework, but a ShotSpotter employee changed it to gunfire a minute later, and later changed the calculated location to match the defendant's known location — over a mile away.[31] A public defender in the case filed a Frye motion to examine the ShotSpotter forensic method, and the prosecution withdrew the evidence to avoid scrutinizing it.[3][56] The MacArthur Center along with Lucy Parsons Labs filed an amicus curiae in the case, supporting the Frye hearing, noting the false positives, the disproportionate deployment, and that "ShotSpotter provides a false technological justification for overpolicing."[36] The defendant spent 11 months in jail before being released in 2021 when his case was dismissed for insufficient evidence.[31]

A ShotSpotter report of shots fired was the impetus for police response which resulted in the March 2021 police shooting death of 13-year-old Adam Toledo by the Chicago Police Department.[3] This is part of the reason Chicago did not continue its Shotspotter contract in 2024.[57][58]

In New Bedford, Massachusetts, the gunshot sensors recorded parts of a conversation, leading to concerns that it violates Fourth Amendment rights.[5][59] Remarking on these privacy concerns, in 2015 then-NYPD commissioner William Bratton said "the advocates have to get a life." Bratton had been on ShotSpotter's Board of Directors before then, and rejoined it in 2017.[60][61][62][63]

In July 2022, the MacArthur Justice Center brought a class action lawsuit against the City of Chicago, the Chicago Police Department, and several individual police officers for constitutional violations in connection with the use of ShotSpotter.[64] The lawsuit alleges that more than 90% of the time police respond to a ShotSpotter alert they find no indication of a gun-related incident and instead use the alerts to justify scores of illegal stops and arrests.[65] The lawsuit also alleges that Chicago's ShotSpotter policy is racially discriminatory because the system was only implemented in areas with the highest concentration of Black and Latino residents.

Part of ShotSpotter's appeal to privacy is that ostensibly, police do not know the installed locations, which could otherwise allow police to acquire conversations from the ShotSpotter microphones. Bloomberg News reported, however, that not only were location addresses given to the New York Police Department, ShotSpotter actually relied on police to help lobby for their installations, and NYPD stated they have also accompanied ShotSpotter teams on site surveys.[66] In Durham, Shotspotter wanted police officers to lobby for installations for safety and legitimacy.[67] In 2024, WIRED received a leaked listing of precise installation locations for over 25,000 microphones, placing them in the neighborhoods of over 12 million Americans. Their analysis showed the sensors are installed in disproportionaly nonwhite neighborhoods, and determined roughly 10% of the sensors were defective. WIRED also noted sensors are installed on public schools, billboards, hospitals, in public housing complexes, and at the headquarters buildings of the FBI and USDOJ. Shortly after this it was revealed that SoundThinking is suing a whistleblower, Chris Edwards, who disclosed locations of ShotSpotter sensors to the public via social media. While it is not known if this is the Wired source it is very similar. Chris Edwards in turn has claimed that ShotSpotter internally "ShotSpotter is attempting to silence exposure of their toxic workplace environment, rampant sexual and mental harassment, as well as poor business processes which include fraudulent practices of manipulating their data to earn contract agreements with government and local agencies" In his motion, Edwards claimed to have witnessed that much of the ShotSpotter system “was broken, decayed and not maintained,” and that code violations were prevalent. Suspecting that a compromised system might not be “relaying the correct data” to customers, Edwards claimed he raised these concerns with his bosses. But according to Edwards’s legal filing, his bosses wrote those issues off. In his motion, Edwards claimed that John Fountain, ShotSpotter’s former director of field and network operations, told him to “falsify numbers on the deteriorated system to avoid” having to pay back money to cities and agencies for not meeting their contractual obligations. He also claimed, in an affidavit attached to his motion, that Fountain told him to “keep these things in-house” and to “stay out of business that has nothing to do with you.”[68]

ShotSpotter was activated for a shooting at the house of New Mexico Senator Linda M. Lopez; police were dispatched but did not find evidence.[69]

Judge Jeff Beaverstock allowed a ShotSpotter alert to be used as the basis of an arrest in Mobile, Alabama.[70]

Pasadena, California's use of ShotSpotter showed false alerts and wasted police time in a 2023 report. 75% of gunfire calls resulted in no gun casings being found, with some calls being attributed to pneumatic nail guns, fireworks, or cars backfiring.[71]

In January 2024, a Chicago Police Department officer responding to a ShotSpotter alert heard a loud bang, fired at a juvenile boy, and missed. An initial police communication stated the boy had fired a gun at officers. After investigation, it was determined the loud noise were fireworks. The juvenile was not hit by the police in the shooting.[72][73][74]

Design

[edit]

ShotSpotter's gunshot detection system utilizes a series of sensors to capture loud, impulsive sounds.[75] When such sounds are identified, sensors send data to a pair of algorithms responsible for identifying a location and determining if the event can be classified as potential gunfire. Employees at the company are charged with confirming incidents and notifying local police.[76]

Although it is designed to be just an investigative tool for the police, it has also been used for actual primary evidence in trials, leading to criticism about ShotSpotter's effectiveness beyond its primary purpose.[77][78]

Installations

[edit]

Current

[edit]

Pending

[edit]

Declined installations

[edit]

ShotSpotter has been removed or bids to install it were rejected in communities. It is considered controversial by many.[99]

Former

[edit]

Rejected

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "SoundThinking, Inc. 2023 Annual Report (Form 10-K)". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 1 April 2024.
  2. ^ a b Abril, Danielle (9 March 2022). "Drones, robots, license plate readers: Police grapple with community concerns as they turn to tech for their jobs". Washington Post.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Todd Feathers (26 July 2021). "Police Are Telling ShotSpotter to Alter Evidence From Gunshot-Detecting AI". vice.com. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  4. ^ Watson, Evan (19 July 2022). "Police oversight group recommends Portland use ShotSpotter in all 'high risk areas for gun violence'". KGW.
  5. ^ a b Erica Goode (29 May 2012). "Shots Fired, Pinpointed and Argued Over (Published 2012)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d e f "SSTI 2020 annual 10k". sec.gov. 29 March 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  7. ^ "Gunshot-detection companies merge". militaryaerospace.com. 8 March 2005. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  8. ^ "ShotSpotter merges with Centurist - Silicon Valley Business Journal". Silicon Valley Business Journal. 7 March 2005. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  9. ^ Ethan Watters (1 April 2007). "Shot Spotter". Wired. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  10. ^ a b c "ShotSpotter, Inc. 2021 Annual Report (Form 10-K)". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 29 March 2022.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Jonathan Levinson (7 November 2022). "Lobbying and lawsuits: How ShotSpotter convinced Portland to spend big on gunshot detection". opb. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  12. ^ Darwin BondGraham (29 April 2014). "ShotSpotter Lobbied Oakland Officials In Apparent Violation of Law". East Bay Express. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  13. ^ Jonathan Levinson (17 February 2023). "Gunshot detection company investigated for possible violations of Portland lobbying laws". opb. Retrieved 17 February 2023. In 2019, Oakland's Public Ethics Commission fined the company $5,000 for violating the city's Lobbyist Registration Act and the Oakland Campaign Finance Reform Act. That illegal lobbying blitz happened in 2014
  14. ^ Schuba, Tom (10 April 2023). "ShotSpotter, firm behind Chicago police gunshot-detection tool, changes its name". Chicago Sun-Times.
  15. ^ Bhuiyan, Johana (3 May 2023). "'Ready for some help?': how a controversial technology firm courted Portland police". The Guardian.
  16. ^ a b Cheng, Yilun (11 July 2023). "Houston's gunshot alert system isn't curbing violence but delays police response times, data shows". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  17. ^ Sophia Fox-Sowell (30 May 2024). "Houston mayor calls gunshot detection tech a 'gimmick,' plans to end ShotSpotter contract | StateScoop". StateScoop. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  18. ^ Courtney Carpenter; Chaz Miller (30 May 2024). "Houston Mayor John Whitmire says city's 'ShotSpotter' gunshot detection tool is a 'gimmick'". ABC13 Houston. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  19. ^ Mehrotra, Dhruv (27 September 2023). "The Maker of ShotSpotter Is Buying the World's Most Infamous Predictive Policing Tech". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  20. ^ a b c Lee, Julie (8 April 2024). "Boston Police Records Show Nearly 70 Percent of ShotSpotter Alerts Led to Dead Ends — The Data for Justice Project | ACLU of Massachusetts". The Data for Justice Project | ACLU of Massachusetts. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  21. ^ Tenser, Phil (14 May 2024). "Lawmakers request investigation of gunshot detection system used in Mass". WCVB. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  22. ^ "Wyden, Colleagues Urge DHS to Investigate Federal Funding of ShotSpotter Gunshot Detection System | U.S. Senator Ron Wyden of Oregon". wyden.senate.gov. 14 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  23. ^ Mares, Dennis; Blackburn, Emily (2020). "Acoustic gunshot detection systems: a quasi-experimental evaluation in St. Louis, MO". Journal of Experimental Criminology. 17 (2): 193–215. doi:10.1007/s11292-019-09405-x. ISSN 1573-3750. S2CID 213557666.
  24. ^ Doucette ML, Green C, Necci Dineen J, Shapiro D, Raissian KM (2021). "Impact of ShotSpotter Technology on Firearm Homicides and Arrests Among Large Metropolitan Counties: a Longitudinal Analysis, 1999–2016". J Urban Health. 98 (5): 609–621. doi:10.1007/s11524-021-00515-4. PMC 8566613. PMID 33929640.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ NYU School of Law Policing Project (January 2021). "Measuring the effects of Shotspotter on Gunfire in St. Louis County, Mo" (PDF). static1.squarespace.com. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  26. ^ Cyrus Moulton (23 May 2024). "ShotSpotter improves detection and response to gunfire, but doesn't reduce crime, Northeastern research finds". Northeastern Global News. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  27. ^ a b c Grant, Kara (22 September 2020). "ShotSpotter Sensors Send SDPD Officers to False Alarms More Often Than Advertised". Voice of San Diego. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  28. ^ a b "Audit Report on the New York City Police Department's Oversight of Its Agreement with ShotSpotter Inc. for the Gunshot Detection and Location System". Office of the New York City Comptroller Brad Lander. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  29. ^ Fola Akinnibi (20 June 2024). "NYC Surveillance Tech on Shootings Gives False Alarms 87% of Time, Audit Finds". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  30. ^ Jenna DeAngelis (20 June 2024). "ShotSpotter technology sends NYPD after false alarms 87% of the time, report finds". cbsnews.com. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  31. ^ a b c Burke, Garance; Mendoza, Martha; Linderman, Juliet; Tarm, Michael (August 19, 2021). "How AI-powered tech landed man in jail with scant evidence". AP News. The company's methods for identifying gunshots aren't always guided solely by the technology. ShotSpotter employees can, and often do, change the source of sounds picked up by its sensors after listening to audio recordings, introducing the possibility of human bias into the gunshot detection algorithm. Employees can and do modify the location or number of shots fired at the request of police, according to court records. And in the past, city dispatchers or police themselves could also make some of these changes.
  32. ^ a b Drange, Matt (17 November 2016). "We're Spending Millions On This High-Tech System Designed To Reduce Gun Violence. Is It Making A Difference?". Forbes. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  33. ^ Stephen Joyce (30 May 2023). "ShotSpotter Trapped in Subpoena War From Data Hungry Attorneys". news.bloomberglaw.com. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  34. ^ "ShotSpotter Generated Over 40,000 Dead-End Police Deployments in Chicago in 21 Months, According to New Study - MacArthur Justice". MacArthur Justice. 3 May 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  35. ^ "End Police Surveillance". Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  36. ^ a b c "State of Illinois v Michael Williams, 20 CR 0899601, motion for leave to file brief as amici curiae - in support of defendant's motion for a Frye hearing" (PDF). endpolicesurveillance.com. 3 May 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  37. ^ a b c d Sarah Holder; Fola Akinnibi (27 October 2022). "Gunshot Detection Technology Spurs Debate Over Policing and Surveillance". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 30 October 2022. Jonathan Manes, an attorney with the MacArthur Justice Center, says that ShotSpotter can create a situation where alerts flood neighborhoods with officers, leading to over-policing and surveillance of vulnerable communities. The center is leading the pending class action suit against Chicago, working on behalf of residents who say they were unfairly targeted based on faulty ShotSpotter alerts. One man was wrongly accused of murder and spent 11 months in jail before prosecutors dropped the case; another was arrested after a weapons search turned up drugs. He was released the next day and charges were dropped. The defendants are arguing that the technology has had a racially disparate impact, and are asking the court to issue an order barring police from using ShotSpotter alerts as the sole basis to search them.
  38. ^ Ferguson 1, Joseph M. 1; Witzburg, Deborah (2021-08-24). "The Chicago Police Department's Use of ShotSpotter Technology". City of Chicago, Office of Inspector General.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  39. ^ Jonah Owen Lamb (11 July 2017). "Courtroom testimony reveals accuracy of SF gunshot sensors a 'marketing' ploy - The San Francisco Examiner". The San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  40. ^ Jim McKay (4 May 2024). "Study: ShotSpotter Doesn't Reduce Crime or Shootings". GovTech. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  41. ^ Eric L. Piza, George O. Mohler, Jeremy G. Carter, David N. Hatten, Nathan T. Connealy, Rachael Arietti, Jisoo Cho, Emily Castillo (January 2024). "The Impact of Gunshot Detection Technology on Gun Violence in Kansas City and Chicago: A Multi-Pronged Evaluation" (PDF). ojp.gov. Retrieved 4 May 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ Jay Stanley (5 May 2015). "Shotspotter CEO Answers Questions on Gunshot Detectors in Cities". ACLU. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  43. ^ Guariglia, Matthew (29 July 2021). "It's Time for Police to Stop Using ShotSpotter". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved 23 September 2022. In at least two criminal trials, prosecutors sought to introduce as evidence audio of voices recorded on acoustic gunshot detection systems. In the California case People v. Johnson, the court admitted it into evidence. In the Massachusetts case Commonwealth v. Denison, the court did not, ruling that a recording of "oral communication" is prohibited "interception" under the Massachusetts Wiretap Act.
  44. ^ Katie Lannan (19 April 2024). "ShotSpotter aims to detect gunshots instantly. The ACLU says it's ineffective". GBH. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  45. ^ Garance Burke; Michael Tarm (20 January 2023). "Confidential document reveals key human role in gunshot tech". AP NEWS. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  46. ^ Todd Feathers (19 July 2021). "Gunshot-Detecting Tech Is Summoning Armed Police to Black Neighborhoods". vice.com. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  47. ^ Ellen Hao (19 December 2017). "The Shots Heard Round the City". South Side Weekly. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  48. ^ Blaisdell, Max; Daley, Jim (24 April 2024). "ShotSpotter Keeps Listening After Contracts Expire". South Side Weekly. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
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  50. ^ Lisa Girion; Reade Levinson (17 November 2020). "A cop shoots a black man and a city resumes battle with police union". Reuters. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
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  52. ^ Lisa Girion; Reade Levinson (17 November 2020). "A U.S. city takes on its police union, and the union punches back". Reuters. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  53. ^ "Shotspotter report (PDF)" (PDF). Reuters. October 21, 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  54. ^ Donna Jackel (2 July 2018). "He Was Shot in the Back By a Cop…Then Spent 18 Months in Jail". Narratively. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  55. ^ "Simmons v. Ferrigno, II (6:17-cv-06176)". CourtListener. Free Law Project. October 5, 2023. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
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  57. ^ Craig Wall; Eric Horng (13 February 2024). "Chicago will not renew controversial ShotSpotter contract, drawing support, criticism from aldermen". ABC7 Chicago. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  58. ^ a b Tahman Bradley; Marisa Rodriguez; Eli Ong. "Chicago will not renew ShotSpotter contract, Mayor Johnson says". WGN-TV. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  59. ^ FRAGA, BRIAN (11 January 2012). "ShotSpotter recording of street argument raises potential privacy issues". southcoasttoday.com. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  60. ^ "WILLIAM J. BRATTON JOINS SHOTSPOTTER'S BOARD OF DIRECTORS - ShotSpotter". ShotSpotter. 15 November 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  61. ^ J. David Goodman (23 December 2013). "Bratton Gives Revolving Door One More Spin (Published 2013)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  62. ^ Christopher Mathias (25 March 2015). "NYPD Commissioner To Privacy Advocates: 'Get A Life'". HuffPost. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  63. ^ Mott, Nathaniel (25 March 2015). "The NYPD's commissioner doesn't understand why people are upset about his new gunshot-tracking system". Pando. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  64. ^ "Williams v. City of Chicago". Roderick & Solange MacArthur Justice Center. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  65. ^ "Complaint. Williams v. City of Chicago, et. al" (PDF). 2022-07-21. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  66. ^ Fola Akinnibi; Sarah Holder (15 December 2022). "In New York Neighborhood, Police and Tech Company Flout Privacy Policy, Advocates Say". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  67. ^ a b Sarah Krueger (4 April 2023). "Emails show where Durham has installed ShotSpotter sensors". WRAL.com. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  68. ^ a b c d e f Dhruv, Mehrotra; Joey Scott (22 February 2024). "Here Are the Secret Locations of ShotSpotter Gunfire Sensors". WIRED. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  69. ^ Ayana Archie; Bill Chappell (17 January 2023). "A losing Republican candidate in N.M. is charged over shootings at homes of Democrats". NPR.org. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  70. ^ Kirby, Brendan (24 July 2023). "Federal judge sides with prosecution in dispute over ShotSpotter in Mobile". WALA-TV. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  71. ^ Scott, Joey (24 August 2023). "Data Shows ShotSpotter Leads to Dead Ends and Wasted Resources in Pasadena - Knock LA". Knock LA. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  72. ^ "COPA RELEASES VIDEO & OTHER MATERIAL FROM OFFICER-INVOLVED SHOOTING NEAR 8500 S. WINCHESTER AVE" (PDF). chicagocopa.org. 27 February 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2024. "When officers arrived in the area, they observed an individual, who has now been identified as a juvenile, standing near a residence. As one officer exited the vehicle, they heard a loud bang, which was later determined to be fireworks. The officer who exited the vehicle discharged their firearm in the direction of the juvenile, who was not struck by gunfire. At this time, no criminal charges are pending, and no weapon was recovered."
  73. ^ "Chicago officer fires shots at man in Gresham". Chicago Sun-Times. 27 January 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2024. While attempting to speak with him, officers saw flashes of light and one of the officers fired his weapon, police said. It wasn't immediately known if the male was armed. Chicago police initially said the male had fired at the officers.
  74. ^ Sophie Sherry (27 February 2024). "Chicago cop responding to ShotSpotter alert opened fire on boy lighting fireworks, oversight agency says". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 27 February 2024. A Chicago police officer responding to a ShotSpotter alert on the South Side opened fire on a boy lighting fireworks, according to newly released video.
  75. ^ Feely, Paul (20 April 2022). "Manchester police look to become first in NH to deploy gunshot detection system". UnionLeader.com. Retrieved 2022-08-30.
  76. ^ Bernstein, Maxine (2022-07-18). "Community group urges Portland adopt ShotSpotter technology, along with list of 'violent players' to help curb shootings". Oregon Live. Retrieved 2022-08-30.
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  82. ^ "ShotSpotter expansion approved by Fresno City Council". kmph.com. 5 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
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  84. ^ O. Gloria Okorie (11 December 2022). "Oakland police investigate early morning homicide". KTVU Fox 2. Retrieved 12 December 2022. A ShotSpotter activation alerted authorities to the scene
  85. ^ Matthew Rodriguez (3 May 2022). "One shot and killed in Pasadena, police alerted by new 'ShotSpotter'". cbsnews.com. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  86. ^ KCRA Staff (20 January 2022). "Juvenile arrested with ghost gun after ShotSpotter activation in Sacramento County". kcra.com. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
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  90. ^ Rodriguez Ortiz, Omar (April 25, 2022). "Man accused of shooting ex-girlfriend several times outside her job in Little Haiti". Miami Herald.
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  92. ^ "Bibb Co. supervisor defends patrol deputies on delay finding homicide victim after ShotSpotter call". WMAZ. 14 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  93. ^ "Is Macon-Bibb County's ShotSpotter system actually working?". WMAZ. 21 July 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  94. ^ Shore, Jake (June 30, 2022). "Savannah spends $489K on ShotSpotter but doesn't keep data on effectiveness". The Current. Retrieved January 21, 2023.
  95. ^ "Elmwood Park police adding ShotSpotter device to 'public safety toolbox'". Chicago Tribune. 8 August 2024. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
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  99. ^ a b c d e DeVille, Taylor (26 July 2023). "As some cities ditch ShotSpotter, Baltimore County launches $738k pilot". The Baltimore Banner. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  100. ^ Ryan Trowbridge (17 October 2022). "ShotSpotter activation in Springfield leads to recovery of AR-15 rifle". Western Mass News. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
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  102. ^ Lawler, Maeve (2024-03-22). "Somerville considers ending use of gunfire detection technology". WGBH. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
  103. ^ Mann, Priya; Washington, Elizabeth (27 September 2022). "Detroit city council postpones vote on expansion of controversial ShotSpotter network". WDIV. Retrieved 28 September 2022. ShotSpotter is currently operating in the 8th and 9th Precincts covering close to seven square miles.Detroit City Council postponed the Tuesday vote for one week, but expanded the existing pilot project in the 8th and 9th precincts through 2023.
  104. ^ Jessica Dupnack (27 September 2022). "Vote on $8.5 million expansion of ShotSpotter delayed again by Detroit City Council". Fox 2 Detroit. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  105. ^ Randy Wimbley (27 September 2022). "Detroit City Council renews ShotSpotter funding, delays expansion vote". Fox 2 Detroit. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  106. ^ Randy Wimbley; David Komer (4 October 2022). "Detroit community organizers share ShotSpotter civil liberty concerns". Fox 2 Detroit. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  107. ^ Sarah Rahal (11 October 2022). "Detroit City Council OKs $7 million ShotSpotter expansion". The Detroit News. Retrieved 12 October 2022. The Detroit City Council on Tuesday approved a $7 million expansion of ShotSpotter after months of debate over the controversial gun detection system. Five hours into the Tuesday meeting, the council voted 5-4 on the expansion of the aerial gunfire detection system that uses sensors to pinpoint the locations of gunshot activity.
  108. ^ Briana Rice (11 October 2022). "Detroit City Council approves $7 million ShotSpotter expansion". Michigan Radio. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  109. ^ Danny Walter (28 June 2023). "Cape Girardeau Police Department to use ShotSpotter to curb celebratory gunfire over holiday weekend". seMissourian.com. Retrieved 28 June 2023. The Cape Girardeau Police Department will use the city's ShotSpotter Gunfire Data and Alerts technology to curb celebratory gunfire over the Fourth of July holiday.
  110. ^ "OPD investigates shooting that left one man critically hurt". KETV. 31 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  111. ^ a b Freixys Casado (6 December 2022). "Controversial gunshot detector sensors to be placed in Sparks". KOLO.
  112. ^ Alexa Skonieski (24 October 2022). ""Great addition": APD says ShotSpotter helping with a number of investigations". KRQE NEWS 13 - Breaking News, Albuquerque News, New Mexico News, Weather, and Videos. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  113. ^ Matthew Reise (18 March 2023). "Is Albuquerque's crime-fighting tool ShotSpotter worth the $3 million price tag?". Albuquerque Journal. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  114. ^ a b c Glenn Epps (22 June 2023). "'Controversial' gunshot detection program ShotSpotter eyes Phillipsburg for next contract". lehighvalleylive. Retrieved 22 June 2023. Phillipsburg
  115. ^ Steve Strunsky (14 September 2023). "N.J. city to expand controversial gunshot detection system using $1M grant". nj. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  116. ^ "City of Syracuse to expand ShotSpotter gunshot detection system to Northside". 2 March 2022.
  117. ^ a b c d e f g h i Cornelius Frolik (7 October 2022). "Explainer: Understanding the controversial 'ShotSpotter' program that police are ending in Dayton". dayton-daily-news. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  118. ^ Buchanan, Tyler; Neese, Alissa Widman (14 February 2023). "Controversial ShotSpotter expanded to troubled Columbus neighborhood". Axios. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  119. ^ Matthew Richmond (6 October 2022). "Cleveland City Council nears approval of dramatic expansion of Shotspotter". Ideastream Public Media. Retrieved 9 October 2022. For the past two years, Cleveland police have used Shotspotter in a 3-square-mile area in the 4th police district, primarily in the Mt. Pleasant neighborhood. If approved by finance committee and the full council, the expansion would cover 13 miles spread out citywide.
  120. ^ Lucas Daprile (10 October 2022). "Cleveland City Council approves controversial ShotSpotter contract: Stimulus Watch". cleveland.com. Retrieved 12 October 2022. One main reason police have been pushing for the technology is the idea that it saves lives by allowing first responders to find gunshot victims quickly. Like many of ShotSpotter's key claims, researchers are still studying whether these claims hold water.
  121. ^ Matthew Richmond (5 October 2022). "Use of Shotspotter alerts in Cleveland arrests is raising constitutional concerns". WKSU. Retrieved 12 October 2022. Cleveland Police are seeking an expansion of the gunshot detection technology Shotspotter, from about three square miles to 13 square miles, but body cam footage provided by the city shows officers using the technology to justify potentially unconstitutional stops and searches.
  122. ^ Ivan Pereira (29 October 2022). "5 shot during funeral service at church". 6abc Philadelphia. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  123. ^ Bauman, Anna (19 May 2022). "Officials say ShotSpotter is a 'godsend' for Aldine. Still, gunfire rages on". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  124. ^ "POLICE FIND GUNSHOT VICTIM AFTER SHOTSPOTTER ALERT ON HOUSTON'S SOUTHSIDE, HPD SAYS". ABC 13. December 27, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2023.
  125. ^ Cheng, Yilun (22 February 2023). "Houston's $3.5M ShotSpotter program nets 99 arrests in two years. Critics say it's not worth it". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  126. ^ Jane Alvarez-Wertz (17 October 2022). "VB ShotSpotter technology identifies 3 gunfire incidents in one day". WAVY.com. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  127. ^ Puneet Bsanti (18 April 2024). "Tacoma police to test gunshot-detection system. Shotspotter has faced criticism elsewhere". Tacoma News Tribune. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  128. ^ Hylton, Chelsea; Staff, KOMO News (15 August 2024). "Tacoma Police Department announces new 'ShotSpotter Technology' to help reduce crime". KOMO. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  129. ^ Holmes, Isiah (8 December 2022). "Is ShotSpotter gunshot detection tech working for Milwaukee?". KPVI. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  130. ^ a b Coffey, Kelsey (3 February 2023). "Escambia County Sheriff's Office considers new technology to detect gun shots". WEAR. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  131. ^ Cody Long (20 June 2023). "Gunshot detecting technology "ShotSpotter" coming to Pensacola". WKRG News 5. Retrieved 21 June 2023. The Pensacola Police Department and the Escambia County Sheriff's Office will soon be using ShotSpotter. It's technology that uses audio sensors to determine where a gunshot is fired. The Mobile Police Department has used the technology for almost a year and has seen success.
  132. ^ Reporter, Aaron Besecker News Staff (10 December 2022). "Gunfire detection system ShotSpotter may be up and running in Buffalo's Masten District in May or June". Buffalo News. Retrieved 12 December 2022. The Buffalo News
  133. ^ Reporter, Aaron Besecker News Staff (31 August 2022). "Plans to test ShotSpotter, gunfire detection system, moving ahead in Masten District". Buffalo News. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  134. ^ Lexi Solomon (16 November 2022). "Fayetteville City Council votes to move ahead with controversial gunshot detection software". Fayetteville Observer. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  135. ^ Futch, Michael (9 December 2022). "Residents question whether ShotSpotter gunshot technology is right for Fayetteville - Up and Coming Weekly". Up and Coming Weekly. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  136. ^ Sessoms, Ben (13 December 2022). "Fayetteville will give quarterly updates on ShotSpotter, gunshot detection technology - Carolina Public Press". Carolina Public Press. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  137. ^ Lee Anne Denyer (22 September 2021). "Winston-Salem Police Department launches ShotSpotter technology in effort to reduce gun violence". WXII12.com. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  138. ^ Cassie Fambro (2 August 2024). "Winston-Salem police will no longer use ShotSpotter". FOX8 WGHP. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  139. ^ Matt Enright (23 January 2023). "York City Council revisits controversial ShotSpotter and video camera programs". York Dispatch. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  140. ^ Noel Miller (3 February 2023). "Is York City ready for ShotSpotter and a citywide camera network?". York Dispatch. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  141. ^ Kirby, Brendan (23 August 2024). "Mobile is winding down ShotSpotter program but will keep elements of it". WALA. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
  142. ^ GARANCE BURKE; MICHAEL TARM (21 July 2022). "Lawsuit: Chicago police misused ShotSpotter in murder case". AP NEWS. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  143. ^ Megan Hickey (6 October 2022). "Activists urge Chicago to end multi-million dollar contract with ShotSpotter". cbsnews.com. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  144. ^ a b Stroud, Matt (2 June 2023). "What Happens at the End of a ShotSpotter Contract?". Illinois Answers Project. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  145. ^ Paul Murphy (27 February 2023). "New Orleans City Council considers redeploying gun detection tech to fight crime". wwltv.com. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  146. ^ Brian Fraga (23 April 2018). "After Too Many Shots Missed, Fall River, Mass., Ends Deal with ShotSpotter". GovTech. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  147. ^ a b c Santos, Melissa (7 October 2022). "Seattle mayor budgets $1M for controversial gunfire detection tech like ShotSpotter". Axios. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  148. ^ Cleve R. Wootson Jr. (10 February 2016). "Charlotte ends contract with ShotSpotter gunshot detection system". Charlotte Observer. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  149. ^ staff (8 October 2022). "Durham leaders discuss controversial ShotSpotter technology at public meeting". WRAL.com. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  150. ^ staff (19 September 2022). "Durham votes to execute 1-year contract with ShotSpotter". WRAL.com. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  151. ^ Cindy Bae (9 October 2022). "'They are asking for solutions': Durham city leaders host public forum amid ShotSpotter concerns". ABC11 Raleigh-Durham. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  152. ^ "ShotSpotter program finally going live in Durham". ABC11 Raleigh-Durham. 13 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  153. ^ WRAL (22 February 2024). "Duke study on ShotSpotter shows some promising metrics, yet lingering community skepticism". WRAL.com. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  154. ^ MARY HELEN MOORE (5 March 2024). "Durham ends experiment with ShotSpotter gunfire detection software". Raleigh News & Observer. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  155. ^ Alejandro Figueroa (6 October 2022). "Dayton Police Department won't be renewing ShotSpotter contract for 2023". WYSO. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  156. ^ Stephen Starr (18 July 2023). "Why Dayton quit ShotSpotter, a surveillance tool many cities still embrace - Ohio Capital Journal". Ohio Capital Journal. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  157. ^ Kelly Byer (14 August 2019). "Canton replacing ShotSpotter with new system". Akron Beacon Journal. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  158. ^ Rafiq Wagiet (22 March 2021). "Shotspotter is the City of Cape Town's costly and deadly mistake". CapeTalk. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  159. ^ Githahu, Mwangi (18 March 2021). "Cape parties say City's ShotSpotter missed the mark on crime". iol.co.za. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  160. ^ Vianna Davila (15 August 2017). "Seattle mayor budgets $1M for controversial gunfire detection tech like ShotSpotter". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  161. ^ Kristin Crowley (23 November 2022). "APD says no to ShotSpotter technology again". 11Alive.com. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  162. ^ Kristin Crowley (5 April 2022). "Atlanta Police said this crime-fighting system isn't worth the price tag. So why are they testing it again?". 11Alive.com. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  163. ^ Kristin Crowley; Lindsey Basye (9 September 2021). "'I was surprised': Atlanta Police trying out program again after it said it wasn't worth $280K price tag". 11Alive.com. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  164. ^ Jonathan Levinson (9 January 2023). "Portland to change course, accept competitive bids for gunshot detection pilot". opb. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  165. ^ Eric Tegethoff (9 January 2023). "Police Gunshot Detector Continues to Roil Portland Community". publicnewsservice.org. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  166. ^ Jonathan Levinson (4 April 2023). "Portland auditor finds insufficient evidence ShotSpotter violated city code". opb. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  167. ^ "Portland will not pursue gunshot detection technology at present, mayor says". kgw.com. 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  168. ^ Santos, Melissa (December 1, 2022). "Seattle scraps plan for gunfire detection tech". Axios.
  169. ^ Frank Sumrall (23 November 2022). "ShotSpotter tech nipped from Seattle budget despite mayor's push". MyNorthwest.com. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  170. ^ David Kroman (31 May 2024). "Harrell shelves plans for controversial gunshot detection technology". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2 June 2024. Mayor Bruce Harrell is shelving plans to roll out gunshot detection equipment in Seattle, putting the controversial technology on ice yet again after years of back and forth in City Hall.
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